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Cited by 105Gastrointestinal motility and disordersProbiotics and Fermented FoodsMicrobial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology

Effect of yogurt containing polydextrose, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study in chronic constipation

Open access
Magro, Daniéla Oliveira, de Oliveira, Lais Mariana R, Bernasconi, Isabela, de Souza Ruela, Marilia, Credidio, Laura, Barcelos, Irene K, Leal, Raquel F, Ayrizono, Maria de Lourdes Stesuko +4 more·2014·Nutrition Journal
DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-13-75PMC PMC4113128
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Constipation is a frequent complaint and the combination of a prebiotic and probiotics could have a potentially synergic effect on the intestinal transit. The present study therefore aims to investigate the combination of polydextrose (Litesse), L. acidophilus NCFM® and B. lactis HN019 in a yogurt on intestinal transit in subjects who suffer from constipation. METHODS: Patients with constipation were randomly divided into two groups, Control Group (CG) and Treatment Group (TG), and had to eat 180 ml of unflavored yogurt every morning for 14 days. Those in the CG received only yogurt, while the TG received yogurt containing polydextrose, L. acidophilus NCFM (ATCC 700396) and B. lactis HN019 (AGAL NM97/09513). RESULTS: Favourable clinical response was assessed since Agachan score had a significant reduction at the end of the study in both groups and tended to be better in the TG. The subjects in the treatment group also had a shorter transit time at the end of the intervention compared to the control group (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The product containing yogurt with polydextrose, B. lactis HN019 and L. acidophilus NCFM® significantly shortened colonic transit time after two weeks in the TG compared to CG and may be an option for treatment of constipation.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In adults with chronic constipation, 14 days of yogurt containing polydextrose, *Lactobacillus acidophilus* NCFM, and *Bifidobacterium lactis* HN019 significantly shortened colonic transit time compared with control yogurt. Both groups improved on the Agachan constipation score, but bowel movement frequency did not change.

Key findings

  • Of 47 participants, 43 (91.5%) were women; the Control Group had 21 participants and the Treatment Group had 26.
  • Agachan score decreased significantly in both groups: CG from 14.3 ± 2.4 to 8.3 ± 3.5; TG from 13.8 ± 2.1 to 5.3 ± 2.9, with final TG lower than final CG (p = 0.005).
  • Colonic transit time at the end of intervention was shorter in the TG than in the CG (24.6 ± 12.8 h vs 33.9 ± 12.4 h; p = 0.01).
  • Bowel movements per day remained unchanged: CG 0.7 ± 0.3 to 0.7 ± 0.3; TG 0.7 ± 0.3 to 0.8 ± 0.3 (p > 0.05).

Methods

  • Randomized, double-blind, controlled study in volunteers aged 18–45 with chronic constipation and Agachan score 10–20; exclusions included hypothyroidism, antidepressant use, and normal CTT (≤24 h) or CTT >96 h.
  • Participants consumed 180 ml unflavored yogurt every morning for 14 days: CG received yogurt only; TG received yogurt with polydextrose, *L. acidophilus* NCFM (ATCC 700396), and *B. lactis* HN019 (AGAL NM97/09513), with at least 10^9 CFU per strain per portion.
  • Outcomes were Agachan score, colonic transit time by abdominal X-ray after radio-opaque markers, and daily bowel movement records; analyses used Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and t-test with significance at 5%.

Limitations

  • The paper does not state a limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: small sample (47 participants), predominantly women (43/47; 91.5%), short 14-day intervention, and no long-term follow-up.
  • Also evident: bowel movement frequency did not change, both groups improved on Agachan score, and several authors are DuPont Nutrition and Health employees, the source of the tested strains.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1475-2891-13-75

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 32 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    Some volunteers exhibited a normal colonic transit time of around 24 h despite the main inclusion criterion being slow intestinal transit.

    “Although the main inclusion criterion was slow intestinal transit, some volunteers exhibited a normal transit time of around 24 h.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In patients with chronic constipation, the Agachan score significantly decreased from baseline to the end of the 14-day yogurt intervention in both the control and treatment groups.

    “Agachan score had a significant reduction at the end of the study in both groups”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “Agachan score had a significant reduction at the end of the study in both groups and tended to be better in the TG (Table 2).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “the Agachan score improved in both test groups”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At the end of the study, the Agachan score was not significantly different between the treatment and control groups.

    “the Agachan score improved in both test groups and was not different between the groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The number of bowel movements per day remained unchanged over the 14-day study in both groups.

    “The number of bowel movements per day remained unchanged for the duration of the study (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At the end of the 14-day intervention, the Agachan score tended to be better in the treatment group than in the control group.

    “tended to be better in the TG”
    • Also stated in: § Results · hedged
      “tended to be better in the TG (Table 2)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 12
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The reduction in colonic transit time was significant only in the treatment group, not in the control group.

    “This reduction was only significant for the Treatment Group”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study was double-blind: investigators and volunteers were blinded, and the randomization code was secured in a sealed envelope.

    “The study was blinded to investigators and volunteers and the code was secured in a sealed envelope.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The control and treatment yogurts were identical in consistency, taste, odor, and appearance.

    “The presentation was identical as to the consistency, taste, odor, and appearance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The polydextrose content of the yogurt did not change over the 14-day study period.

    “The amount of polydextrose was not changed at the end of the study (14 days)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was approved by the local ethics committee (No. 454/2008) and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01825434).

    “The local ethical committee approved the project (N°. 454/2008). Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov identifier no. NCT01825434.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    At baseline, the control and treatment groups did not differ significantly in gender, age, BMI, frequency of bowel movements per week, or use of laxatives.

    “No significant statistical differences were observed as to gender, age, BMI, frequency of bowel movements per week (BM) and use of laxatives between the two groups (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    There were no exclusions due to collateral effects.

    “and there were no exclusions due to collateral effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Of 71 assessed patients, 24 were excluded, leaving 47 participants (21 in CG and 26 in TG).

    “The number of patients assessed was 71 and 24 of them were excluded due to: normal CTT (12); Changed mind on participation (10); inadequate tolerance to yogurt (2); and there were no exclusions due to collateral effects. Of the 47 individuals who participated 43 (91.5%) were women. The Control Group (CG) had 21 participants while the Treatment Group (TG) had 26.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Participants were randomly allocated to the control or treatment group using permuted-block randomization.

    “The subjects recruited were allocated randomly (permuted-block randomization) within two groups, Control Group (CG) and Treatment Group (TG)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    B. lactis DN-173 010 improves bowel function in constipated subjects with Irritable Bowel Syndrome after six weeks.

    “A study by Guyonet and co-workers [14] showed an improvement in bowel function in constipated subjects with Irritable Bowel Syndrome after the use of the same B. lactis for six weeks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Guyonnet D, Chassany O, Ducrotte P, Picard C, Mouret M, Mercier CH, Matuchansky C: Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on the health-related quality of life and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007, 26: 475-86. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    B. lactis DN-173 010 increases bowel movement frequency in constipated women over periods of more than two weeks.

    “Yang et al. [13] saw that the use of B. lactis DN-173 010 for periods of over two weeks was accompanied by an increase in the frequency of bowel movements in women who suffered from constipation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Yang YX, He M, Hu G, Wei J, Pages P, Yang XH, Bourdu-Naturel S: Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173010 on Chinese constipated women. World J Gastroenterol. 2008, 14: 6237-43. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polydextrose acts as a substrate for beneficial endogenous microbes, increasing their levels and activity in the intestinal lumen.

    “It also acts as a substrate for beneficial endogenous microbes, allowing an increase in their levels and activity in the intestinal lumen [7,8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Probert HM, Apajalahti JH, Rautonen N, Stowell J, Gibson GR: Polydextrose, lactitol, and fructo-oligosaccharide fermentation by colonic bacteria in a three-stage continuous culture system. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004, 70: 4505-11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Raninen K, Lappi J, Mykkanen H, Poutanen K: Dietary fiber type reflects physiological functionality: comparison of grain fiber, inulin, and polydextrose. Nutr Rev. 2011, 69: 9-21. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Probiotics are often included in dairy products because these foods provide a preferred growth medium for many of these microorganisms.

    “Probiotics are often included in dairy products [12], since these foods provide a preferred growth medium for many of these microorganisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Gupta V, Garg R: Probiotics. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2009, 27: 202-9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    L. casei Shirota improves symptoms associated with constipation compared to placebo.

    “Using Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Koebenick et al. [16] demonstrated an improvement of the symptoms associated with constipation in comparison to placebo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Koebnick C, Wagner I, Leitzmann P, Stern U, Zunft HJ: Probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic constipation. Can J Gastroenterol. 2003, 17: 655-9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    L. rhamnosus Lce35 does not differ from oral laxatives in increasing evacuation frequency in children.

    “however, there was no difference when compared to children who took oral laxatives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Bu LN, Chang MH, Ni YH, Chen HL, Cheng CC: Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus Lcr35 in children with chronic constipation. Pediatr Int. 2007, 49: 485-90. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    L. rhamnosus Lce35 increases evacuation frequency in children.

    “Bu et al. [17], showed that the use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lce35 increased evacuation frequency”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Bu LN, Chang MH, Ni YH, Chen HL, Cheng CC: Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus Lcr35 in children with chronic constipation. Pediatr Int. 2007, 49: 485-90. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Selected probiotic strains stimulate intestinal peristalsis via mechanisms including decreased intestinal pH, competitive action with intestinal pathogens, and production of substances with neurotransmitter activities.

    “The decrease of the intestinal pH [27], a competitive action with intestinal pathogen(s) or production of substances with neurotransmitter activities [28] are some of the mechanisms attributed to selected strains of probiotics which stimulate the intestinal peristalsis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] Picard C, Fioramonti J, Francois A, Robinson T, Neant F, Matuchansky C: Review article: bifidobacteria as probiotic agents – physiological effects and clinical benefits. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005, 22: 495-512. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Quigley EM: Bacteria: a new player in gastrointestinal motility disorders--infections, bacterial overgrowth, and probiotics. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2007, 36 (3): 735-48. xi source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    L. acidophilus Shirota improves symptoms related to constipation.

    “Koebnick et al. [16] verified that the use of L. acidophilus Shirota was accompanied by an improvement of the symptoms related to constipation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Koebnick C, Wagner I, Leitzmann P, Stern U, Zunft HJ: Probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic constipation. Can J Gastroenterol. 2003, 17: 655-9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A yogurt containing polydextrose reduces oro-faecal transit time and improves fecal consistency.

    “Hengst et al. [6] reported that a yogurt containing polydextrose reduced oro-faecal transit time, as well as an improvement in the fecal consistency.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Hengst C, Ptok S, Roessler A, Fechner A, Jahreis G: Effects of polydextrose supplementation on different faecal parameters in healthy volunteers. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009, 60 (Suppl 5): 96-105. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dietary advice and increased fiber and liquid intake make constipation manageable, but with varied results.

    “dietary advice and more frequent use of fibers and sufficient intake of liquids, make it a manageable condition [22], nevertheless with varied results”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Lembo A, Camilleri M: Chronic constipation. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 1360-8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Polydextrose positively influences stool consistency and bowel function.

    “polydextrose has also been reported to positively influence stool consistency and bowel function [30]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Jie Z, Bang-Yao L, Ming-Jie X, Hai-Wei L, Zu-Kang Z, Ting-Song W, Craig SA: Studies on the effects of polydextrose intake on physiologic functions in Chinese people. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000, 72: 1503-9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polydextrose promotes a shorter time passing through the intestines and improves stool consistency.

    “It presents the same properties of fibers and promotes a shorter time passing through the intestines and improves the consistency of the stool [5,6].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Achour L, Flourie B, Briet F, Pellier P, Marteau P, Rambaud JC: Gastrointestinal effects and energy value of polydextrose in healthy nonobese men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994, 59: 1362-8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Hengst C, Ptok S, Roessler A, Fechner A, Jahreis G: Effects of polydextrose supplementation on different faecal parameters in healthy volunteers. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009, 60 (Suppl 5): 96-105. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Functional foods could be promising in alleviating motility problems of the gastrointestinal tract, in relation to irritable bowel syndrome and constipation.

    “Functional foods could be promising in alleviating motility problems of the gastrointestinal tract, in relation to irritable bowel syndrome and constipation [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Moayyedi P, Ford AC, Talley NJ, Cremonini F, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Brandt LJ, Quigley EM: The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Gut. 2010, 59: 325-32. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Selected probiotic strains normalize bowel movements and stool consistency in constipated individuals.

    “normalization of bowel movements and stool consistency in individuals who are constipated [11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] De VM, Schrezenmeir J: Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2008, 111: 1-66.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Intestinal microbiota is diverse among healthy individuals and sufferers of constipation.

    “there is data showing that the intestinal microbiota is diverse among healthy individuals and sufferers of constipation [24,25].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] Khalif IL, Quigley EM, Konovitch EA, Maximova ID: Alterations in the colonic flora and intestinal permeability and evidence of immune activation in chronic constipation. Dig Liver Dis. 2005, 37: 838-49. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Zoppi G, Cinquetti M, Luciano A, Benini A, Muner A, Bertazzoni ME: The intestinal ecosystem in chronic functional constipation. Acta Paediatr. 1998, 87: 836-41. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Probiotics should be viable in the conditions of the gastric lumen and have the capability to adhere to the intestinal epithelium.

    “They should be viable in the conditions of the gastric lumen and have the capability to adhere to the intestinal epithelium [10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Buck BL, Altermann E, Svingerud T, Klaenhammer TR: Functional analysis of putative adhesion factors in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005, 71: 8344-51. source

      Not checked in the free run.

26 of 26

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are few studies evaluating the effect of functional foods on constipation.

    “Currently, there is great interest in functional foods. There are, however, few studies that evaluate their effect on constipation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A daily dose of at least one billion colony forming units is necessary to obtain probiotic benefits.

    “To obtain these benefits, as a rule of thumb a dose of at least a billion colony forming units should be consumed daily.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Possible transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from probiotic microorganisms to commensal pathogens within the gut flora raises concerns about probiotic safety.

    “The possible transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from probiotic microorganisms to commensal pathogens within the gut flora is another aspect that raises concerns about the safety of probiotics [121].”

    From Current Concepts in Probiotic Safety and Efficacy (2026) · cites this paper as [121]

    The Background discusses potential benefits of probiotics, and the Discussion addresses their effects on intestinal transit; neither addresses transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes or the resulting safety concern. Searches for antibiotic-resistance gene transfer and probiotic safety found no passage in our copy that speaks to the claim. No page numbers were provided. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The systematic review included 17 randomised controlled trials comprising 1256 adult patients with functional constipation.

    “17 studies, comprising 1256 participants, were included with perfect agreements between two researchers (kappa statistic=0.797).”

    From Efficacy in bowel movement and change of gut microbiota on adult functional constipation patients treated with probiotics-containing products: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Results report 47 participants in this yogurt trial, while the References list a separate systematic review. Our copy does not state that a review included 17 trials or 1,256 adults; searches for those figures and the reported agreement statistic found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Baseline bowel-movement rates disagree between tables

    Major

    Table 1 reports baseline means of 7.4 and 6.8 bowel movements per week. Table 3 reports initial means of 0.7 per day for both groups, equivalent to 4.9 per week.

  • Agachan scores are described as not differing between groups despite a reported significant difference

    Major

    The discussion says the Agachan score was not different between groups, but Table 2 marks the final scores with the same symbol and reports p = 0.005 for that comparison.

2 of 2

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Authors
Magro, D. O., de Oliveira, L. M. R., Bernasconi, I., de Souza Ruela, M., Credidio, L., Barcelos, I. K., Leal, R. F., Ayrizono, M. D. L. S., Fagundes, J. J., Teixeira, L. D. B., Ouwehand, A. C., & Coy, C. S. R.
Affiliations
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) (BR)
Corresponding author
Magro, Daniéla Oliveira
ORCID
Venue
Nutrition Journal
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2014-07-24
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
75-75
ISSN
1475-2891 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1475-2891-13-75
PMC
PMC4113128
OpenAlex
W2108265425
Semantic Scholar
83597e572ebd5404c105e6fa746e276e11ed6e3c
Cited by
105
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4
FWCI
7.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrition Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
Keywords
chronic constipation, yogurt, polydextrose, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, prebiotics, probiotics, colonic transit time, functional foods
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Bifidobacterium, Chronic Disease, Constipation, Double-Blind Method, Female, Glucans, Humans, Intestines, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Male, Middle Aged, Yogurt, Body Mass Index, Probiotics, Young Adult

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Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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