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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data

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Shi, Hongbo, Magaye, Ruth, Castranova, Vincent, Zhao, Jinshun·2013·Particle and Fibre Toxicology
DOI 10.1186/1743-8977-10-15
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Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles (NPs) are manufactured worldwide in large quantities for use in a wide range of applications. TiO 2 NPs possess different physicochemical properties compared to their fine particle (FP) analogs, which might alter their bioactivity. Most of the literature cited here has focused on the respiratory system, showing the importance of inhalation as the primary route for TiO 2 NP exposure in the workplace. TiO 2 NPs may translocate to systemic organs from the lung and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) although the rate of translocation appears low. There have also been studies focusing on other potential routes of human exposure. Oral exposure mainly occurs through food products containing TiO 2 NP-additives. Most dermal exposure studies, whether in vivo or in vitro, report that TiO 2 NPs do not penetrate the stratum corneum (SC). In the field of nanomedicine, intravenous injection can deliver TiO 2 nanoparticulate carriers directly into the human body. Upon intravenous exposure, TiO 2 NPs can induce pathological lesions of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain. We have also shown here that most of these effects may be due to the use of very high doses of TiO 2 NPs. There is also an enormous lack of epidemiological data regarding TiO 2 NPs in spite of its increased production and use. However, long-term inhalation studies in rats have reported lung tumors. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the toxicology of TiO 2 NPs and points out areas where further information is needed.

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Metadata

Authors
Shi, H., Magaye, R., Castranova, V., & Zhao, J.
Venue
Particle and Fibre Toxicology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-04-15
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
15-15
ISSN
1743-8977 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1743-8977-10-15
OpenAlex
W2100168611
Cited by
1,498
References
5
FWCI
47.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1186/1743-8977-10-15
The paper
Shi, H., Magaye, R., Castranova, V., & Zhao, J. (2013). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-10-15

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.