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A narrative review of alcohol consumption as a risk factor for global burden of disease
Open accessAbstract
Since the original Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) for alcohol consumption as part of the Global Burden of Disease Study for 1990, there had been regular updates of CRAs for alcohol from the World Health Organization and/or the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. These studies have become more and more refined with respect to establishing causality between dimensions of alcohol consumption and different disease and mortality (cause of death) outcomes, refining risk relations, and improving the methodology for estimating exposure and alcohol-attributable burden. The present review will give an overview on the main results of the CRAs with respect to alcohol consumption as a risk factor, sketch out new trends and developments, and draw implications for future research and policy.
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“Alcohol use is a major contributor to injuries, mortality and the burden of disease.”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Alcohol use is an important cause of chronic disease and injury. It is one of the top 5 risk factors for death and disability in the world [1–3].”
From Patient-level interventions to reduce alcohol-related harms in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-summary (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
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Shield, K. D., Soerjomataram, I., & Rehm, J. (2016) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13071 · Cited by 204 · cited 4×
“The quantification for the different levels of alcohol-attributable risk for breast cancer had been quite similar over the years [85], as they had been for cancer in general (e.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSamokhvalov, A. V., Rehm, J., & Roerecke, M. (2015) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.11.023 · Cited by 200 · cited 2×
“For alcoholinduced chronic pancreatitis, the CRA has to rely on the larger category of pancreatitis and meta-analyses on the impact of alcohol on this category [37, 38] to be included into alcohol-attributable deaths or burden of disease.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlcohol consumption, unprovoked seizures, and epilepsy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Samokhvalov, A. V., Irving, H., Mohapatra, S., & Rehm, J. (2010) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02426.x · Cited by 198 · cited 1×
“Other categories of alcohol-attributable disease and mortality included in current CRAs are fetal alcohol syndrome (by definition), epilepsy [69], gastrointestinal disease (liver cirrhosis [70] and pancreatitis [37, 38]; the latter new for the CRA associated with GBD study 2010 and after), diabetes [71], cardiovascula…”
BackgroundSelf-citationIs There a Causal Relationship between Alcohol Use and Violence?
Lipsey, M. W., Wilson, D. B., Cohen, M. A., & Derzon, J. H. (2002) · Recent Developments in Alcoholism · doi:10.1007/0-306-47141-8_14 · Cited by 197
Alcohol as a risk factor for pancreatitis. A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Irving, H. M., Samokhvalov, A. V., & Rehm, J. T. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 193
Self-citationBloom, D. M., Chisholm, D., Jané‐Llopis, E., Klaus Prettner, A., Stein, A., & Feigl, A. B. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 186
Risky single‐occasion drinking: bingeing is not bingeing
Gmel, G. E., Kuntsche, E. N., & Rehm, J. T. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03167.x · Cited by 185 · cited 1×
“For irregular heavy drinking occasions [130, 131], we accept self-reports from surveys as true, even if we know, that they usually underestimate true frequency and number of drinks per occasion.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGmel, G. E., & Rehm, J. T. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 182
Self-citationLiver Cirrhosis Mortality in Europe, with Special Attention to Central and Eastern Europe
Zatoński, W. A., Sulkowska, U., Mańczuk, M., Rehm, J., Boffetta, P., Lowenfels, A. B., & La Vecchia, C. (2010) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000317248 · Cited by 181 · cited 1×
“To give one final example concerning chronic disease: high levels of alcoholattributable liver disease mortality point to high overall level of consumption [152, 153], or to relatively high level of consumption combined with other etiological factors for liver disease such as HIV (as even comparatively small levels of…”
BackgroundSelf-citationUsing verbal autopsy to measure causes of death: the comparative performance of existing methods
Murray, C. J. L., Lozano, R., Flaxman, A. D., Serina, P. T., Phillips, D. E., Stewart, A., James, S. L., Vahdatpour, A., Atkinson, C., Freeman, M. K., et al. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-5 · Cited by 167 · cited 1×
“, the majority of cause of deaths globally, the basis are verbal autopsies and standardized algorithms to analyze these verbal autopsies and to scale up these results to wider regions [23].”
BackgroundA global action plan for the prevention and control of pneumonia
Greenwood, B. M. (2008) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.08.053348 · Cited by 165
PREVENTION FOR MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASES
Walter, S. D. (1980) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113007 · Cited by 165
Guzzo-Merello, G. (2014) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v6.i8.771 · Cited by 162
Risk factors for neuroendocrine neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Leoncini, E., Carioli, G., Vecchia, C. L., Boccia, S., & Rindi, G. (2015) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv505 · Cited by 161 · cited 1×
“Currently other types of cancer are discussed as potentially alcohol-attributable, such as cancer categories of pancreas or stomach cancer, as heavy drinking has been consistently associated with increased risk for these categories [46, 47]; thus, more cancer categories will likely be added to future CRAs.”
BackgroundKehoe, T., Gmel, G., Shield, K. D., Gmel, G., & Rehm, J. (2012) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/1478-7954-10-6 · Cited by 160 · cited 2×
“This implicated different ways to define exposure and to triangulate between national per capita consumption and surveys (see [16, 111] and [110, 112] for the categorical, and the continuous approach respectively).”
BackgroundSelf-citationComparative quantification of alcohol exposure as risk factor for global burden of disease
Rehm, J. T., Klotsche, J., & Patra, J. (2007) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.204 · Cited by 159 · cited 1×
“This implicated different ways to define exposure and to triangulate between national per capita consumption and surveys (see [16, 111] and [110, 112] for the categorical, and the continuous approach respectively).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlcohol consumption as a risk factor for pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
SAMOKHVALOV, A. V., IRVING, H. M., & REHM, J. (2010) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268810000774 · Cited by 159 · cited 3×
“This led to inclusion of these categories from 2010 onwards (underlying documentation: tuberculosis [51]; pneumonia [52]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFoulds, J., Adamson, S. J., Boden, J. M., Williman, J. A., & Mulder, R. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.024 · Cited by 149 · cited 1×
“Maybe some of the newer research on alcohol and depression [67, 68] will allow for better modelling in future CRAs.”
BackgroundEpidemiology and alcohol policy in Europe
Rehm, J. T., Zatonksi, W., Taylor, B., & Anderson, P. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03326.x · Cited by 147 · cited 3×
“Finally, the composition of alcohol-attributable burden of disease and mortality will have different implications for policy [150].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRehm, J. T., Monteiro, M. G., Room, R., Gmel, G. E., Jernigan, D. H., Frick, U., & Graham, K. (2001) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000050731 · Cited by 142 · cited 2×
“, countries with festive drinking such as Mexico; [101, 102]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKontis, V., Mathers, C. D., Bonita, R., Stevens, G. A., Rehm, J. T., Shield, K. D., Riley, L. M., Poznyak, V. B., Jabbour, S., Garg, R. M., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(15)00179-5 · Cited by 140
Self-citationRoom, R., Ferris, J., Laslett, A., Livingston, M., Mugavin, J., & Wilkinson, C. (2010) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph7041855 · Cited by 136 · cited 1×
“The conceptual framework is there [135], the underlying data for major categories such as traffic injury [136] or for fetal alcohol syndrome/ fetal alcohol spectrum disorders is there (the latter estimated via drinking in pregnant women; [137, 138]) and there are major efforts to improve the methodology for quantifica…”
BackgroundDisability Associated With Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
Samokhvalov, A. V., Popova, S., Room, R., Ramonas, M., & Rehm, J. T. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01275.x · Cited by 131 · cited 1×
“This eliminates most categories, which are 100 % alcohol-attributable by definition, except for alcohol use disorders and fetal alcohol syndrome (for some background on burden attached for alcohol use disorders: [39, 40]; for fetal alcohol syndrome [41]), as well as smaller partially attributable categories of disease…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHolmes, J., Meier, P. S., Booth, A., Guo, Y., & Brennan, A. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.005 · Cited by 112 · cited 1×
“This clearly is a simplification, as there is usually a lag time between alcohol consumption and disease outcomes [126].”
BackgroundThe World Health Organization's global monitoring system on alcohol and health
Poznyak, V. B. (2013) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v35.2.15 · Cited by 106 · cited 1×
“However, as per capita consumption is derived from administrative records [114], it allows no differentiation by sex and age.”
BackgroundMcKetin, R., Ross, J., Najman, J. M., Baker, A., Lubman, D. I., Dawe, S., Ali, R., Lee, N., Mattick, R., & Mamun, A. A. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00130.x · Cited by 103
Evidence of reducing ethanol content in beverages to reduce harmful use of alcohol
Rehm, J. T., Lachenmeier, D. W., Jané‐Llopis, E., Imtiaz, S., & Anderson, P. (2016) · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30013-9 · Cited by 100 · cited 1×
“Other potential ways to decrease overall level of alcohol consumption would be a decrease in alcoholic strength, which is technically possible for all beverages, and which could be achieved via government regulation, taxation or industry initiatives [145].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRabinovich, L., Brutscher, P.-B., de Vries, H., Tiessen, J., Clift, J., & Reding, A. (2009) · Cited by 96
The impact of alcohol consumption on African people in 2012: an analysis of burden of disease
Ferreira‐Borges, C., Rehm, J. T., Dias, S., Babor, T. F., & Parry, C. D. H. (2015) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12618 · Cited by 93 · cited 1×
“This addition will markedly change the estimates of alcohol-attributable mortality and burden of disease in Sub-Saharan Africa [59].”
BackgroundSelf-citationShield, K. D., & Rehm, J. T. (2012) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1345 · Cited by 93
Self-citationEstimating distributions of health state severity for the global burden of disease study
Burstein, R., Fleming, T., Haagsma, J. A., Salomon, J. A., Vos, T., & Murray, C. J. L. (2015) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/s12963-015-0064-y · Cited by 93
CHISHOLM, D., DORAN, C., SHIBUYA, K., & REHM, J. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230600944487 · Cited by 86 · cited 2×
“Such information was seen as important for health policy, especially in terms of primary prevention ([1, 13]; specifically for alcohol see [14, 15]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlcohol and infectious diseases: an overlooked causal linkage?
Parry, C. D. H., Rehm, J. T., Poznyak, V. B., & Room, R. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02500.x · Cited by 83
Self-citationAdolescent alcohol use and injury. A summary and critical review of the literature.
Sindelar, H. A., Barnett, N. P., & Spirito, A. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 70
Enhancing the self-report of alcohol consumption in the community: two questionnaire formats.
King, A. C. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.2.294 · Cited by 70
Kovacs, S., Mulholland, K., den Bosch, J. H. W.-V., Campbell, H. J., Forouzanfar, M. H., Khalil, I., Lim, S. S., Liu, L., Maley, S. N., Mathers, C. D., et al. (2015) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0728-4 · Cited by 68
Rehm, J. T., Shield, K. D., Roerecke, M., & Gmel, G. E. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3026-9 · Cited by 64 · cited 2×
“The field of cardiovascular outcomes has been less stable, in part, because two dimensions of alcohol consumption need to be taken into consideration, average volume and patterns of drinking, in particular heavy drinking occasions (in general: [88]; for cardiovascular in particular see [16, 89]), and because there are…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Range and Magnitude of Alcohol’s Harm to Others
Laslett, A., Livingston, M., Ferris, J., Dale, C., Doran, C. M., Ferris, J., Jainullabudeen, T. A., Livingston, M., Matthews, S., Mugavin, J., et al. (2010) · eSpace (Curtin University) · Cited by 63
Shied, K. D., Rylett, M., & Rehm, J. T. (2016) · Cited by 60
Self-citationAlcohol Intake Revisited: Risks and Benefits
Roerecke, M., & Rehm, J. (2012) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-012-0277-5 · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“Other categories of alcohol-attributable disease and mortality included in current CRAs are fetal alcohol syndrome (by definition), epilepsy [69], gastrointestinal disease (liver cirrhosis [70] and pancreatitis [37, 38]; the latter new for the CRA associated with GBD study 2010 and after), diabetes [71], cardiovascula…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRehm, J., Anderson, P., Gual, A., Kraus, L., Marmet, S., Nutt, D. J., Room, R., Samokhvalov, A. V., Scafato, E., Shield, K. D., et al. (2014) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt171 · Cited by 56
Self-citationEDITORIAL Alcohol consumption and mortality. What do we know and where should we go?
Rehm, J. (2000) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9579891.x · Cited by 56 · cited 1×
“Moreover, individual consumption may vary, and many risk relations assume more or less a constant consumption over time [127].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLachenmeier, D. W., Kanteres, F., & Rehm, J. T. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq150 · Cited by 55
Self-citationNew Governance of Addictive Substances and Behaviours
Anderson, P., Braddick, F., Conrod, P., Gual, A., Hellman, M., Matrai, S., Miller, D., Nutt, D., Rehm, J. T., Reynolds, J., et al. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759836.001.0001 · Cited by 53 · cited 2×
“For alcohol consumption, in principle all of the burden is avoidable, but any intervention will have to take into consideration the role alcohol has been playing in our society for thousands of years [13].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCherpitel, C. J., Ye, Y., Bond, J., Borges, G., Monteiro, M., Chou, P., & Hao, W. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13031 · Cited by 50 · cited 1×
“Other categories of alcohol-attributable disease and mortality included in current CRAs are fetal alcohol syndrome (by definition), epilepsy [69], gastrointestinal disease (liver cirrhosis [70] and pancreatitis [37, 38]; the latter new for the CRA associated with GBD study 2010 and after), diabetes [71], cardiovascula…”
BackgroundShield, K. D., & Rehm, J. T. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1818-y · Cited by 49 · cited 3×
“We have already mentioned the rather strong assumption, that risk relations taken from the most comprehensive meta-analysis are seen as a global constant with exception of Russia and surrounding countries (where the risk relations are based on [98, 99]; see also [84]).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationEstimates of alcohol-related oesophageal cancer burden in Japan: systematic review and meta-analyses
Roerecke, M., Shield, K. D., Higuchi, S., Yoshimura, A., Larsen, E., Rehm, M. X., & Rehm, J. (2015) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.14.142141 · Cited by 44 · cited 2×
“based on the interaction between genetics and alcohol consumption in causing cancer; see [104, 132]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHow much alcohol do you buy? A comparison of self‐reported alcohol purchases with actual sales
Ramstedt, M. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02839.x · Cited by 42 · cited 1×
“The known variation of coverage rates is between 20 % and 90 % (for an example of low coverage: 27 % in Canada [117]; for high coverage see 87 % in Sweden [118] or close to 90 % in New Zealand [119]).”
BackgroundHow should prevalence of alcohol use disorders be assessed globally?
Rehm, J. T. (2016) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1508 · Cited by 42 · cited 1×
“A reconceptualization on heavy drinking over time may help overcome these differences [34].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAvoidable burden of disease: conceptual and methodological issues in substance abuse epidemiology
Rehm, J. T., Taylor, B., Patra, J., & Gmel, G. E. (2006) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.199 · Cited by 38 · cited 1×
“Obviously, interventions will depend not only on the size and shape of the burden, but also on how much of the alcohol-attributable burden is avoidable [154], and on aspects on feasibility, costs and cost-effectiveness of interventions [14, 15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGmel, G. E., Shield, K. D., & Rehm, J. T. (2011) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/1478-7954-9-5 · Cited by 38 · cited 3×
“The explanation is simple: it takes quite a lot of alcohol consumption to cause liver cirrhosis often via different stages of liver disease [93], but once liver cirrhosis is established, no matter of what etiology, relatively small Infectious and parasitic diseases Tuberculosis A15-A19 [158] Human immunodeficiency vir…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEstimating attributable burden of disease from exposure and hazard data
Hoorn, S. V., Ezzati, M., Rodgers, A., López, A. D., & Murray, C. J. L. (2004) · Cited by 37
Rey, G., Boniol, M., & Jougla, É. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02910.x · Cited by 35
Alcohol-attributable burden of disease and injury in Canada, 2004
Shield, K. D., Kehoe, T., Taylor, B., Patra, J., & Rehm, J. T. (2011) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-011-0247-7 · Cited by 35
Self-citationRehm, J. T., & Frick, U. (2010) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.300 · Cited by 33 · cited 1×
“For disability, the data situation is worse than for mortality [25], and estimates are developed based on estimated prevalence of disease categories [26] and disability weights; a disability weight is a factor that reflects the severity of the disease on a scale from 0 (perfect health) to 1 (equivalent to death) [27].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRisk of Myocardial Infarction Immediately After Alcohol Consumption
Mostofsky, E., van der Bom, J. G., Mukamal, K. J., Maclure, M., Tofler, G. H., Muller, J. E., & Mittleman, M. A. (2015) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000227 · Cited by 33 · cited 1×
“The field of cardiovascular outcomes has been less stable, in part, because two dimensions of alcohol consumption need to be taken into consideration, average volume and patterns of drinking, in particular heavy drinking occasions (in general: [88]; for cardiovascular in particular see [16, 89]), and because there are…”
BackgroundParry, C., Rehm, J. T., & Morojele, N. K. (2011) · African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies · doi:10.4314/ajdas.v9i2.64141 · Cited by 26
Self-citationRehm, J. T., Rehm, M. X., Alho, H., Allamani, A., Aubin, H., Bühringer, G., Daeppen, J., Frick, U., Gual, A., & Heather, N. (2013) · The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research · doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i2.89 · Cited by 25
Self-citationPatterns of drinking and liver cirrhosis – What do we know and where do we go?
Rehm, J., & Roerecke, M. (2015) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.027 · Cited by 22 · cited 1×
“Heavy drinking occasions may play an additional role here, but we do not have enough data to quantify this relationship [95].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLange, S., Probst, C., Heer, N., Roerecke, M., Rehm, J. T., Monteiro, M. G., Shield, K. D., de Oliveira, C., & Popova, S. (2017) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 22
Self-citationRehm, J. T., Borges, G. L. G., Gmel, G. E., Graham, K., Grant, B. F., Parry, C. D. H., Poznyak, V. B., & Room, R. (2013) · The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research · doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.132 · Cited by 19 · cited 4×
“The last systematic overview on alcohol use and causal relations to different disease and cause of death categories can be found in [17].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPopova, S., Lange, S., Probst, C., Heer, N., Roerecke, M., Rehm, J. T., Monteiro, M. G., Shield, K. D., & de Oliveira, C. (2017) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2017.89 · Cited by 17 · cited 1×
“The conceptual framework is there [135], the underlying data for major categories such as traffic injury [136] or for fetal alcohol syndrome/ fetal alcohol spectrum disorders is there (the latter estimated via drinking in pregnant women; [137, 138]) and there are major efforts to improve the methodology for quantifica…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLight or moderate drinking is linked to alcohol related cancers, including breast cancer
Rehm, J. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h4400 · Cited by 14 · cited 1×
“Even drinking as low as one drink on average is associated with increased risk for breast cancer [85, 86].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRussia: lessons for alcohol epidemiology and alcohol policy
Rehm, J. T. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60038-6 · Cited by 9
Self-citationCommentary on Rey et al. (2010): How to improve estimates on alcohol‐attributable burden?
Rehm, J. T. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02939.x · Cited by 7
Self-citationViolence and unintentional injury: equity and social determinants.
Roberts, H. M., Meddings, D. R., Blas, E., & Kurup, A. S. (2010) · Cited by 7
Commentary on Cherpitel et al. (2015): Improving global estimates of alcohol‐attributable injury
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“Other categories of alcohol-attributable disease and mortality included in current CRAs are fetal alcohol syndrome (by definition), epilepsy [69], gastrointestinal disease (liver cirrhosis [70] and pancreatitis [37, 38]; the latter new for the CRA associated with GBD study 2010 and after), diabetes [71], cardiovascula…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRISKY SINGLE OCCASION DRINKING RESEARCH: THE FOUR STAGES OF ENLIGHTENMENT
Gmel, G. E., Kuntsche, E. N., & Rehm, J. T. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03438.x · Cited by 1 · cited 1×
“For irregular heavy drinking occasions [130, 131], we accept self-reports from surveys as true, even if we know, that they usually underestimate true frequency and number of drinks per occasion.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Burden of Disease and Injury Caused by Alcohol☆
Shield, K. D., Popova, S., & Rehm, J. T. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.03188-3 · Cited by 1
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Manthey, J., Shield, K. D., Rylett, M., Hasan, O. S. M., Probst, C., & Rehm, J. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32744-2 · Cited by 856
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Self-citationThe Global Burden of Liver Disease.
Younossi, Z., Wong, G. S. W., Anstee, Q., & Henry, L. (2023) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2023.04.015 · Cited by 467
Metadata
- Authors
- Rehm, J., & Imtiaz, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Rehm, Jürgen
- Venue
- Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy
- Published
- 2016-10-28
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-37
- ISSN
- 1747-597X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5084343
- OpenAlex
- W2541740194
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (HHSN267200700041C)
- World Health Organization (n.a.)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harm, global burden of disease, comparative risk assessment, alcohol-attributable mortality, causality, alcohol policy
- MeSH terms
- Global Burden of Disease, Alcohol Drinking, Cause of Death, Health Policy, Humans, Risk Factors, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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