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The immune theory of psychiatric diseases: a key role for activated microglia and circulating monocytes
Open accessAbstract
This review describes a key role for mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders. There is accumulating evidence for activation of microglia (histopathology and PET scans) and circulating monocytes (enhanced gene expression of immune genes, an overproduction of monocyte/macrophage-related cytokines) in patients with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. These data are strengthened by observations in animal models, such as the MIA models, the chronic stress models, and the NOD mouse model. In these animal models of depressive-, anxiety-, and schizophrenia-like behavior, similar activations of microglia and circulating monocytes can be found. These animal models also make in-depth pathogenic studies possible and show that microglia activation impacts neuronal development and function in brain areas congruent with the altered depressive and schizophrenia-like behaviors.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Beumer, W., Gibney, S. M., Drexhage, R. C., Pont-Lezica, L., Doorduin, J., Klein, H. C., Steiner, J., Connor, T. J., Harkin, A., Versnel, M. A., & Drexhage, H. A.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Institut de Biologie de lˈEcole Normale Supérieure , INSERM, Paris, France
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg , Germany
- Corresponding author
- Beumer, Wouter
- Venue
- Journal of Leukocyte Biology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 959-975
- ISSN
- 0741-5400 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-3673
- OpenAlex
- W2134543031
- Cited by
- 347
- References
- 242
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Leukocyte Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- microglial activation, circulating monocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, cytokines, chronic stress, NOD mice, neuroinflammation, animal models of psychiatric disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Monocytes, Microglia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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