Circadian metabolism in the light of evolution
Open accessAbstract
Circadian rhythm, or daily oscillation, of behaviors and biological processes is a fundamental feature of mammalian physiology that has developed over hundreds of thousands of years under the continuous evolutionary pressure of energy conservation and efficiency. Evolution has fine-tuned the body's clock to anticipate and respond to numerous environmental cues in order to maintain homeostatic balance and promote survival. However, we now live in a society in which these classic circadian entrainment stimuli have been dramatically altered from the conditions under which the clock machinery was originally set. A bombardment of artificial lighting, heating, and cooling systems that maintain constant ambient temperature; sedentary lifestyle; and the availability of inexpensive, high-calorie foods has threatened even the most powerful and ancient circadian programming mechanisms. Such environmental changes have contributed to the recent staggering elevation in lifestyle-influenced pathologies, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression, obesity, and diabetes. This review scrutinizes the role of the body's internal clocks in the hard-wiring of circadian networks that have evolved to achieve energetic balance and adaptability, and it discusses potential therapeutic strategies to reset clock metabolic control to modern time for the benefit of human health.
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Hundreds of thousands of years of evolution have synchronized the rhythmic daily programming of internal metabolic, endocrine and behavioral systems to the external environmental conditions.
“Hundreds of thousands of years of evolution have synchronized the rhythmic daily programming of internal metabolic, endocrine and behavioral systems to the external environmental conditions [222].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [222]
Circadian rhythms have formed a central component of the evolutionary adaptation of all organisms to a variety of environmental conditions, from procaryotes to complex multicellular organisms.
“Circadian rhythms have formed a central component of the evolutionary adaptation of all organisms to a variety of environmental conditions, from procaryotes to complex multicellular organisms [221,222,223].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [222]
Changes in all of these circadian parameters are correlated with significant increases in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers.
“Changes in all of these parameters are correlated with significant increases in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers [222].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [222]
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- Authors
- Gerhart-Hines, Z., & Lazar, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Section for Metabolic Receptology (Z.G.-H.), Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Mitchell A.
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2015-04-30
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 289-304
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- PMC
- PMC4446517
- OpenAlex
- W2104415219
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (F-32 DK095563-02, R01 DK45586, R01DK045586, F32DK095563)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, circadian clock evolution, circadian metabolism, energy conservation, artificial lighting, sedentary lifestyle, hypercaloric diet, lifestyle-related diseases, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression, circadian entrainment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Circadian Rhythm, Environment, Biological Evolution, Humans, Circadian Clocks
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