The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 43 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Shift work, which imposes a habitual disruption in the circadian system, has been linked to increased incidence of cardiometabolic diseases, and acute circadian misalignment alters various metabolic processes. However, it remains unclear whether day-to-day circadian dysregulation contributes to these risks beyond poor sleep and other behavioral characteristics. OBJECTIVE: Individuals differ in circadian phase preference, known as chronotype, but may be constrained by modern work obligations to specific sleep schedules. Individuals experience social jetlag (SJL) due to a habitual discrepancy between their endogenous circadian rhythm and actual sleep times imposed by social obligations. Here, we examined whether chronotype and/or SJL associate with components of cardiovascular disease risk beyond the known effects of sleep disturbances, poor health behaviors, and depressive symptomatology. DESIGN: Participants were healthy, midlife adults who worked part- or full-time day shifts (n = 447; mean age, 42.7 [range, 30-54] y; 53% female; 83% white). Chronotype was assessed with the Composite Scale of Morningness. SJL was quantified as the difference (in minutes) between the midpoints of actigraphy-derived sleep intervals before work vs non-workdays. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses showed that SJL related to a lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, higher triglycerides, higher fasting plasma insulin, insulin resistance, and adiposity (P < .05), even after adjustment for subjective sleep quality, actigraphy-derived sleep characteristics, depressive symptomatology, and health behaviors. Evening chronotype associated with lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a misalignment of sleep timing is associated with metabolic risk factors that predispose to diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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TL;DR
In 447 midlife day-shift workers, greater actigraphy-derived social jetlag was associated with adverse metabolic markers—lower HDL cholesterol, higher triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI—after adjustment for sleep, health behaviors, and depression. Evening chronotype was more weakly associated with lower HDL cholesterol, while neither chronotype nor social jetlag related to blood pressure or resting heart rate.
Key findings
- In fully adjusted models, social jetlag remained associated with lower HDL cholesterol (β = −0.09, P = .036), higher triglycerides (β = .11, P = .026), fasting insulin (β = .11, P = .033), HOMA-IR (β = .11, P = .031), waist circumference (β = .15, P = .002), and BMI (β = .17, P = .001).
- Participants with >60 min social jetlag vs ≤60 min had higher geometric mean triglycerides (107.15 vs 91.20 mg/dL), fasting insulin (13.49 vs 12.02 U/mL), HOMA-IR (4.07 vs 3.72), waist circumference (94.04 vs 88.86 cm), and BMI (28.28 vs 26.33 kg/m²), and lower HDL cholesterol (54.14 vs 56.59 mg/dL).
- Evening chronotype was associated with lower HDL cholesterol after full adjustment (β = −0.083, P = .047); its association with triglycerides became nonsignificant (P = .127). Neither social jetlag nor chronotype was significantly related to resting heart rate or blood pressure (P > .05).
- Mean social jetlag was 44 min (SD 32); 84.8% had a later midsleep on free days vs workdays, and only 6% had social jetlag of 1 hour or more.
Methods
- AHAB-II sample: 490 midlife adults recruited, final 447 after exclusions; mean age 42.7 years (range 30–54), 53% female, 83% white, working part- or full-time day shifts; shift workers were excluded.
- Chronotype was assessed with the Composite Morningness Scale (CSM), inverted so higher scores indicate greater eveningness. Social jetlag was quantified with Actiwatch-16 worn 24 hours/day for 7 days as the absolute difference between actigraphy-derived midsleep on free days vs workdays.
- Hierarchical linear regressions predicted cardiometabolic variables; model 1 adjusted for demographics and sleep characteristics, and model 2 added health behaviors and depressive symptomatology. Skewed variables were transformed.
Limitations
- Stated: objective circadian phase was unavailable; collecting samples in the same morning time frame irrespective of chronotype may have underestimated variability and chronotype effects; meal timing was not examined; and the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference.
- Stated/evident: the sample had few evening types (4.9%, n = 22) and a limited social jetlag range (mean 44 min; only 6% ≥1 hour), possibly underestimating associations and contributing to null chronotype results. The sample was also mostly white, midlife, employed day-shift adults, limiting generalizability.
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42 Own result · 28 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 7 Own method · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“an association of SJL with the presence of the metabolic syndrome and with elevated levels of the inflammatory marker Creactive protein in one recent study eroded to nonsignificance when controlling for either socioeconomic status or cigarette smoking (15).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [15] Parsons, 2015, Social jetlag, obesity and metabolic disorder: investigation in a cohort study, Int J Obes (Lond) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that elevated hsCRP was associated with social jetlag only after healthy obese participants were excluded; that association became nonsignificant after adjustment for either smoking or socioeconomic status. The Results also report an initial association with metabolic syndrome, but say smoking adjustment strengthened associations with metabolic measures rather than eroding them. The claim therefore overstates the adjustment finding and omits the restriction on the hsCRP analysis. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“only 4.9% (n ϭ 22) of the participants met a conventional threshold for evening chronotype (CSM score Յ 26) (26).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Natale, 2001, Additional validity evidence for the composite scale of morningness, Pers Individ Dif source
plainn = 22- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening chronotype was related to higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ .05)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening chronotype was related to higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ .05)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“68 participants (15.2%) had an earlier midsleep on free days relative to workdays”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
plainn = 68- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither chronotype nor SJL was related significantly to resting heart rate or BP (P Ͼ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
In the paper
“In accord with previous reports, we found greater SJL linked to earlier wake times and shorter sleep durations on workdays, as well as later wake times and longer sleep duration on free days (P Ͻ .05)(14).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater alcohol consumption, with higher glucose and lower HDLcholesterol”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In accord with previous reports, we found greater SJL linked to earlier wake times and shorter sleep durations on workdays, as well as later wake times and longer sleep duration on free days (P Ͻ .05)(14).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“healthy adults asked to eat and sleep 12 hours out of phase from their regular schedules exhibited vascular and endocrine abnormalities, such as increased arterial pressure, a reversed daily cortisol rhythm, and postprandial glucose levels in the range of a prediabetic state (8).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scheer, 2009, Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chronotype quantified by the CSM has been validated with respect to variation in the diurnal rhythms of body temperature and subjective alertness (26).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Chronotype
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Natale, 2001, Additional validity evidence for the composite scale of morningness, Pers Individ Dif source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A global PSQI score Ͼ 5 indicates poor sleep quality.This threshold has a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5%, distinguishing between healthy controls (good sleepers) and patients reporting sleep complaints (poor sleepers) (27).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Sleep and SJL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evening types are also more likely to be depressed (10), overweight (11), diabetic, and hypertensive (12), in comparison to morning types.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Levandovski, 2011, Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population, Chronobiol Int source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Merikanto, 2013, Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CSM has both high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ Ͼ 0.80) and test-retest reliability (r Ͼ 0.88) (25).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Chronotype
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Di Milia, 2013, Reviewing the psychometric properties of contemporary circadian typology measures, Chronobiol Int source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This instrument has high reliability (33) and convergent validity with several objective measures of physical activity and fitness, including maximal oxygen uptake (34) and body mass index (BMI) (35).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Ainsworth, 1993, Accuracy of the College Alumnus Physical Activity Questionnaire, J Clin Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Nowak, 2010, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire as an additional tool in clinical assessment of patients with coronary artery disease treated with angioplasty, Kardiol Pol
- Not checked yetcites [35] Choo, 2010, Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese adults, Eur J Appl Physiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SJL has been linked to measures of adiposity (11,15,16), heart rate (16,17), and higher cortisol levels in healthy individuals (16) and to higher glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (18).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Parsons, 2015, Social jetlag, obesity and metabolic disorder: investigation in a cohort study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Rutters, 2014, Is social jetlag associated with an adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profile?, J Biol Rhythms source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Kantermann, 2013, Atherosclerotic risk and social jetlag in rotating shift-workers: First evidence from a pilot study, Work source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Reutrakul, 2013, Chronotype is independently associated with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Paffenbarger questionnaire is predictive of health conditions that are related to physical activity, including myocardial infarction (36), and total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose (35).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Chomistek, 2011, Vigorous physical activity, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Choo, 2010, Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese adults, Eur J Appl Physiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This instrument estimates customary intake of diverse nutrients and food groups, with item content developed from the NHANES 1999 -2002 dietary recall data (37,38).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PSQI has high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ ϭ 0.83) and test-retest reliability (r ϭ 0.85) (27).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Sleep and SJL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CESD has high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ ؍ 0.87) (40).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Depressive symptomatology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Radloff, 1977, The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population, Appl Psychol Meas source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, a disruption in the circadian system triggered by SJL could dysregulate the temporal organization of both central and peripheral rhythms and, in turn, promote metabolic abnormalities.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the molecular level, the central clock (in the suprachiasmatic nucleus) and peripheral oscillators throughout the body comprise a self-sustaining network of transcriptional-translational feedback loops that drive 24-hour expression patterns of core clock genes (47).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Lowrey, 2004, Mammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization, Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, our findings suggest that SJL heightens metabolic risk through a misalignment in circadian rhythms rather than by sleep disturbances per se.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the HOMA-IR index is a steadystate measure of baseline insulin and glucose function”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Objective measures of circadian phase were unavailable in this sample, and it is unclear whether the individuals with SJL and/or self-reported evening chronotypes differ in their biological circadian phase.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and that individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms, it is possible that our method of collecting samples within the same morning time frame across all participants (ie, irrespective of chronotype) may have led to an underestimation of variability in cardiometabolic risk factors and thus the effects of chronotype.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, the cross-sectional design of the current study precludes causal inferences and warrants future prospective studies to extend the present findings.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“postprandial, dynamic measures such as the oral glucose tolerance test quantify the dynamic interplay of insulin sensitivity and -cell insulin secretion (42).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results, along with other recent reports, suggest that a misalignment of the biological and socially influenced sleep timing is an additional factor contributing to risk for developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and highlight the potential for sleep and circadian-focused interventions in preventative health care.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of actigraphy to quantify SJL is a strength of the current study.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep patterns are not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the current study quantified average caloric intake and energy expenditure but did not examine the timing of these activities.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The timing of meals serves as a behavioral zeitgeber that can entrain peripheral clocks (51).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Buhr, 2013, Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Emerging evidence from both rodent and human studies suggests that food consumption during habitual sleep or rest times (ie, evenings in humans) is associated with greater risk for obesity (49,50)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is evidence that both fasting and postprandial glucose measures are predictive of type 2 diabetes, and these may represent two distinct risk factors that may contribute to diabetes via different physiological mechanisms (43).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Meyer, 2006, Different mechanisms for impaired fasting glucose and impaired postprandial glucose tolerance in humans, Diabetes Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regions throughout the brain have autonomous circadian oscillators that re-entrain at different rates when they are isolated and then re-exposed to light cues (48).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Abe, 2002, Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions, J Neurosci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previous reports have also linked other sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, with poor health outcomes (46).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Troxel, 2010, Sleep symptoms predict the development of the metabolic syndrome, Sleep source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
“Participants were asked to wear the Actiwatch-16 (Philips Electronics), a wrist accelerometer that samples movement several times per second.Participants wore the Actiwatch 24 hours a day for 7 days and were instructed to keep the watch on even when showering.”
“Sleep onset was defined as a period lasting at least 10 consecutive minutes with Ͻ 40 counts of activity (ie, movement) per epoch.Wake onset was defined as 10 consecutive minutes of Ն 40 activity counts per epoch.Midsleep, defined as the midpoint between sleep onset and wake onset, was calculated separately for each workday and free day and averaged within each day type.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Actigraphy-derived sleep patterns are not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.
“Actigraphy provides a behavioral measure of sleep patterns that, unlike self-reported questionnaires, is not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms.
“Given that hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and that individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Evening chronotype has also been related to lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (118).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
“only 6% (n ϭ 28) of the current sample experienced SJL of 1 hour or more.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
“| | <60 min | >60 min | F (1420) | P Value | 2 | | n | 326 | 111 | | | |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
“| HDL, mg/dL | Ϫ0.08 | .069 | ؊0.09 | .036 | ؊0.09 | .043 | ؊0.083 | .047 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
“greater alcohol consumption, with higher glucose and lower HDLcholesterol;”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
“| Alcohol | Ϫ0.03 | .24** | Ϫ0.03 | Ϫ0.01 | Ϫ0.02 | Ϫ0.02 |”
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234
Matthews, D. R., Hosker, J. P., Rudenski, A. S., Naylor, B. A., Treacher, D. F., & Turner, R. C. (1985) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00280883 · Cited by 31,502
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,772
Use and Abuse of HOMA Modeling
Wallace, T. M., Levy, J. C., & Matthews, D. R. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.6.1487 · Cited by 5,114
Pickering, T. G., Hall, J. E., Appel, L. J., Falkner, B. E., Graves, J., Hill, M. N., Jones, D. W., Kurtz, T., Sheps, S. G., & Roccella, E. J. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000154900.76284.f6 · Cited by 3,985
Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation
Binder, M. D., Hirokawa, N., & Windhorst, U. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_6166 · Cited by 3,900
Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160 · Cited by 3,784
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases
Yusuf, S., Reddy, S., Ôunpuu, S., & Anand, S. S. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc4601.099487 · Cited by 3,014
Life between Clocks: Daily Temporal Patterns of Human Chronotypes
Roenneberg, T., Wirz-Justice, A., & Merrow, M. (2003) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730402239679 · Cited by 2,662
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Circadian Clock and Human Health
Roenneberg, T., & Merrow, M. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.011 · Cited by 1,004
Chronotype and Social Jetlag: A (Self-) Critical Review
Roenneberg, T., Pilz, L. K., Zerbini, G., & Winnebeck, E. C. (2019) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology8030054 · Cited by 803
“, [84]) and there are also efforts to extend them to other behaviors, as, for example, meal timing (e.”
BackgroundTouitou, Y., Reinberg, A., & Touitou, D. (2017) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.02.008 · Cited by 738
Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures
Potter, G. D., Skene, D. J., Arendt, J., Cade, J. E., Grant, P. J., & Hardie, L. J. (2016) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083 · Cited by 781
“Similarly, greater intraindividual sleep timing variability has been linked to higher fat mass and lower lean mass (20), as well as cardiometabolic disease risk factors like insulin resistance (21, 22).”
Fan, M., Sun, D., Zhou, T., Heianza, Y., Lv, J., Li, L., & Qi, L. (2019) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz849 · Cited by 716
Metadata
- Authors
- Wong, P. M., Hasler, B. P., Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., & Manuck, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Department of Psychiatry (B.P.H.), Pennsylvania 15213
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Patricia M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2015-12-01
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4612-4620
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC4667156
- OpenAlex
- W2180967840
- Semantic Scholar
- 0c3ad84136306916091daa5d40ba62f6fe963544
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 13.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institutes of Health (PO1 HL040962, HL040962)
- Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL040962)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA032557)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- social jetlag, chronotype, cardiometabolic risk, circadian misalignment, sleep timing, evening chronotype, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, fasting insulin, adiposity, diabetes risk, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, middle-aged adults, shift work
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Life Style, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Social Environment, Triglycerides, Work Schedule Tolerance, Health Behavior, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Jet Lag Syndrome, Adiposity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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