The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 43 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Shift work, which imposes a habitual disruption in the circadian system, has been linked to increased incidence of cardiometabolic diseases, and acute circadian misalignment alters various metabolic processes. However, it remains unclear whether day-to-day circadian dysregulation contributes to these risks beyond poor sleep and other behavioral characteristics. OBJECTIVE: Individuals differ in circadian phase preference, known as chronotype, but may be constrained by modern work obligations to specific sleep schedules. Individuals experience social jetlag (SJL) due to a habitual discrepancy between their endogenous circadian rhythm and actual sleep times imposed by social obligations. Here, we examined whether chronotype and/or SJL associate with components of cardiovascular disease risk beyond the known effects of sleep disturbances, poor health behaviors, and depressive symptomatology. DESIGN: Participants were healthy, midlife adults who worked part- or full-time day shifts (n = 447; mean age, 42.7 [range, 30-54] y; 53% female; 83% white). Chronotype was assessed with the Composite Scale of Morningness. SJL was quantified as the difference (in minutes) between the midpoints of actigraphy-derived sleep intervals before work vs non-workdays. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses showed that SJL related to a lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, higher triglycerides, higher fasting plasma insulin, insulin resistance, and adiposity (P < .05), even after adjustment for subjective sleep quality, actigraphy-derived sleep characteristics, depressive symptomatology, and health behaviors. Evening chronotype associated with lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a misalignment of sleep timing is associated with metabolic risk factors that predispose to diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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TL;DR
In 447 midlife day-shift workers, greater actigraphy-derived social jetlag was associated with adverse metabolic markers—lower HDL cholesterol, higher triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI—after adjustment for sleep, health behaviors, and depression. Evening chronotype was more weakly associated with lower HDL cholesterol, while neither chronotype nor social jetlag related to blood pressure or resting heart rate.
Key findings
- In fully adjusted models, social jetlag remained associated with lower HDL cholesterol (β = −0.09, P = .036), higher triglycerides (β = .11, P = .026), fasting insulin (β = .11, P = .033), HOMA-IR (β = .11, P = .031), waist circumference (β = .15, P = .002), and BMI (β = .17, P = .001).
- Participants with >60 min social jetlag vs ≤60 min had higher geometric mean triglycerides (107.15 vs 91.20 mg/dL), fasting insulin (13.49 vs 12.02 U/mL), HOMA-IR (4.07 vs 3.72), waist circumference (94.04 vs 88.86 cm), and BMI (28.28 vs 26.33 kg/m²), and lower HDL cholesterol (54.14 vs 56.59 mg/dL).
- Evening chronotype was associated with lower HDL cholesterol after full adjustment (β = −0.083, P = .047); its association with triglycerides became nonsignificant (P = .127). Neither social jetlag nor chronotype was significantly related to resting heart rate or blood pressure (P > .05).
- Mean social jetlag was 44 min (SD 32); 84.8% had a later midsleep on free days vs workdays, and only 6% had social jetlag of 1 hour or more.
Methods
- AHAB-II sample: 490 midlife adults recruited, final 447 after exclusions; mean age 42.7 years (range 30–54), 53% female, 83% white, working part- or full-time day shifts; shift workers were excluded.
- Chronotype was assessed with the Composite Morningness Scale (CSM), inverted so higher scores indicate greater eveningness. Social jetlag was quantified with Actiwatch-16 worn 24 hours/day for 7 days as the absolute difference between actigraphy-derived midsleep on free days vs workdays.
- Hierarchical linear regressions predicted cardiometabolic variables; model 1 adjusted for demographics and sleep characteristics, and model 2 added health behaviors and depressive symptomatology. Skewed variables were transformed.
Limitations
- Stated: objective circadian phase was unavailable; collecting samples in the same morning time frame irrespective of chronotype may have underestimated variability and chronotype effects; meal timing was not examined; and the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference.
- Stated/evident: the sample had few evening types (4.9%, n = 22) and a limited social jetlag range (mean 44 min; only 6% ≥1 hour), possibly underestimating associations and contributing to null chronotype results. The sample was also mostly white, midlife, employed day-shift adults, limiting generalizability.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“only 4.9% (n ϭ 22) of the participants met a conventional threshold for evening chronotype (CSM score Յ 26) (26).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Natale, 2001, Additional validity evidence for the composite scale of morningness, Pers Individ Dif source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening chronotype was related to higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ .05)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening chronotype was related to higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ .05)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater eveningness correlated moderately with SJL in the current sample (r ϭ 0.13; P ϭ .007).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“68 participants (15.2%) had an earlier midsleep on free days relative to workdays”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 68Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither chronotype nor SJL was related significantly to resting heart rate or BP (P Ͼ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
In the paper
“In accord with previous reports, we found greater SJL linked to earlier wake times and shorter sleep durations on workdays, as well as later wake times and longer sleep duration on free days (P Ͻ .05)(14).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater alcohol consumption, with higher glucose and lower HDLcholesterol”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In accord with previous reports, we found greater SJL linked to earlier wake times and shorter sleep durations on workdays, as well as later wake times and longer sleep duration on free days (P Ͻ .05)(14).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“healthy adults asked to eat and sleep 12 hours out of phase from their regular schedules exhibited vascular and endocrine abnormalities, such as increased arterial pressure, a reversed daily cortisol rhythm, and postprandial glucose levels in the range of a prediabetic state (8).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scheer, 2009, Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chronotype quantified by the CSM has been validated with respect to variation in the diurnal rhythms of body temperature and subjective alertness (26).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Chronotype
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Natale, 2001, Additional validity evidence for the composite scale of morningness, Pers Individ Dif source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A global PSQI score Ͼ 5 indicates poor sleep quality.This threshold has a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5%, distinguishing between healthy controls (good sleepers) and patients reporting sleep complaints (poor sleepers) (27).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Sleep and SJL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evening types are also more likely to be depressed (10), overweight (11), diabetic, and hypertensive (12), in comparison to morning types.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Levandovski, 2011, Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population, Chronobiol Int source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Merikanto, 2013, Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CSM has both high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ Ͼ 0.80) and test-retest reliability (r Ͼ 0.88) (25).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Chronotype
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Di Milia, 2013, Reviewing the psychometric properties of contemporary circadian typology measures, Chronobiol Int source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This instrument has high reliability (33) and convergent validity with several objective measures of physical activity and fitness, including maximal oxygen uptake (34) and body mass index (BMI) (35).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Ainsworth, 1993, Accuracy of the College Alumnus Physical Activity Questionnaire, J Clin Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Nowak, 2010, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire as an additional tool in clinical assessment of patients with coronary artery disease treated with angioplasty, Kardiol Pol
- Not checked yetcites [35] Choo, 2010, Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese adults, Eur J Appl Physiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SJL has been linked to measures of adiposity (11,15,16), heart rate (16,17), and higher cortisol levels in healthy individuals (16) and to higher glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (18).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Parsons, 2015, Social jetlag, obesity and metabolic disorder: investigation in a cohort study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Rutters, 2014, Is social jetlag associated with an adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profile?, J Biol Rhythms source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Kantermann, 2013, Atherosclerotic risk and social jetlag in rotating shift-workers: First evidence from a pilot study, Work source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Reutrakul, 2013, Chronotype is independently associated with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Paffenbarger questionnaire is predictive of health conditions that are related to physical activity, including myocardial infarction (36), and total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose (35).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Chomistek, 2011, Vigorous physical activity, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Choo, 2010, Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese adults, Eur J Appl Physiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This instrument estimates customary intake of diverse nutrients and food groups, with item content developed from the NHANES 1999 -2002 dietary recall data (37,38).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PSQI has high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ ϭ 0.83) and test-retest reliability (r ϭ 0.85) (27).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Sleep and SJL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CESD has high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ ؍ 0.87) (40).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Depressive symptomatology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Radloff, 1977, The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population, Appl Psychol Meas source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, a disruption in the circadian system triggered by SJL could dysregulate the temporal organization of both central and peripheral rhythms and, in turn, promote metabolic abnormalities.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the molecular level, the central clock (in the suprachiasmatic nucleus) and peripheral oscillators throughout the body comprise a self-sustaining network of transcriptional-translational feedback loops that drive 24-hour expression patterns of core clock genes (47).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Lowrey, 2004, Mammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization, Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, our findings suggest that SJL heightens metabolic risk through a misalignment in circadian rhythms rather than by sleep disturbances per se.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the HOMA-IR index is a steadystate measure of baseline insulin and glucose function”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Objective measures of circadian phase were unavailable in this sample, and it is unclear whether the individuals with SJL and/or self-reported evening chronotypes differ in their biological circadian phase.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and that individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms, it is possible that our method of collecting samples within the same morning time frame across all participants (ie, irrespective of chronotype) may have led to an underestimation of variability in cardiometabolic risk factors and thus the effects of chronotype.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, the cross-sectional design of the current study precludes causal inferences and warrants future prospective studies to extend the present findings.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“postprandial, dynamic measures such as the oral glucose tolerance test quantify the dynamic interplay of insulin sensitivity and -cell insulin secretion (42).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results, along with other recent reports, suggest that a misalignment of the biological and socially influenced sleep timing is an additional factor contributing to risk for developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and highlight the potential for sleep and circadian-focused interventions in preventative health care.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of actigraphy to quantify SJL is a strength of the current study.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep patterns are not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the current study quantified average caloric intake and energy expenditure but did not examine the timing of these activities.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The timing of meals serves as a behavioral zeitgeber that can entrain peripheral clocks (51).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Buhr, 2013, Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Emerging evidence from both rodent and human studies suggests that food consumption during habitual sleep or rest times (ie, evenings in humans) is associated with greater risk for obesity (49,50)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is evidence that both fasting and postprandial glucose measures are predictive of type 2 diabetes, and these may represent two distinct risk factors that may contribute to diabetes via different physiological mechanisms (43).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Meyer, 2006, Different mechanisms for impaired fasting glucose and impaired postprandial glucose tolerance in humans, Diabetes Care source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regions throughout the brain have autonomous circadian oscillators that re-entrain at different rates when they are isolated and then re-exposed to light cues (48).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Abe, 2002, Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions, J Neurosci source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previous reports have also linked other sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, with poor health outcomes (46).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Troxel, 2010, Sleep symptoms predict the development of the metabolic syndrome, Sleep source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
“Participants were asked to wear the Actiwatch-16 (Philips Electronics), a wrist accelerometer that samples movement several times per second.Participants wore the Actiwatch 24 hours a day for 7 days and were instructed to keep the watch on even when showering.”
“Sleep onset was defined as a period lasting at least 10 consecutive minutes with Ͻ 40 counts of activity (ie, movement) per epoch.Wake onset was defined as 10 consecutive minutes of Ն 40 activity counts per epoch.Midsleep, defined as the midpoint between sleep onset and wake onset, was calculated separately for each workday and free day and averaged within each day type.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Actigraphy-derived sleep patterns are not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.
“Actigraphy provides a behavioral measure of sleep patterns that, unlike self-reported questionnaires, is not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms.
“Given that hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and that individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Evening chronotype has also been related to lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (118).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Reported prevalence of hour-long social jetlag conflicts with Table 4
MajorThe discussion says only 28 participants had social jetlag of one hour or more, but Table 4 lists 111 participants with more than 60 minutes. The latter group alone exceeds the reported count.
“only 6% (n ϭ 28) of the current sample experienced SJL of 1 hour or more.”
“| | <60 min | >60 min | F (1420) | P Value | 2 | | n | 326 | 111 | | | |”
Model 1 HDL association is described as significant
MinorThe results describe the SJL association with lower HDL cholesterol as significant at P < .05 after the Model 1 adjustments, but Table 2 gives its Model 1 P value as .069.
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
“| HDL, mg/dL | Ϫ0.08 | .069 | ؊0.09 | .036 | ؊0.09 | .043 | ؊0.083 | .047 |”
Alcohol-HDL association has opposite directions
MinorThe discussion says greater alcohol consumption was associated with lower HDL cholesterol, whereas Table 3 reports a positive HDL coefficient for alcohol (.24**).
“greater alcohol consumption, with higher glucose and lower HDLcholesterol;”
“| Alcohol | Ϫ0.03 | .24** | Ϫ0.03 | Ϫ0.01 | Ϫ0.02 | Ϫ0.02 |”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Circadian Clock and Human Health
Roenneberg, T., & Merrow, M. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.011 · Cited by 1,004
Chronotype and Social Jetlag: A (Self-) Critical Review
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“, [84]) and there are also efforts to extend them to other behaviors, as, for example, meal timing (e.”
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Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures
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Why Sleep Matters—The Economic Costs of Insufficient Sleep: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis
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Circadian System and Glucose Metabolism: Implications for Physiology and Disease
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BackgroundSleep Irregularity and Risk of Cardiovascular Events
Huang, T., Mariani, S., & Redline, S. S. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.054 · Cited by 387
“Social jetlag, defined as the difference in sleep timing between workdays and free days, was associated with unfavorable cardiometabolic risk factors (36,37).”
BackgroundSleep timing, sleep consistency, and health in adults: a systematic review
Chaput, J., Dutil, C., Featherstone, R. B., Ross, R., Giangregorio, L., Saunders, T. J., Janssen, I., Poitras, V. J., Kho, M. E., Ross‐White, A., et al. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0032 · Cited by 364
“…al. 2019; Slavish et al. 2019), 1 study reported that weekend catch-up sleep was associated with lower cardiometabolic risk (Hwangbo et al. 2013), and 3 studies reported that social jetlag was associated with higher cardiometabolic risk (Rutters et al. 2014; Parsons et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundCircadian rhythms and disorders of the timing of sleep
Meyer, N., Harvey, A. G., Lockley, S. W., & Dijk, D.-J. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00877-7 · Cited by 346
Impact of Circadian Disruption on Cardiovascular Function and Disease
Chellappa, S. L., Vujović, N., Williams, J. S., & Scheer, F. A. J. L. (2019) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.008 · Cited by 346
Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on human sleep and rest-activity rhythms
Blume, C., Schmidt, M. H., & Cajochen, C. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.021 · Cited by 298
“Social jetlag [2,3] and sleep restrictions [4] have repeatedly been associated with negative consequences on health, mental wellbeing, and performance.”
BackgroundCircadian disruption: what do we actually mean?
Vetter, C. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14255 · Cited by 333
“In cross-sectional studies, social jetlag has been shown to be associated with body mass index (Roenneberg et al., 2012; Parsons et al., 2015), and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health (Rutters et al., 2014; Wong et al., 2015), but prospective studies are currently missing.”
BackgroundSleep in university students prior to and during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders
Wright, K. P., Linton, S. K., Withrow, D., Casiraghi, L., Lanza, S. M., Iglesia, H. D. L., Vetter, C., & Depner, C. M. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.022 · Cited by 293
“01); this is considered a positive change as fi ndings from prior research shows that larger social jetlag is associated with poor health outcomes [6,7].”
Touitou, Y., Touitou, D., & Reinberg, A. (2016) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2017.05.001 · Cited by 297
“…documented in nurses, can arise as a result of this chronodisruption, such as breast cancer (review in Costa and Haus, 2010; Touitou et al., 2017), cardiometabolic risks and obesity (Fonken et al., 2010; Wong et al., 2015; Reiter et al., 2012) and cognitive impairments (Marquié et al., 2015).”
Adams, R., Appleton, S., Taylor, A. W., Gill, T. K., Lang, C. J., McEvoy, R. D., & Antic, N. A. (2017) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2016.11.005 · Cited by 289
“This misalignment of sleep timing is associated with metabolic risk factors that predispose to diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including raised cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin resistance.(22) We found that presleep habits that are unfavorable to quality sleep were common, such as spending…”
BackgroundHuman circadian phase–response curves for exercise
Youngstedt, S. D., Elliott, J. A., & Kripke, D. F. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp276943 · Cited by 263
“Likewise, ‘social jet lag’, associated with relatively delayed sleep timing on non-work days, has been linked to obesity (Roenneberg et al., 2012) and cardiometabolic risk (Wong et al., 2015).”
BackgroundChronotype, gender and general health
Fabbian, F., Zucchi, B., Giorgi, A. D., Tiseo, R., Boari, B., Salmi, R., Cappadona, R., Gianesini, G., Bassi, E., Signani, F., et al. (2016) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2016.1176927 · Cited by 273
“…negative psychological outcomes, including depressive and anxiety symptoms, behavioral dyscontrol, and different health impairing behaviors (Antypa et al., 2016; Bei et al., 2015; Koo et al., 2016; Reutrakul & Knutson, 2015; Vetter et al, 2015; Wennman et al., 2015; Wong et al., 2015;).”
BackgroundKoopman, A. D. M., Rauh, S. P., Riet, E. V. ‘., Groeneveld, L., van der Heijden, A. A. W. A., Elders, P. J. M., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Beulens, J. W. J., & Rutters, F. (2017) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730417713572 · Cited by 251
“In the younger (<61 years) participants, we observed similar effect sizes and direction of the association between social jetlag and metabolic syndrome, when compared with literature studying even younger (<50 years) populations (Parsons et al., 2015; Wong et al., 2015).”
ResultChronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health
Almoosawi, S., Vingeliene, S., Gachon, F., Voortman, T., Palla, L., Johnston, J. D., Van Dam, R. M., Darimont, C., & Karagounis, L. G. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy070 · Cited by 247
“Evening chronotype has also been related to lowerHDL-cholesterol concentrations (118).”
BackgroundSocial Jetlag and Related Risks for Human Health: A Timely Review
Caliandro, R., Streng, A. A., van Kerkhof, L. W. M., van der Horst, G. T. J., & Chaves, I. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124543 · Cited by 231
“Using a similar approach, Wong and colleagues investigated a group of 447 middle-aged healthy adults (53% females) and observed that SJL associates with low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and high levels of triglycerides, which are metabolic risk factors [77].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCircadian disruption, clock genes, and metabolic health
Schrader, L. A., Ronnekleiv‐Kelly, S. M., Hogenesch, J. B., Bradfield, C. A., & Malecki, K. M. C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci170998 · Cited by 229
“…and delay sleep onset, known as “evening chronotypes,” had lower HDL cholesterol levels, consistent with similar findings that evening types have a heightened risk for cardiovascular disease, given their proclivity to circadian-dis-rupted schedules and social jet lag in particular (66, 67).”
ResultHuang, T., & Redline, S. S. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-0596 · Cited by 190
“As social jetlag, the phenomenon of changes in sleep schedules between weekdays and weekend, may contribute to 7-day sleep variability and has previously been linked to unfavorable metabolic factors (29,30), we repeated both cross-sectional and prospective analysis restricting to sleep variability on weekdays.”
BackgroundChronotype, Social Jet Lag, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Early Adolescence
Feliciano, E. M. C., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Quante, M., Redline, S. S., Oken, E., & Taveras, E. M. (2019) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3089 · Cited by 203
Circadian rhythms: a regulator of gastrointestinal health and dysfunction
Voigt, R. M., Forsyth, C. B., & Keshavarzian, A. (2019) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2019.1595588 · Cited by 193
Social jet lag: Sleep-corrected formula
Jankowski, K. S. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1299162 · Cited by 182
“…(Wittmann et al., 2006) or physical inactivity (Rutters et al., 2014), and has been indicated as a risk factor for obesity (Roenneberg et al., 2012) and metabolic dysfunctions that may predispose to diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (Parsons et al., 2015; Wong et al., 2015).”
BackgroundChrononutrition in the management of diabetes
Henry, C. J., Kaur, B., & Quek, R. Y. C. (2020) · Nutrition & Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-020-0109-6 · Cited by 174
Jonasdottir, S. S., Minor, K., & Lehmann, S. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa169 · Cited by 192
“Circadian misalignment has been found to be associated with negative health outcomes such as obesity, metabolic risk factors for diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, as well as adverse behaviors such as drinking and smoking which can negatively impact healthy human development [23, 71].”
BackgroundKorman, M., Tkachev, V., Reis, C., Komada, Y., Kitamura, S., Gubin, D., Kumar, V., & Roenneberg, T. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79299-7 · Cited by 161
Time to rethink sleep quality: PSQI scores reflect sleep quality on workdays
Pilz, L. K., Keller, L. K., Lenssen, D., & Roenneberg, T. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy029 · Cited by 157
“[13], obesity [12], depressive symptoms [14], and metabolic disorders [15, 16]).”
Associations between social jetlag and mental health in young people: A systematic review
Henderson, S. E. M., Brady, E. M., & Robertson, N. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1636813 · Cited by 148
“…(Beauvalet et al. 2017), evidencing correlations with a range of health risks, such as obesity (Mota et al. 2017; Roenneberg et al. 2012), metabolic disorders (Parsons et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015), substance misuse (Wittmann et al. 2010), and depressive symptomology (Levandovski et al. 2011).”
BackgroundCircadian rhythm phase shifts caused by timed exercise vary with chronotype
Thomas, J. M., Kern, P. A., Bush, H., McQuerry, K., Black, W. S., Clasey, J. L., & Pendergast, J. S. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.134270 · Cited by 160
“Shift work chronically disrupts the circadian system and is also associated with increased risk of cancer, obesity and cardiovascular disease (6-11).”
BackgroundCedernaes, J., Schönke, M., Westholm, J. O., Mi, J., Chibalin, A., Voisin, S., Osler, M., Vogel, H., Hörnaeus, K., Dickson, S. L., et al. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar8590 · Cited by 137
Daylight Saving Time and Artificial Time Zones – A Battle Between Biological and Social Times
Roenneberg, T., Winnebeck, E. C., & Klerman, E. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00944 · Cited by 139
COVID-19-related mobility reduction: heterogenous effects on sleep and physical activity rhythms
Ong, J. L., Lau, T., Massar, S. A. A., Chong, Z. T., Ng, B. K. L., Koek, D., Zhao, W., Yeo, B. T. T., Cheong, K., & Chee, M. W. L. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa179 · Cited by 135
“As greater SJL/circadian misalignment has been associated with higher risk of depression [32], heart disease [33, 34], and adverse metabolic changes (e.”
BackgroundZuraikat, F. M., Makarem, N., Redline, S., Aggarwal, B., Jelic, S., & St-Onge, M.-P. (2020) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-020-01324-w · Cited by 125
“Studies have linked social jetlag to adverse cardiometabolic outcomes [25, 26].”
BackgroundSocial jetlag in health and behavioral research: a systematic review
Beauvalet, J. C., Quiles, C. L., de Oliveira, M. A. B., Ilgenfritz, C. A. V., Hidalgo, M. P. L., & Tonon, A. C. (2017) · ChronoPhysiology and Therapy · doi:10.2147/cpt.s108750 · Cited by 126
“However, Parsons et al 23 found that individuals with higher SJL were more likely to meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome and Wong et al 26 found higher cardiometabolic risk markers associated with higher SJL in larger samples of both sexes.”
McMahon, D. M., Burch, J. B., Youngstedt, S. D., Wirth, M. D., Hardin, J. W., Hurley, T. G., Blair, S. N., Hand, G. A., Shook, R. P., Drenowatz, C. J., et al. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1563094 · Cited by 127
“In prior cross-sectional studies, SJL was associated with elevated BMI, fat mass and waist circumference (Roenneberg et al. 2012; Valdez et al. 1996; Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundCharlot, A., Hutt, F., Sabatier, E., & Zoll, J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051405 · Cited by 125
Muscogiuri, G., Barrea, L., Aprano, S., Framondi, L., Di Matteo, R., Laudisio, D., Pugliese, G., Savastano, S., Colao, A., & on behalf of the Opera Prevention Project (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051354 · Cited by 112
“Other exclusion criteria were alcohol abuse assessed as previously reported [19] and/or drug abuse assessed performing a thorough evaluation in order to detect an inability to control the use of drugs and history of allergy or intolerance to any food components of the MD.”
MethodMota, M. C., Silva, C. M., Balieiro, L. C. T., Gonçalves, B. F., Fahmy, W. M., & Crispim, C. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212126 · Cited by 116
Islam, Z., Hu, H., Akter, S., Kuwahara, K., Kochi, T., Eguchi, M., Kurotani, K., Nanri, A., Kabe, I., & Mizoue, T. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz204 · Cited by 116
“More importantly, in spite of the high prevalence of social jetlag among nonshift workers (85%) [16], no studies have been performed with this group.”
BackgroundThe role of race and ethnicity in sleep, circadian rhythms and cardiovascular health
Egan, K. J., Knutson, K. L., Pereira, A. C., & von Schantz, M. (2016) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.05.004 · Cited by 108
Hasler, B. P., Franzen, P., de Zambotti, M., Prouty, D., Brown, S. A., Tapert, S., Pfefferbaum, A., Pohl, K., Sullivan, E., Bellis, M. D., et al. (2017) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13401 · Cited by 93
“…factors such as insomnia are a risk factor for the onset of alcohol and drug problems across child, adolescent, and adult samples (Breslau et al., 1996, Wong et al., 2004, Mike et al., 2016, Hasler et al., 2014a, Wong et al., 2015a, Wong et al., 2010, Hasler et al., 2016, Pieters et al., 2015).”
Self-citationChasens, E. R., Imes, C. C., Kariuki, J. K., Luyster, F. S., Morris, J. L., DiNardo, M. M., Godzik, C. M., Jeon, B., & Yang, K. (2021) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2020.10.012 · Cited by 102
Mota, M. C., Silva, C. M., Balieiro, L. C. T., Fahmy, W. M., & Crispim, C. A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06723-w · Cited by 101
At the Interface of Lifestyle, Behavior, and Circadian Rhythms: Metabolic Implications
Bae, S.-A., Fang, M., Rustgi, V. K., Zarbl, H., & Androulakis, I. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00132 · Cited by 103
“Evening chronotypes associate with low level of HDL cholesterol, while social jetlag positively correlates with lower HDL cholesterol, higher triglycerides, higher fasting plasma insulin, insulin resistance, and adiposity (143).”
BackgroundClinical chronobiology: a timely consideration in critical care medicine
McKenna, H., van der Horst, G. T. J., Reiss, I. K. M., & Martín, D. (2018) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-018-2041-x · Cited by 103
“Chronic circadian rhythm disruption has been linked with diverse pathologies, from metabolic disorders, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer [18 – 21].”
Identifying shift worker chronotype: implications for health
Hittle, B. M., & Gillespie, G. L. (2018) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2018-0018 · Cited by 103
Coupled network of the circadian clocks: a driving force of rhythmic physiology
Finger, A., Dibner, C., & Kramer, A. (2020) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.13898 · Cited by 101
Daylight saving time: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement
Rishi, M. A., Ahmed, O., Perez, J. H. B., Berneking, M., Dombrowsky, J. W., Flynn‐Evans, E. E., Santiago, V., Sullivan, S. S., Upender, R. P., Yuen, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.8780 · Cited by 96
“” 27 Studies show that social jet lag is associated with an increased risk of obesity, 28 metabolic syndrome, 29 cardiovascular disease, 30 and depression.”
BackgroundSocial jet lag, chronotype and body mass index in 14–17-year-old adolescents
Malone, S. K., Zemel, B. S., Compher, C. W., Souders, M. C., Chittams, J. L., Leis, A. M., Pack, A. I., & Lipman, T. H. (2016) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2016.1196697 · Cited by 101
“This finding is consistent with one earlier report of a positive association between social jet lag and BMI in adults (Wong et al., 2015) and extends the findings of a positive association reported by others that relied on self-reported sleep and self-reported anthropometric measures (Randler et al.”
ResultCircadian and Metabolic Effects of Light: Implications in Weight Homeostasis and Health
Plano, S. A., Casiraghi, L. P., Moro, P. G., Paladino, N., Golombek, D. A., & Chiesa, J. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00558 · Cited by 99
“Greater social jet-lag associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL cholesterol (197).”
BackgroundSuh, S. A., Yang, H.-C., Kim, N. H., Yu, J. H., Choi, S., Yun, C., & Shin, C. (2016) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1141768 · Cited by 94
Teixeira, K. R., dos Santos, C. P., de Medeiros, L. A., Mendes, J. A., Cunha, T. M., Angelis, K. D., Penha‐Silva, N., de Oliveira, E. P., & Crispim, C. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40989-6 · Cited by 94
Lo, E. H., Albers, G. W., Dichgans, M., Donnan, G. A., Esposito, E., Foster, R., Howells, D. W., Huang, Y.-G., Ji, X., Klerman, E. B., et al. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.031742 · Cited by 92
Zerón-Rugerio, M. F., Cambras, T., & Izquierdo-Pulido, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081756 · Cited by 94
“Even “usual” working hours can result in a subtle kind of circadian misalignment due to sleep deprivation during workdays, especially among individuals who prefer late bedtimes and later awakening (evening chronotypes) [11].”
BackgroundWhy Should We Abolish Daylight Saving Time?
Roenneberg, T., Wirz‐Justice, A., Skene, D. J., Ancoli‐Israel, S., Wright, K. P., Dijk, D., Zee, P. C., Gorman, M. R., Winnebeck, E. C., & Klerman, E. B. (2019) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730419854197 · Cited by 87
“…the body clock challenge our health (Koopman et al., 2017; Mota et al., 2017; Parsons et al., 2015; Roenneberg et al., 2012; Rutters et al., 2014; Wong et al., 2015), are associated with decreased life expectancy (Borisenkov, 2011), shorten sleep (Borisenkov et al., 2017; Wittmann et al.,…”
BackgroundZhang, Z., Cajochen, C., & Khatami, R. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/13482 · Cited by 87
“SJL is reported to be associated with many health problems like obesity [5], increased daytime sleepiness and fatigue [6,7], bad mood and depression [8], and metabolic and cardiovascular disorders [9].”
BackgroundBaron, K. G., Reid, K. J., Kim, T., Horn, L. V., Attarian, H. P., Wolfe, L. F., Siddique, J., Santostasi, G., & Zee, P. C. (2016) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.194 · Cited by 84
The circadian system, sleep, and the health/disease balance: a conceptual review
Roenneberg, T., Foster, F., & Klerman, E. B. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13621 · Cited by 81
Quality of sleep and anxiety are related to circadian preference in university students
Cardoso, V. M., Magalhães, J. E. D. M., & Duarte, L. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238514 · Cited by 87
Rosique-Esteban, N., Díaz‐López, A., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Corella, D., Goday, A., Martínez, J. A., Romaguera, D., Vioqué, J., Arós, F., García‐Ríos, A., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172253 · Cited by 74
Later chronotype is associated with higher hemoglobin A1c in prediabetes patients
Anothaisintawee, T., Lertrattananon, D., Thamakaison, S., Knutson, K. L., Thakkinstian, A., & Reutrakul, S. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1279624 · Cited by 75
“In a population-based study, evening chronotype, which is typically associated with a mild form of circadian misalignment, has been associated with metabolic syndrome (Yu et al., 2015), type 2 diabetes (Merikanto et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2015) and lower HDL cholesterol (Wong et al., 2015).”
BackgroundVariability in Sleep Patterns: an Emerging Risk Factor for Hypertension
Makarem, N., Zuraikat, F. M., Aggarwal, B., Jelić, S., & St‐Onge, M. (2020) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-020-1025-9 · Cited by 74
Strategies to decrease social jetlag: Reducing evening blue light advances sleep and melatonin
Zerbini, G., Kantermann, T., & Merrow, M. W. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14293 · Cited by 79
Sleep and light exposure across different levels of urbanisation in Brazilian communities
Pilz, L. K., Levandovski, R. M., de Oliveira, M. A. B., Hidalgo, M. P. L., & Roenneberg, T. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29494-4 · Cited by 68
Social jetlag and obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Arab, A., Karimi, E., Garaulet, M., & Scheer, F. A. J. L. (2023) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13664 · Cited by 75
“12 – 15,17 – 19,22,27,30,31,44,46,47,49,50,53,63,64 There was a positive correlation between social jetlag and BMI (Correlation coefficient: 0.12; 95% CI, 0.07, 0.17; P < 0.001) with evidence of substantial heterogeneity ( I 2 = 94.99%, P < 0.001) (Figure 2).”
BackgroundInfluentialWearables in Chronomedicine and Interpretation of Circadian Health
Gubin, D. G., Weinert, D., Stefani, O., Otsuka, K., Borisenkov, M. F., & Cornélissen, G. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15030327 · Cited by 75
Islam, Z., Akter, S., Kochi, T., Hu, H., Eguchi, M., Yamaguchi, M., Kuwahara, K., Kabe, I., & Mizoue, T. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.07.003 · Cited by 66
Habitual sleep and human plasma metabolomics
Xiao, Q., Derkach, A., Moore, S. C., Zheng, W., Shu, X., Gu, F., Caporaso, N. E., Sampson, J. N., & Matthews, C. E. (2017) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-017-1205-z · Cited by 64
“Moreover, previous studies suggested that late sleep timing may be associated with more severe circadian disruption and may be a risk factor for multiple cardiometabolic conditions independent of sleep duration (Wong et al. 2015).”
Sűdy, Á. R., Ella, K., Bódizs, R., & Káldi, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00950 · Cited by 65
“, 2011), adverse metabolic changes including obesity and type 2 diabetes (Roenneberg et al., 2012; Rutters et al., 2014; Parsons et al., 2015; Wong et al., 2015; Koopman et al., 2017), and shows association with health-impairing habits such as smoking and excessive caffeine consumption (Wittmann et al.”
BackgroundDevelopment of Late Circadian Preference: Sleep Timing From Childhood to Late Adolescence
Kuula, L., Pesonen, A., Merikanto, I., Gradisar, M., Lahti, J. M. T., Heinonen, K., Kajantie, E., & Räikkönen, K. (2017) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.10.068 · Cited by 64
A survey on social jetlag in Japan: a nationwide, cross-sectional internet survey
Komada, Y., Okajima, I., Kitamura, S., & Inoue, Y. (2019) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-019-00229-w · Cited by 63
Chronotype and social jetlag influence human circadian clock gene expression
Takahashi, M., Tahara, Y., Tsubosaka, M., Fukazawa, M., Ozaki, M., Iwakami, T., Nakaoka, T., & Shibata, S. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28616-2 · Cited by 63
Persistence of social jetlag and sleep disruption in healthy young adults
McMahon, D. M., Burch, J. B., Wirth, M. D., Youngstedt, S. D., Hardin, J. W., Hurley, T. G., Blair, S. N., Hand, G. A., Shook, R. P., Drenowatz, C. J., et al. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1405014 · Cited by 62
“…although some studies suggest that this relationship may extend to populations not involved in shift work, including those with SJL (Valdez et al., 1996; Antunes et al., 2010; Levandovski et al., 2011; Roenneberg et al., 2012; Kantermann et al., 2013; Wirth et al., 2014; Wong et al., 2015).”
New perspectives on chrononutrition
Crispim, C. A., & Mota, M. C. (2018) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2018.1491202 · Cited by 60
Social jetlag, eating behaviours and BMI among adolescents in the USA
Mathew, G. M., Hale, L. E., & Chang, A. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520001804 · Cited by 59
“Indeed, research has demonstrated that higher social jetlag is associated with obesity and related indices, such as higher TAG and fasting insulin (55) .”
BackgroundThe Clinical Biology of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Protein
Liou, T. G. (2018) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.006 · Cited by 55
The relationship between chronotype and obesity: A systematic review
ERİM, S. E., & Sert, H. (2023) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2023.2180385 · Cited by 59
“Evening chronotype has been associated with low HDL-C concentrations (Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundKelly, R. M., Finn, J., Healy, U., Gallen, D., Sreenan, S., McDermott, J. H., & Coogan, A. N. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.07.023 · Cited by 56
“SJL has been proposed as a risk factor for a number of pathologies and pathophysiological conditions, including type 2 diabetes [9,10] and elevated body mass index (BMI) [8,11].”
BackgroundHena, M., & Garmy, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00122 · Cited by 53
Sleep and Circadian Disturbance in Cardiovascular Risk
Belloir, J. A., Makarem, N., & Shechter, A. (2022) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-022-01816-z · Cited by 54
Wallace, D. A., Johnson, D. A., Redline, S. S., Sofer, T., & Kossowsky, J. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad220 · Cited by 55
Aging and the clock: Perspective from flies to humans
Nobrega, A. K. D., & Lyons, L. C. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14176 · Cited by 50
Cardioprotective Properties of Phenolic Compounds: A Role for Biological Rhythms
Torres‐Fuentes, C., Suárez, M., Aragonès, G., Mulero, M., Ávila‐Román, J., Arola‐Arnal, A., Salvadó, M. J., Arola, L., Bravo, F. I., & Muguerza, B. (2022) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202100990 · Cited by 52
Morales‐Ghinaglia, N., & Fernández‐Mendoza, J. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23667 · Cited by 49
“Furthermore, adolescents with obesity who show greater sleep irregularity across nights have higher BMI percentiles, whereas consistent bedtimes and wake times are associated with decreased levels of adiposity [91].”
BackgroundInfluentialShift work, chronotype and the risk of cardiometabolic risk factors
Hulsegge, G., Picavet, H. S. J., van der Beek, A. J., Verschuren, W. M. M., Twisk, J. W. R., & Proper, K. I. (2018) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky092 · Cited by 50
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“These findings were supported by qualitative findings (Kantermann et al., 2014; Wong, Hasler, Kamarck, Muldoon, & Manuck, 2015).”
ResultYoung, M. E. (2023) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.03.024 · Cited by 49
Sleep in Habitual Adult Video Gamers: A Systematic Review
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Zhang, R., Cai, X., Lin, C., Yang, W., Lv, F., Wu, J., & Ji, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1008820 · Cited by 48
“waist circumference, and BMI in linear regression models (48).”
BackgroundSocial jetlag impairs balance control
Umemura, G. S., Pinho, J. P., Gonçalves, B. D. S. B., Furtado, F., & Forner‐Cordero, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27730-5 · Cited by 47
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Clocks in the clinic: circadian rhythms in health and disease
Kelly, R. M., Healy, U., Sreenan, S., McDermott, J. H., & Coogan, A. N. (2018) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719 · Cited by 46
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Social jetlag and quality of life among nursing students: A cross-sectional study
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“, 2006), higher risk for cardiovascular diseases (Wong et al., 2015) and poorer overall wellbeing (De Souza and Hidalgo, 2015; Rutters et al.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wong, P. M., Hasler, B. P., Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., & Manuck, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Department of Psychiatry (B.P.H.), Pennsylvania 15213
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Patricia M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2015-12-01
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4612-4620
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC4667156
- OpenAlex
- W2180967840
- Semantic Scholar
- 0c3ad84136306916091daa5d40ba62f6fe963544
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 13.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institutes of Health (PO1 HL040962, HL040962)
- Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL040962)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA032557)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- social jetlag, chronotype, cardiometabolic risk, circadian misalignment, sleep timing, evening chronotype, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, fasting insulin, adiposity, diabetes risk, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, middle-aged adults, shift work
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Life Style, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Social Environment, Triglycerides, Work Schedule Tolerance, Health Behavior, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Jet Lag Syndrome, Adiposity
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