Cited by 219Memory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchStress Responses and Cortisol

The Neurobiology of Conditioned and Unconditioned Fear: A Neurobehavioral System Analysis of the Amygdala

Rosen, Jeffrey B.·2004·Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews

Abstract

A neurobehavioral system approach to conditioned and unconditioned fear is presented. By employing reproducible fear behaviors in Pavlovian conditioning and unconditioned fear paradigms, it has been possible to delineate some differences in neural circuitry and cellular biology for conditioned and unconditioned fear. It is suggested that the basolateral complex of the amygdala and the central nucleus of the amygdala are part of the neural circuitry for fear conditioning but not for unconditioned fear to a predator odor. Furthermore, changes in expression of the transcription factor early growth response gene 1 in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala are shown to be important for contextual fear conditioning but not for unconditioned fear to a predator odor. In addition, data suggest that although conditioning to a synthetic predator odor, trimethylthiazoline, has been difficult to demonstrate, conditioning can occur by modifying by the environment. Finally, the relevance of the animal studies to human anxiety disorders is discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1534582304265945

Cites

162 of 162 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Freezing is a universal fear response, observed both in reaction to conditioned or unconditioned stimuli or situations.

    “Freezing is a universal fear response, observed both in reaction to conditioned (learned) or unconditioned (acutely threatening) stimuli or situations [22].”

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Rosen, J. B.
Affiliations
University of Delaware (US)
Corresponding author
Rosen, Jeffrey B.
Venue
Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews
Published
2004-03
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
23-41
ISSN
  • 1534-5823 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-4159
OpenAlex
W2094973377
Cited by
219
References
160
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
FWCI
7.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
fear conditioning, unconditioned fear, amygdala, basolateral amygdala, central amygdala, lateral amygdala, early growth response gene-1, contextual fear conditioning, predator odor, neural circuits, anxiety disorders, classical conditioning
MeSH terms
Amygdala, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Nerve Net, Shock, Smell, Rats

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review