The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 25 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females
Open accessAbstract
In humans, interpersonal romantic attraction and the subsequent development of monogamous pair-bonds is substantially predicted by influential impressions formed during first encounters. The prosocial neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) has been identified as a key facilitator of both interpersonal attraction and the formation of parental attachment. However, whether OXT contributes to the maintenance of monogamous bonds after they have been formed is unclear. In this randomized placebo-controlled trial, we provide the first behavioral evidence that the intranasal administration of OXT stimulates men in a monogamous relationship, but not single ones, to keep a much greater distance (∼10–15 cm) between themselves and an attractive woman during a first encounter. This avoidance of close personal proximity occurred in the physical presence of female but not male experimenters and was independent of gaze direction and whether the female experimenter or the subject was moving. We further confirmed this unexpected finding using a photograph-based approach/avoidance task that showed again that OXT only stimulated men in a monogamous relationship to approach pictures of attractive women more slowly. Importantly, these changes cannot be attributed to OXT altering the attitude of monogamous men toward attractive women or their judgments of and arousal by pictures of them. Together, our results suggest that where OXT release is stimulated during a monogamous relationship, it may additionally promote its maintenance by making men avoid signaling romantic interest to other women through close-approach behavior during social encounters. In this way, OXT may help to promote fidelity within monogamous human relationships.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a randomized placebo-controlled trial, intranasal oxytocin selectively increased the physical distance that pair-bonded men kept from an attractive female experimenter and slowed their approach to pictures of attractive women, without affecting single men. The authors interpret this as evidence that oxytocin may promote fidelity by reducing close-approach behavior toward other women in monogamous men.
Key findings
- In the stop-distance paradigm, oxytocin increased personal space in pair-bonded men but not single men: repeated-measures ANOVA showed a treatment × relationship-status interaction, \(F(1,53)=4.73\), \(p=0.03\); post hoc tests were significant for pair-bonded men, \(t(28)=-4.07\), \(p<0.01\), but not singles, \(t(25)=-0.72\), \(p=0.48\). The abstract reports a roughly 10–15 cm greater distance.
- The effect was specific to a female experimenter: in the male-experimenter control, main and interaction effects seen with the female experimenter were absent (all \(ps \ge 0.09\)); overall oxytocin enlarged social distance with the female experimenter (\(p<0.01\)) but not the male experimenter (\(p=0.11\)).
- In the approach/avoidance task, oxytocin selectively slowed approach to positive social pictures in pair-bonded men: treatment × relationship-status interaction, \(F(1,53)=4.40\), \(p=0.04\); post hoc pair-bonded \(t(28)=-2.17\), \(p=0.04\), singles \(t(25)=0.81\), \(p=0.42\). Pair-bonded men also made more errors only for positive social pictures, \(U=64\), \(z=-2.09\), \(p=0.04\).
- Oxytocin did not alter impressions or arousal: all subjects rated the female experimenter as highly likeable (\(8.46 \pm 0.66\)) and trustworthy (\(8.37 \pm 0.72\)), and valence/arousal ratings were comparable across groups (all \(ps \ge 0.08\)).
Methods
- Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel-group design. A total of 86 healthy heterosexual male adults participated. Experiments 1 and 2 included 57 men (mean age \(25.1 \pm 3.3\) years), either single (\(n=27\)) or in a stable monogamous relationship (\(n=30\)); they received intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) or placebo 45 min before testing. An independent control experiment included 29 pair-bonded men (\(25.9 \pm 3.2\) years; oxytocin \(n=14\), placebo \(n=15\)) with a male experimenter.
- Experiment 1 used an adapted stop-distance paradigm with an attractive female experimenter, varying who moved, starting position, and eye contact; ideal and slightly uncomfortable chin-to-chin distances were measured with a digital laser measurer.
- Experiment 2 used an approach/avoidance task with IAPS pictures; participants pulled a joystick toward positive pictures or pushed away from negative pictures, with reaction times and errors recorded. Analyses used repeated-measures/mixed-model ANOVA, post hoc unpaired \(t\) tests, and Mann–Whitney tests.
Limitations
- The paper states that future studies are needed to elucidate the exact neurochemical cascade underlying the oxytocin effect and to analyze which aspects of a pair-bond interact with oxytocin to promote fidelity.
- The paper notes that an apparent oxytocin effect in single men was likely caused by outliers, given the three times larger variance in oxytocin-treated singles (\(SD=29.03\)) compared with pair-bonded men (\(SD=9.41\)) and the absence of overall interactions with starting position or eye contact.
- Evident from the text: the sample was restricted to healthy heterosexual men, so generalizability to women, non-heterosexual individuals, clinical populations, or other relationship arrangements is unknown; the tasks were laboratory-based first encounters and picture judgments, not direct measures of real-world fidelity.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
22 Own result · 13 Own method · 10 Own interpretation · 6 No full text of the sources · 5 Supported · 3 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The notion that the intrinsic reward value of other women remains constant is further supported by the absence of any interaction between OXT and gaze direction, since returned eye gaze from an attractive person is associated with a higher reward value than averted gaze when a social interaction is initiated (Kampe et al., 2001).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kampe et al., 2001 source
The citation supports the sentence’s explanation about gaze and reward value, not its separate claim about OXT. In the paper’s discussion (p. 589), returned gaze from an attractive face is described as more favourable during the initiation of social interaction, whereas failure to make eye contact is described as disappointing. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This avoidance of close personal proximity occurred in the physical presence of female but not male experimenters and was independent of gaze direction and whether the female experimenter or the subject was moving.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Overall, OXT significantly enlarged social distance (across all conditions) in the physical presence of a female experimenter ( p Ͻ 0.01), but not of a male experimenter ( p ϭ 0.11).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We further confirmed this unexpected finding using a photograph-based approach/ avoidance task that showed again that OXT only stimulated men in a monogamous relationship to approach pictures of attractive women more slowly.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Post hoc unpaired t tests showed that the reaction time was significantly increased in pair-bonded men (t (28) ϭ Ϫ2.17, p ϭ 0.04, 2 ϭ 0.14) but not in single ones (t (25) ϭ 0.81, p ϭ 0.42, 2 ϭ 0.03).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a mixed-model ANOVA for repeated measurements with”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, PS was larger when subjects were moving away (65.12 Ϯ 14.62 cm) from rather than toward (57.81 Ϯ 13.51 cm) the experimenter, suggesting that a proximal starting position was felt as more unpleasant than a distal one.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also a small but significant main effect of eye contact (F (1,53) ϭ 7.81, p Ͻ 0.01, 2 ϭ 0.13) showing larger distances in trials with eye contact (61.75 Ϯ 11.86 cm) than in trials with averted gaze (60.22 Ϯ 11.48 cm).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Univariate ANO-VAs with treatment and relationship status as independent variables and the reaction times for positive social, positive nonsocial, negative social, or negative nonsocial dependent variables showed only a significant interaction for positive social pictures between treatment and relationship status (F (1,53) ϭ 4.40, p ϭ 0.04, 2 ϭ 0.08; Fig. 1 B).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant inter-action of eye contact and person moving (F (1,53) ϭ 7.05, p ϭ 0.01, 2 ϭ 0.11) revealed that this effect was stronger if the experi- menter (61.97 Ϯ 12.06 cm vs 59.02 Ϯ 10.24 cm) instead of the subject (61.52 Ϯ 14.07 cm vs 61.41 Ϯ 13.83 cm) was moving.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For singles, there was no significant difference for either condition ( ps Ն 0.44).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the control experiment involving a male experimenter (cf.Table 3), the main and interaction effects observed with a female experimenter (Experiment 1) were absent (all ps Ն 0.09), indicating a specific role of the peptide in pair-bond maintenance.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The amygdala may be important for this regulation (Kennedy et al., 2009)”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kennedy et al., 2009 source
The paper states that the amygdala may regulate interpersonal distance by helping trigger reactions to personal-space violations. It also reports an absent detectable personal-space boundary in a patient with bilateral amygdala damage and greater amygdala activation during close proximity in healthy participants. These passages support the citing sentence’s hedged claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Research on monogamous mammals, particularly prairie voles, has shown that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) promotes the formation of pair-bonds in females, with a related peptide, argininevasopressin being more important in males (Donaldson and Young, 2008;Insel, 2010).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Donaldson and Young, 2008 source
- Supportedcites Insel, 2010 source
The AVP and Affiliation section says that the path to pair bonding appears to use AVP preferentially in males and oxytocin preferentially in females. It also reports that AVP induces pair-bonding behaviors in male prairie voles, while oxytocin increases partner preference formation in females. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and the activity of amygdala subregions is also modulated by OXT (Gamer et al., 2010).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gamer et al., 2010 source
The Discussion reports significant effects of oxytocin on anatomically distinct amygdala regions. It describes increased activity associated with gaze shifts in the basal nucleus and altered responses to fearful and happy faces in the corticomedial and lateral regions. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Future studies are needed to elucidate the exact neurochemical cascade underlying the observed OXT effect on approach behavior since OXT-induced analgesia in mice, for example, is mediated by vasopressin-1A receptors (Schorscher-Petcu et al., 2010).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Schorscher-Petcu et al., 2010 source
The Results section ('Oxytocin and vasopressin 1a receptor antagonists'; page not supplied) reports that V1AR antagonists prevented OXT-induced analgesia in mice. The Discussion adds that OTRs may contribute to centrally administered OXT, but this does not negate the claim that V1ARs mediate the effect. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The prosocial actions of OXT often involve facilitation of approach behaviors (Hurlemann et al., 2010;Kemp and Guastella, 2011;Striepens et al., 2011), although this can be context-and person-dependent (Bartz et al., 2011)”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Hurlemann et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes oxytocin as facilitating bonding and trust, and the Discussion reports enhanced socially reinforced learning and emotional empathy in men. These support a prosocial effect, but the paper does not establish that the effect operates by facilitating approach behaviors. The context- and person-dependent qualification is attributed to Bartz et al., not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kemp and Guastella, 2011 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Striepens et al., 2011 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“While, compared with singles, basal concentrations of OXT in blood are increased in couples during the early stages of romantic love and stay significantly elevated in couples remaining together 6 months later (Schneiderman et al., 2012), our results suggest that further augmentation of endogenous OXT release is necessary to produce fidelity-enhancing effects.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Schneiderman et al., 2012 source
The Results report significantly higher plasma oxytocin in new lovers than in non-attached singles. The Results and Discussion report no decrease over the six-month follow-up among couples who remained together. The paper cautions that it cannot establish whether falling in love caused oxytocin levels to rise; the claim frames the increase as a comparison with singles, not a causal change. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, these changes cannot be attributed to OXT altering the attitude of monogamous men toward attractive women or their judgments of and arousal by pictures of them.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“There was no evidence for significant changes in emotional responsiveness to the pictures since the valence and arousal ratings were comparable across groups (all ps Ն 0.08).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This avoidance of close personal proximity occurred in the physical presence of female but not male experimenters and was independent of gaze direction and whether the female experimenter or the subject was moving.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we provide the first behavioral evidence that the intranasal administration of OXT stimulates men in a monogamous relationship, but not single ones, to keep a much greater distance (ϳ10 -15 cm) between themselves and an attractive woman during a first encounter.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Post hoc unpaired t tests showed that PS was significantly increased in pair-bonded men (t (28) ϭ Ϫ4.07, p Ͻ 0.01, 2 ϭ 0.37) but not in single men (t (25) ϭ Ϫ0.72, p ϭ 0.48, 2 ϭ 0.02).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, there was an effect of relationship status, with pairbonded men keeping more distance than singles and which also depended on the person moving (F (1,53) ϭ 6.17, p ϭ 0.02, 2 ϭ 0.10).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, an exploratory analysis revealed that pairbonded men reported feeling uncomfortable at a greater distance from the female experimenter under OXT, but only if the latter was the one moving (t (28) ϭ Ϫ3.43, p Ͻ 0.01, 2 ϭ 0.30) and not if the subject was (t (20.50) ϭ Ϫ1.97, p ϭ 0.06, 2 ϭ 0.13).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, a mixed-model ANOVA for repeated measures with”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no evidence for significant changes in emotional responsiveness to the pictures since the valence and arousal ratings were comparable across groups (all ps Ն 0.08).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All subjects rated the experimenter as highly likeable (8.46 Ϯ 0.66) and trustworthy (8.37 Ϯ 0.72), but after controlling for multiple comparisons (six ratings), we found no significant main or interaction effect of OXT and relationship status on reported feelings (all ps Ն 0.08).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants of the control experiment rated the female experimenter (Experiment 1) as attractive (64.10 Ϯ 14.77), independent of treatment (t (27) ϭ Ϫ0.81, p ϭ 0.42, 2 ϭ 0.02).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post hoc unpaired t tests showed that the reaction time was significantly increased in pair-bonded men (t (28) ϭ Ϫ2.17, p ϭ 0.04, 2 ϭ 0.14) but not in single ones (t (25) ϭ 0.81, p ϭ 0.42, 2 ϭ 0.03).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The personal space (PS) we keep between us and others is crucially influenced by our relationships with them; a closer, intimate zone being reserved for lovers.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hall, 1966
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hayduk, 1983 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, if an unfamiliar person violates our PS (Hall, 1966;Hayduk, 1983), we can feel uncomfortable, and so close approach must be carefully controlled.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hall, 1966
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hayduk, 1983 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, there has been no direct evidence that OXT release after the formation of monogamous bonds actually contributes to their subsequent maintenance.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and we tend to expand our PS if a person establishes eye-contact with us (Argyle and Dean, 1965).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Argyle and Dean, 1965 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Humans and other mammalian species exhibiting monogamous pair-bonds also show biparental behavior, leading to the theory that while reproductively costly for males, monogamy evolves in species to help ensure offspring survival (Low, 2003).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Low, 2003 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants were asked to maintain their regular sleep and waking times and to abstain from caffeine and alcohol intake on the day of the experiment.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Subjects and protocols.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pictures of the task were adjusted to closely resemble each other in luminance using a self-written script in Matlab 7 (MathWorks).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Stop-distance paradigm.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects were free of current and past physical or psychiatric illness, as assessed by medical history and a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I (SCID-I) and axis II disorders (SCID-II).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Subjects and protocols.
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Care was taken to assure the same appearance of the experimenter across all sessions, and all subjects were tested in the same room.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Stop-distance paradigm.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While the most obvious physiological stimulus for promoting endogenous OXT release in men would be having sex with their mate (Kru ¨ger et al., 2003), the simple close presence and touch of their partner at any given moment in time might also suffice (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2008).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kru ¨ger et al., 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Holt-Lunstad et al., 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we avoided any measure-ments that could prime social norms and raise suspicion regarding our hypothesis.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant between-group differences for any of the parameters listed in this table (all ps Ͼ 0.05).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these results demonstrate that OXT treatment selectively impeded approach behavior toward attractive females in pair-bonded males either during a first social encounter (Experiment 1) or in the context of erotic IAPS pictures (Experiment 2), but without altering their judgments of how likeable or arousing the females were.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“since OXT can also promote risk aversion (Declerck et al., 2010) and noncooperation toward individuals perceived as outsiders (De Dreu, 2012).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, they were naive to prescription-strength psychoactive medication and had not taken any over-the-counter psychoactive medication in the past 4 weeks.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Subjects and protocols.
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were neither main nor interaction effects of treatment and relationship status (all ps Ͼ 0.05) for any of the parameters listed in this table.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn and was performed in compliance with the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Subjects and protocols.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All subjects completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery to control for possible pretreatment differences in cognitive performance.”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Subjects and protocols.
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a double-blind, randomized, parallel group design, we administered either intranasal OXT (24 IU, Syntocinon-Spray, Novartis; 3 puffs per nostril, each with 4 IU OXT) or placebo (PLC; sodium chloride solution) to 57 healthy heterosexual male volunteers”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Subjects and protocols.
plainn = 57- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Approach behavior is important for displaying potential romantic interest.
“although approach behavior is clearly important for displaying potential romantic interest.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants classified as in a stable monogamous relationship are actually in a stable monogamous relationship.
“who were either single (n ϭ 27) or in a stable monogamous relationship (n ϭ 30)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The positive social pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System are perceived as attractive women or erotic stimuli by the participants.
“positive (attractive women or beautiful landscapes) and negative (mutilations or dirt) pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, oxytocin has been shown to reduce anxiety and stress [52-54]; boost trust [55-57**], eye-contact [58], mind-reading [59], and empathy [60]; heighten the availability of positive relationship memories [61, 62]; and improve social attention, recognition, and appraisals, as well as the encoding and retrieval of memories with social content [63**].”
From Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations (2013) · cites this paper as [54]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The notion that OXT may play a specific role in maintaining long-term pair bonding in humans is also substantiated by our previous findings that it makes men in a relationship keep a greater social distance from attractive female strangers (29)”
From Oxytocin enhances brain reward system responses in men viewing the face of their female partner (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and may facilitate the fidelity of men in a monogamous relationship by making them keep a greater distance from other women (29).”
From Oxytocin enhances brain reward system responses in men viewing the face of their female partner (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, male subjects in long-term relationships were also slower to approach photos of attractive women, as compared to single male subjects, and IN-OT increased this effect.”
From The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [164]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Men in relationships kept a greater distance from the female confederate than single men, and this was enhanced by IN-OT.”
From The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [164]
In the citing paper
“Importantly, this region plays a key role in processing social salience (18) and controlling approach and avoidance behaviors (10), which OXT has been shown to modulate (3, 4, 6, 19).”
From Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Administration of oxytocin in humans is associated with changes in social-approach behaviors, such as trust (2) and personal proximity (3).”
From Epigenetic modification of OXT and human sociability (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In another study, OXT IN motivated pair-bonded, but not single, men to keep a larger social distance from an unknown female experimenter (Figure 1) and inhibited approach toward attractive women depicted in photos (89).”
From Dissecting the Role of Oxytocin in the Formation and Loss of Social Relationships (2016) · cites this paper as [89]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the effect of intranasal OXT depends on the partner status of the subject: it keeps men in a monogamous relationship from being too close to a new woman without affecting single men 77.”
From Social experience alters oxytocinergic modulation in the nucleus accumbens of female prairie voles (2022) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Our results strongly corroborate the notion that social touch in general and the OXT effect on hedonic value and neural response to human touch in particular are context dependent (Scheele et al, 2012; Striepens et al, 2014; Striepens et al, 2012).”
From An oxytocin-induced facilitation of neural and emotional responses to social touch correlates inversely with autism traits (2014) · cites this paper as Scheele et al, 2012
In the citing paper
“IN-OT increases the rating of attractiveness of partners’ faces (Scheele et al. 2013), reduces conflict between couples (Ditzen et al. 2009), and enhances the distance between pair bonded men and unfamiliar attractive individuals (Scheele et al. 2012).”
From A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials (2017) · cites this paper as Scheele et al. 2012
In the citing paper
“IN-OT promoted a greater distance (10–15 cm) between men in a monogamous relationship and attractive female strangers.”
From A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials (2017) · cites this paper as Scheele et al. 2012
In the citing paper
“Scheele and colleagues observed when heterosexual males in a relationship are treated with intranasal oxytocin, they preferred to keep attractive unfamiliar females at a greater distance relative to single men or men in relationships which had been treated with placebo (Scheele et al., 2012).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Scheele et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“However, treatment with oxytocin had no effect on the social distance preferred when encountering unfamiliar males (Scheele et al., 2012).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Scheele et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Recent research has shown that levels of social anxiety are correlated with preferred interpersonal distance, such that individuals with greater social anxiety traits prefer to stay further away from others (Scheele et al., 2012;Perry et al., 2013).”
From OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals (2015) · cites this paper as Scheele et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“In a recent study, Scheele et al. (2012) reported that administration of OT increased the preferred interpersonal distance between the self and an attractive woman, but only among men in a monogamous relationship and in the physical presence of female but not male experimenters.OT had no effect on single men participants and no effect in promoting 'closer' interpersonal distance.”
From OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals (2015) · cites this paper as Scheele et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“this study shows that, at least in males, an individual's initial empathy trait level interacts with the effect of OT on preferred interpersonal distance.”
From OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals (2015) · cites this paper as Scheele et al. (2012)
In the citing paper
“Human males in a monogamous relationship, but not single men, who received intranasal OT kept a greater distance on approach of an attractive woman (Scheele et al., 2012).”
From Oxytocin facilitates fidelity in well-established marmoset pairs by reducing sociosexual behavior toward opposite-sex strangers (2014) · cites this paper as Scheele et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“OT has been shown to regulate fundamental mechanisms underlying mate fidelity.”
From Oxytocin facilitates fidelity in well-established marmoset pairs by reducing sociosexual behavior toward opposite-sex strangers (2014) · cites this paper as Scheele et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“and increase physical approach leading to closer interpersonal distance (24, 25).”
From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Key among the molecular substrates of social group living and monogamous pair bonds in humans is the hypothalamic peptide oxytocin (OXT) (Scheele et al, 2012(Scheele et al, , 2013)).”
From Oxytocin Facilitates Pavlovian Fear Learning in Males (2016) · cites this paper as Scheele et al, 2012
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, in the context of pair bonding, OT was found to modulate interpersonal space by decreasing the preferred distance men in a romantic relationship kept between themselves and an unknown attractive woman (Scheele et al., 2012).”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Scheele et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Subjects and protocols.
“another 29 healthy heterosexual pair-bonded men (25.9 Ϯ 3.2 years) who were administered either OXT (n ϭ 14) or PLC (n ϭ 15).”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
“Table 2. Demographic, neuropsychological, and personality characteristics of the subjects participating in the independent control experiment OXT (n ϭ 15) PLC (n ϭ 14)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
“Digit-span, forward h 8.21 (8.54) 8.54 (2.03)”
§ Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females > Results
“working memory performance was assessed using the h digit-span forward and backward test (maximum possible score 14).”
Citations
Cites
(2005) · CTIT technical reports series · Cited by 5,307
Hall, E. T. (1973) · Leonardo · doi:10.2307/1572461 · Cited by 4,883
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6 · Cited by 3,367 · cited 2×
“Personality traits were measured with the kSIAS (Social Interaction Anxiety Scale), the lSPS (Social Phobia Scale), the mBIS (Behavioral Inhibition System), and the nBAS (Behavioral Approach System).”
MethodEye-Contact, Distance and Affiliation
Argyle, M., & Dean, J. (1965) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2786027 · Cited by 1,779 · cited 2×
“, 2008) and we tend to expand our PS if a person establishes eye-contact with us (Argyle and Dean, 1965).”
BackgroundOxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Domes, G., Kirsch, P., & Heinrichs, M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3044 · Cited by 1,688 · cited 1×
“In humans, OXT has also been implicated in attraction and bonding behavior in both men and women (Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2011; Feldman, 2012; McCall and Singer, 2012).”
BackgroundOxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality
Donaldson, Z. R., & Young, L. J. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1158668 · Cited by 1,645
Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter
Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.002 · Cited by 1,581 · cited 3×
“…support the concept that the behavioral effects of OXT are moderated by contextual factors and personal characteristics such as relationship status (Bartz et al., 2011) and provide the first direct evidence for a behavior-modifying role of OXT in helping to maintain monogamous pair-bonds in humans.”
BackgroundInfluentialInsel, T. R. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.005 · Cited by 1,044 · cited 1×
“Research on monogamous mammals, particularly prairie voles, has shown that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) promotes the formation of pair-bonds in females, with a related peptide, argininevasopressin being more important in males (Donaldson and Young, 2008; Insel, 2010).”
BackgroundDitzen, B., Schaer, M., Gabriel, B., Bodenmann, G., Ehlert, U., & Heinrichs, M. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.011 · Cited by 805 · cited 1×
“While it has been reported to reduce conflict between couples (Ditzen et al., 2009), this may be a generalized effect of its prosocial actions independent of relationship status.”
BackgroundOxytocin increases gaze to the eye region of human faces
Guastella, A. J., Mitchell, P. B., & Dadds, M. R. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.026 · Cited by 798
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The oxytocin receptor: from intracellular signaling to behavior
Jurek, B., & Neumann, I. D. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2017 · Cited by 999
Autism, oxytocin and interoception
Quattrocki, E., & Friston, K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.012 · Cited by 393
Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love, and Evolution
Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., Campbell, L., & Overall, N. C. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614561683 · Cited by 434
“, 2013) and stand further away when interacting with an attractive female stranger (Scheele et al., 2012).”
BackgroundOxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine
Love, T. M. (2014) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.06.011 · Cited by 369
“Scheele and colleagues observed when heterosexual males in a relationship are treated with intranasal oxytocin, they preferred to keep attractive unfamiliar females at a greater distance relative to single men or men in relationships which had been treated with placebo (Scheele et al. , 2012).”
InfluentialOxytocin enhances brain reward system responses in men viewing the face of their female partner
Scheele, D., Wille, A., Kendrick, K. M., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Becker, B., Güntürkün, O., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1314190110 · Cited by 340
“The notion that OXT may play a specific role in maintaining long-term pair bonding in humans is also substantiated by our previous findings that it makes men in a relationship keep a greater social distance from attractive female strangers (29) and reinforces the suggestion that OXT effects are both context and person…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSleep loss causes social withdrawal and loneliness
Ben Simon, E., & Walker, M. P. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05377-0 · Cited by 352
De Dreu, C. K. W., & Kret, M. E. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.020 · Cited by 297
“In sum, oxytocin does not increase offensive aggression aimed at subordinating and exploiting the out-group but does prepare for defensive aggression aimed at warding off and neutralizing threat posed by rivaling out-groups (102,105–107) [also see (56,60,64,68)].”
BackgroundNakajima, M., Görlich, A., & Heintz, N. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.020 · Cited by 262
“(Scheele et al., 2012), have provided the additional insight that oxytocin acts primarily in these contexts to improve interactive reciprocity between consorting partners.”
BackgroundReward functioning in PTSD: a systematic review exploring the mechanisms underlying anhedonia
Nawijn, L., van Zuiden, M., Frijling, J. L., Koch, S. B. J., Veltman, D. J., & Olff, M. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.019 · Cited by 250
Kinetics and dose dependency of intranasal oxytocin effects on amygdala reactivity
Spengler, F. B., Schultz, J., Scheele, D., Essel, M., Maier, W., Heinrichs, M., & Hurlemann, R. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.04.015 · Cited by 229
Self-citationLife in groups: the roles of oxytocin in mammalian sociality
Anacker, A. M. J., & Beery, A. K. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00185 · Cited by 223
“Another demonstrated that OT increases the distance men in relationships put between themselves and an attractive female, but does not have the same effect in single men (Scheele et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAn Allostatic Theory of Oxytocin
Quintana, D. S., & Guastella, A. J. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.03.008 · Cited by 223
“For instance, intranasal oxytocin increases the perceived attractiveness of romantic female partners by heterosexual men [63], and modulates social distance between heterosexual males and females [64].”
Oxytocin facilitates the extinction of conditioned fear in humans
Eckstein, M., Becker, B., Scheele, D., Scholz, C., Preckel, K., Schlaepfer, T. E., Grinevich, V., Kendrick, K. M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.015 · Cited by 210
“nonsocial CS pair (house CS1, house CS2) (29,35,36).”
Self-citationOxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
Gao, S., Becker, B., Luo, L., Geng, Y., Zhao, W., Yin, Y., Hu, J., Gao, Z., Gong, Q., Hurlemann, R., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1602620113 · Cited by 186
“Importantly, this region plays a key role in processing social salience (18) and controlling approach and avoidance behaviors (10), which OXT has been shown to modulate (3, 4, 6, 19).”
BackgroundSelf-citationJohnson, Z. V., Walum, H., Jamal, Y. A., Xiao, Y., Keebaugh, A. C., Inoue, K., & Young, L. J. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.11.011 · Cited by 190
“…OT administration to romantically attached males increases activation of reward areas when viewing images of a partner's face, but not an unfamiliar stranger female's face, and increases preferred interpersonal distance from an unfamiliar female (Scheele et al., 2012; Scheele et al., 2013).”
Freeman, S. M., Inoue, K., Smith, A. L., Goodman, M. M., & Young, L. J. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.023 · Cited by 185
“Intranasally administered OT (IN-OT) modulates several aspects of social cognition and behavior, including increasing trust, eye-gaze, emotion recognition, empathy and socially reinforced learning (Guastella et al., 2012), and behaviors relevant to pair bonding (Scheele et al., 2013, 2012).”
BackgroundWatanabe, T., Abe, O., Kuwabara, H., Yahata, N., Takano, Y., Iwashiro, N., Natsubori, T., Aoki, Y., Takao, H., Kawakubo, Y., et al. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3181 · Cited by 183
Scheele, D., Kendrick, K. M., Khouri, C., Kretzer, E., Schläpfer, T. E., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Güntürkün, O., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.78 · Cited by 171
“Our results strongly corroborate the notion that social touch in general and the OXT effect on hedonic value and neural response to human touch in particular are context dependent (Scheele et al, 2012; Striepens et al, 2014; Striepens et al, 2012).”
ResultSelf-citationNeurobiological mechanisms of social attachment and pair bonding
Johnson, Z. V., & Young, L. J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.009 · Cited by 169
Keebaugh, A. C., Barrett, C. E., Laprairie, J. L., Jenkins, J. J., & Young, L. J. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1040893 · Cited by 150
“Furthermore, intranasal administration of OT enhances emotion recognition and behaviors associated with monogamy (Scheele et al., 2012, 2013) and enhances parenting behaviors, including positive affect, social gaze, and vocal synchrony in humans (Rilling & Young, 2014; Weisman, Zagoory-Sharon, &…”
BackgroundMattie Tops, A., Koole, S. L., IJzerman, H., & Buisman‐Pijlman, F. T. A. (2013) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.07.015 · Cited by 146
“Please cite this article as: Tops M, et al, Why social attachment and oxyt between ventral and dorsal corticostriatal systems, Pharmacol Biochem B derogation of unfamiliar affiliative alternatives (Scheele et al., 2012).”
Harari-Dahan, O., & Bernstein, A. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.007 · Cited by 143
Oxytocin and the Neurobiology of Prosocial Behavior
Marsh, N., Marsh, A. A., Lee, M. R., & Hurlemann, R. (2020) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858420960111 · Cited by 159
Self-citationDissecting the Role of Oxytocin in the Formation and Loss of Social Relationships
Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.013 · Cited by 136
“In another study, OXT motivated pair-bonded, but not single, men to keep a larger social distance from an unknown female experimenter (Figure 1) and inhibited approach toward attractive women depicted in photos (89).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAleshinloye, K. D., Fu, X., Ribeiro, M. A., Woosnam, K. M., & Tasci, A. D. A. (2019) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287519863883 · Cited by 138
Overview of human oxytocin research
Kendrick, K. M., Guastella, A. J., & Becker, B. (2017) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_19 · Cited by 121
Self-citationPlasma and CSF oxytocin levels after intranasal and intravenous oxytocin in awake macaques
Freeman, S. M., Samineni, S., Allen, P. C., Stockinger, D., Bales, K. L., Hwa, G. G. C., & Roberts, J. A. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.014 · Cited by 128
Intranasal oxytocin selectively attenuates rhesus monkeys’ attention to negative facial expressions
Parr, L. A., Modi, M., Siebert, E., & Young, L. J. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.011 · Cited by 124
“These results may even help explain the context- and person-dependent effects of OT, such as the avoidance of attractive females by monogamous but not single men (Scheele et al., 2012), and the increase of ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation (De Dreu et al.”
BackgroundPersonal Space Regulation in Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders
Gessaroli, E., Santelli, E., di Pellegrino, G., & Frassinetti, F. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074959 · Cited by 128
“Finally, recent evidence indicates that oxytocin, a neuropeptide known to reduce activity in the amygdala, thereby resulting in decreased fear responses [51], can modulate social distance in interacting partners [52], and improve social interactions in ASD individuals [53].”
BackgroundOxytocin facilitates the sensation of social stress
Eckstein, M., Scheele, D., Weber, K., Stoffel‐Wagner, B., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22508 · Cited by 119
Self-citationBrewer, R., Happé, F., Cook, R., & Bird, G. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.006 · Cited by 117
Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin
MacDonald, K. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00194 · Cited by 119
Don’t stand so close to me: a behavioral and ERP study of preferred interpersonal distance
Perry, A., Rubinsten, O., Peled, L., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.042 · Cited by 118
“These results are also in line with Scheele (Scheele et al., 2012) who recently reported that participants with higher SA scores maintained larger distances from a female experimenter , and with Wieser et al. (2010) and Rinck et al. (2010) who used virtual reality to show greater preferred distance and averted eye gaz…”
ResultInfluentialHormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner’s face
Scheele, D., Plota, J., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv157 · Cited by 116
“…were significantly higher in new lovers compared with singles (Schneiderman et al., 2012) and OXT stimulated men in a monogamous relationship, but not single men, to keep a greater distance between themselves and an attractive woman during a first social encounter (Scheele et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOpposing effects of oxytocin on moral judgment in males and females
Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Kendrick, K. M., Schwering, C., Noelle, J., Wille, A., Schlaepfer, T. E., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22605 · Cited by 109
Self-citationSmith, A. S., Korgan, A. C., & Young, W. S. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104324 · Cited by 110
“Administering intranasal Oxt to healthy adult humans affects trust [3, 4], recognition of emotional facial expressions [5, 6], social memory [7], and pair-bonding related behaviors [8, 9].”
BackgroundOxytocin facilitates social approach behavior in women
Preckel, K., Scheele, D., Kendrick, K. M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00191 · Cited by 111
“A comparison of the ideal and uncomfortable social distances obtained for heterosexual dyads in the present study with our previous findings (Scheele et al., 2012) in male participants revealed a significant main effect of the participants’ gender [ideal distance: F(1,131) = 32.63, P < 0.01, η2 =…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationHow the brain codes intimacy: The neurobiological substrates of romantic touch
Kreuder, A.-K., Scheele, D., Wassermann, L., Wollseifer, M., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Lee, M. R., Hennig, J., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23679 · Cited by 89
Self-citationIntranasal oxytocin effects on social cognition: A critique
Evans, S. L., Dal Monte, O., Noble, P., & Averbeck, B. B. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.008 · Cited by 97
“OT administration causes men in a monogamous relationship, but not single ones, to distance themselves from an attractive female experimenter, and to approach pictures of attractive women more slowly (Scheele et al., 2012).”
Yao, S., Zhao, W., Geng, Y., Chen, Y., Zhao, Z., Ma, X., Xu, L., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2018) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyy068 · Cited by 97
“, 2007), pair bonding and maternal behavior (Strathearn et al., 2009; Scheele et al., 2012) and emotional empathy and face recognition (Hurlemann et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationOxytocin and stress-related disorders: neurobiological mechanisms and treatment opportunities
Sippel, L. M., Allington, C. E., Pietrzak, R. H., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Mayes, L. C., & Olff, M. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547016687996 · Cited by 99
“Severity and course of MDD may also be meaningful qualifiers for use of IN OT.”
BackgroundInfluentialOxytocin and the modulation of pain experience: Implications for chronic pain management
Tracy, L. M., Georgiou‐Karistianis, N., Gibson, S. J., & Giummarra, M. J. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.013 · Cited by 93
Agentic and Communal Social Motives
Locke, K. D. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12201 · Cited by 96
“For example, men in committed relationships exposed to oxytocin viewed their partner as more attractive and stood farther from an attractive female stranger (Scheele et al., 2012, 2013).”
BackgroundEpigenetic modification of OXT and human sociability
Haas, B. W., Filkowski, M. M., Cochran, R. N., Denison, L., Ishak, A., Nishitani, S., & Smith, A. K. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1602809113 · Cited by 91
“Administration of oxytocin in humans is associated with changes in social-approach behaviors, such as trust (2) and personal proximity (3).”
BackgroundOxytocin Facilitates Pavlovian Fear Learning in Males
Eckstein, M., Scheele, D., Patin, A., Preckel, K., Becker, B., Walter, A., Domschke, K., Grinevich, V., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.245 · Cited by 87
“Key among the molecular substrates of social group living and monogamous pair bonds in humans is the hypothalamic peptide oxytocin (OXT) (Scheele et al, 2012, 2013).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationOxytocin modulates social value representations in the amygdala
Liu, Y., Li, S., Lin, W., Li, W., Yan, X., Wang, X., Pan, X., Rutledge, R. B., & Ma, Y. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0351-1 · Cited by 89
OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals
Perry, A., Mankuta, D., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu017 · Cited by 86
“Although Scheele et al. (2012) showed that relationship status modulates OT’s effect on preferred interpersonal distance, this study shows that, at least in males, an individual’s initial empathy trait level interacts with the effect of OT on preferred interpersonal distance.”
InfluentialOxytocin facilitates reciprocity in social communication
Spengler, F. B., Scheele, D., Marsh, N., Kofferath, C., Flach, A., Schwarz, S., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx061 · Cited by 83
“, 2008) and romantic relationships (Scheele et al., 2012; Scheele et al., 2013; Hurlemann and Scheele, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMascaro, J. S., Hackett, P. D., & Rilling, J. K. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.014 · Cited by 84
“While there is less data to support the role of oxytocin in mediating LHT trade-offs, a recent study showed that selfadministration of intranasal OT decreases approach behavior toward an unknown, attractive woman in partnered (but not single) males (Scheele et al., 2012).”
Antisocial oxytocin: Complex effects on social behavior
Beery, A. K. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.006 · Cited by 74
Oxytocin and socioemotional aging: current knowledge and future trends
Ebner, N. C., Maura, G. M., MacDonald, K., Westberg, L., & Fischer, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00487 · Cited by 78
The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and attachment
Tomoda, A., Nishitani, S., Takiguchi, S., Fujisawa, T. X., Sugiyama, T., & Teicher, M. H. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01779-y · Cited by 115
“The neuropeptide OXT has been implicated in mediating numerous prosocial effects ranging from approach/avoidance behavior [158] to interpersonal trust [159].”
Oxytocin and vasopressin: signalling, behavioural modulation and potential therapeutic effects
Rae, M., Lemos Duarte, M., Gomes, I., Camarini, R., & Devi, L. A. (2022) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15481 · Cited by 72
“In addition, committed heterosexual males that received OT-IN preferred to be socially distant from attractive females, compared with single men and the placebo group (Scheele et al., 2012).”
BackgroundNuman, M. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190848675.001.0001 · Cited by 106
The physiological correlates of interpersonal space
Candini, M., Battaglia, S., Benassi, M., di Pellegrino, G., & Frassinetti, F. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82223-2 · Cited by 73
Striepens, N., Matusch, A., Kendrick, K. M., Mihov, Y., Elmenhorst, D., Becker, B., Lang, M., Coenen, H. H., Maier, W., Hurlemann, R., et al. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.026 · Cited by 71
“In addition to personal factors such as relationship status (Scheele et al., 2012, 2013) and situational factors such as social threat (Grillon et al., 2012; Striepens et al., 2012), familiarity may thus represent another context-dependent variable that critically influences OXT effects (Bartz et…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCavanaugh, J., Mustoe, A. C., Taylor, J. H., & French, J. A. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.020 · Cited by 72
“Human males in a monogamous relationship, but not single men, who received intranasal OT kept a greater distance on approach of an attractive woman (Scheele et al., 2012).”
Interpersonal distance and social anxiety in autistic spectrum disorders: A behavioral and ERP study
Perry, A., Levy‐Gigi, E., Richter‐Levin, G., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1010740 · Cited by 73
“This correlation was not found in the CL group, perhaps because of the low variance in the control group’s behavioral measures (Perry et al., 2013; see also Scheele et al., 2012).”
BackgroundOpposing Association of Situational and Chronic Loneliness with Interpersonal Distance
Saporta, N., Scheele, D., Lieberz, J., Stuhr-Wulff, F., Hurlemann, R., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091135 · Cited by 68
“For instance, the hypothalamic peptide oxytocin (OT) significantly increased the preferred distance from a stranger but not from a friend who was approaching the participant [43,44].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOxytocin shapes parental motion during father-infant interaction
Weisman, O., Delaherche, E., Rondeau, M., Chetouani, M., Cohen, D., & Feldman, R. (2013) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0828 · Cited by 63
Oxytocin enhances cognitive control of food craving in women
Striepens, N., Schröter, F., Stoffel‐Wagner, B., Maier, W., Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23308 · Cited by 63
Self-citationTiti Monkeys as a Novel Non-Human Primate Model for the Neurobiology of Pair Bonding .
Bales, K. L., Razo, R. A., Conklin, Q. A., Hartman, S., Mayer, H. S., Rogers, F. D., Simmons, T. C., Smith, L. K., Williams, A. V., Williams, D. R., et al. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 62
Sparapani, S., Millet-Boureima, C., Oliver, J., Mu, K., Hadavi, P., Kalostian, T., Ali, N., Avelar, C. M., Bardies, M., Barrow, B., et al. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9010089 · Cited by 64
Quintana, D. S., Kemp, A. H., Alvares, G. A., & Guastella, A. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00048 · Cited by 66
“In addition, OT has been found to modulate social distance between males and females (Scheele et al., 2012), increase memory for facial identity (Savaskan et al., 2008), increase attention to social cues (Leknes et al., 2012), motivate in-group cooperation (De Dreu, 2012), and increase generosity…”
BackgroundThe Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives
Blumenthal, S. A., & Young, L. J. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12060844 · Cited by 59
Hormonal systems, human social bonding, and affiliation
Gangestad, S. W., & Grebe, N. M. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.08.005 · Cited by 55
“…leads to more engaged, constructive communication about relationship conflicts (Ditzen et al., 2009), increased personal space between paired men and attractive strangers (Scheele et al., 2012) and more intense orgasms and greater contentment after intercourse with a partner (Behnia et al., 2014).”
BackgroundNawijn, L., van Zuiden, M., Koch, S. B. J., Frijling, J. L., Veltman, D. J., & Olff, M. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.020 · Cited by 60
Psychopathy to Altruism: Neurobiology of the Selfish–Selfless Spectrum
Sonne, J., & Gash, D. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00575 · Cited by 67
“…fear and anxiety (Kirsch et al., 2005), increases trust (Kosfeld et al., 2005), reduces xenophobic outgroup rejection (Marsh et al., 2017), increases monogamous behavior (Scheele et al., 2012), increases empathy (Sheng et al., 2013) and conformity with in-group members (Stallen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundFlattery, C. N. R., Ross, A. P., Sahu, S. P., Siegel, E. R., Dooyema, J. M., Cree, M. A., Stopa, E. G., Young, L. J., Rilling, J. K., Albers, H. E., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22875 · Cited by 53
Glasper, E. R., Kenkel, W. M., Bick, J. R., & Rilling, J. K. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.02.005 · Cited by 58
Wudarczyk, O. A., Earp, B. D., Guastella, A., & Savulescu, J. (2013) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3283642e10 · Cited by 61
Selective localization of oxytocin receptors and vasopressin 1a receptors in the human brainstem
Freeman, S. M., Smith, A. L., Goodman, M. M., & Bales, K. L. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2016.1156570 · Cited by 51
“, 2010), and pair-bonding-related behaviors (Scheele et al., 2012; 2013).”
Fricke, K., & Vogel, S. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.008 · Cited by 58
How does oxytocin modulate human behavior?
Yao, S., & Kendrick, K. M. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02898-1 · Cited by 61
“In men, OT administration only resulted in them approaching nearer to a female stranger (but not a man) if they were single, possibly suggesting that for men in a relationship it acted to inhibit approach behavior which might potentially risk their current relationship [143].”
Self-citationSexual dimorphism of oxytocin and vasopressin in social cognition and behavior
Lu, Q., Lai, J., Du, Y., Huang, T., Prukpitikul, P., Xu, Y., & Hu, S. (2019) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s192951 · Cited by 47
“79 After nasal administration of OT, men in a monogamous relationship preferred keeping a greater distance from an attractive female encounter, 80 while keeping a closer contact with a male friend.”
BackgroundTabak, B. A., Teed, A. R., Castle, E., Dutcher, J. M., Meyer, M. L., Bryan, R., Irwin, M. R., Lieberman, M. D., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.019 · Cited by 43
“…4) perceptions of trustworthiness or threat based on interpersonal distance (similar to outcomes studied in Cohen et al., 2018; Perry et al., 2015; Scheele et al., 2012), 5) a hypothetical bystander intervention, and 6) written reflections on a supportive interaction or a conflict with a close…”
Hinde, K., Muth, C., Maninger, N., Ragen, B., Larke, R. H., Jarcho, M. R., Mendoza, S. P., Mason, W. A., Ferrer, E. E., Cherry, S. R., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00221 · Cited by 46
“…rodent (Carter, 1998; Young et al., 2005; Gobrogge and Wang, 2015; Johnson et al., 2016; Numan and Young, 2016), and have been implicated in studies of adult human romantic relationships (Gordon et al., 2008; Walum et al., 2008, 2012; Scheele et al., 2012, 2013; Schneiderman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundFemale psychopharmacology matters! Towards a sex-specific psychopharmacology
Bolea-Alamanac, B. M., Bailey, S., Lovick, T. A., Scheele, D., & Valentino, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117747578 · Cited by 46
“Sex-specific OXT effects have been found in various domains ranging from social approach/avoidance behaviour (Scheele et al., 2012; Preckel et al., 2014) and social perception (Fischer-Shofty et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMolecular and neurocircuitry mechanisms of social avoidance
Gellner, A., Voelter, J., Schmidt, U., Beins, E. C., Stein, V., Philipsen, A., & Hurlemann, R. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-020-03649-x · Cited by 55
Self-citationMa, X., Luo, L., Geng, Y., Zhao, W., Zhang, Q., & Kendrick, K. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00266 · Cited by 44
Self-citationThe Effect of Oxytocin on Third-Party Altruistic Decisions in Unfair Situations: An fMRI Study
Hu, Y., Scheele, D., Becker, B., Voos, G., David, B., Hurlemann, R., & Weber, B. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20236 · Cited by 44
Self-citationOxytocin Signaling Pathway: From Cell Biology to Clinical Implications
Iovino, M., Messana, T., Tortora, A., Giusti, C., Lisco, G., Giagulli, V. A., Guastamacchia, E., Pergola, G. D., & Triggiani, V. (2020) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530320666200520093730 · Cited by 39
Social experience alters oxytocinergic modulation in the nucleus accumbens of female prairie voles
Borie, A. M., Agezo, S., Lunsford, P., Boender, A. J., Guo, J.-D., Zhu, H., Berman, G. J., Young, L. J., & Liu, R. C. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.014 · Cited by 39
The influence of oxytocin on volitional and emotional ambivalence
Preckel, K., Scheele, D., Eckstein, M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu147 · Cited by 41
Self-citationA human tendency to anthropomorphize is enhanced by oxytocin
Scheele, D., Schwering, C., Elison, J. T., Spunt, R., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.05.009 · Cited by 41
“OXT has been implicated in mediating a diverse social behavioral repertoire ranging from basic approach-avoidance tendencies (Scheele et al., 2012) and monogamous pair-bonding (Scheele et al.”
Self-citationEndocrine Regulations in Human–Dog Coexistence through Domestication
Kikusui, T., Nagasawa, M., Nomoto, K., Kuse-Arata, S., & Mogi, K. (2019) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2019.09.002 · Cited by 42
A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials
Andari, E., Hurlemann, R., & Young, L. J. (2017) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_29 · Cited by 40
“IN-OT increases the rating of attractiveness of partners’ faces (Scheele et al. 2013), reduces conflict between couples (Ditzen et al. 2009), and enhances the distance between pair bonded men and unfamiliar attractive individuals (Scheele et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntranasal Oxytocin Selectively Modulates Large-Scale Brain Networks in Humans
Brodmann, K., Gruber, O., & Goya‐Maldonado, R. (2017) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2017.0528 · Cited by 34
“In line with animal studies, human studies have highlighted its critical role in approach-avoidance behavior (Scheele et al., 2012), pair-bonding (Walum et al., 2012), mother–pup bonding (Elmadih et al., 2014), trust (Baumgartner et al., 2008), emotion recognition (Shahrestani et al., 2013),…”
Kis, A., Hernádi, A., Miklósi, B., Kanizsàr, O., & Topál, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00210 · Cited by 39
Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior
Yan, X., Yong, X., Huang, W., & Ma, Y. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1800779115 · Cited by 39
“23) and increase physical approach leading to closer interpersonal distance (24, 25).”
BackgroundResultOxytocin increases eye-gaze towards novel social and non-social stimuli
Eckstein, M., Bamert, V., Stephens, S. B. Z., Wallen, K., Young, L. J., Ehlert, U., & Ditzen, B. (2018) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2018.1542341 · Cited by 36
“Another relevant moderator, the relationship status (Scheele et al., 2012), did not show any significant results in additional explorative analyses, which might as well be due to a lack of power in the small subgroup of pair-bonded individuals (N = 29).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Role of Intranasal Oxytocin in the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review
Berardis, D. D., Marini, S., Iasevoli, F., Tomasetti, C., de Bartolomeis, A., Mazza, M., Valchera, A., Fornaro, M., Cavuto, M., Srinivasan, V., et al. (2013) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527311312020012 · Cited by 39
Common and dissociable effects of oxytocin and lorazepam on the neurocircuitry of fear
Kreuder, A., Scheele, D., Schultz, J., Hennig, J., Marsh, N., Dellert, T., Ettinger, U., Philipsen, A., Babasiz, M., Herscheid, A., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1920147117 · Cited by 27
Self-citationWhere does one stand: a biological account of preferred interpersonal distance
Perry, A., Nichiporuk, N., & Knight, R. T. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv115 · Cited by 36
“IPD preferences are typically explained by cultural and social differences (Hayduk, 1983; Remland et al., 1995; Bar-Haim et al., 2002; Vranic, 2003; Kaitz et al., 2004; Scheele et al., 2012; Bogovicét al., 2013; Perry et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrown, E. C., Taş, C., Kuzu, D., Esen-Danacı, A., Karin Roelofs, A., & Brüne, M. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.038 · Cited by 33
Invisible body illusion modulates interpersonal space
D’Angelo, M., di Pellegrino, G., & Frassinetti, F. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01441-9 · Cited by 32
Exogenous testosterone decreases men's personal distance in a social threat context
Wagels, L., Radke, S., Goerlich, K. S., Habel, U., & Votinov, M. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.03.001 · Cited by 34
Leonti, M., & Casu, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00567 · Cited by 33
Deciphering the modulatory role of oxytocin in human altruism
Hurlemann, R., & Marsh, N. (2017) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2016-0061 · Cited by 31
“Moreover, intranasal OXT motivates pairbonded, but not single, men to keep a greater social distance from an unknown female experimenter (Scheele et al., 2012b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOxytocin regulates social approach
Cohen, D., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2017.1418428 · Cited by 33
“Yet, in contrast with the social approach hypothesis, Scheele et al. (2012) reported that after being administered OT, men tended to avoid women, especially if the men were in a monogamous relationship.”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Güntürkün, O., Deutschländer, S., Maier, W., Kendrick, K. M., & Hurlemann, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-11-14
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 46
- Pages
- 16074-16079
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6794013
- OpenAlex
- W2079180428
- Semantic Scholar
- 484f0224f60b7231769511a84ddd44cce6877057
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 10.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (HU1302/2-2)
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, social distance, monogamous relationships, romantic attraction, pair bonding, fidelity, intranasal administration, approach-avoidance behavior, first encounters, gender differences, neuropeptides, parental attachment
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Avoidance Learning, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Motion, Oxytocin, Pair Bond, Personality, Photic Stimulation, Social Desirability, Psychological Distance, Social Environment, Cohort Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
