Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1 Are Expressed Sequentially by Radial Glia, Intermediate Progenitor Cells, and Postmitotic Neurons in Developing Neocortex
Open accessAbstract
The developing neocortex contains two types of progenitor cells for glutamatergic, pyramidal-projection neurons. The first type, radial glia, produce neurons and glia, divide at the ventricular surface, and express Pax6, a homeodomain transcription factor. The second type, intermediate progenitor cells, are derived from radial glia, produce only neurons, and divide away from the ventricular surface. Here we show that the transition from radial glia to intermediate progenitor cell is associated with upregulation of Tbr2, a T-domain transcription factor, and downregulation of Pax6. Accordingly, Tbr2 expression in progenitor compartments (the subventricular zone and ventricular zone) rises and falls with cortical plate neurogenesis. The subsequent transition from intermediate progenitor cell to postmitotic neuron is marked by downregulation of Tbr2 and upregulation of Tbr1, another T-domain transcription factor. These findings delineate the transcription factor sequence Pax6 → Tbr2 → Tbr1 in the differentiation of radial glia → intermediate progenitor cell → postmitotic projection neuron. This transcription factor sequence is modified in preplate neurons, in which Tbr2 is transiently coexpressed with Tbr1, and in the direct differentiation pathway from radial glia → postmitotic projection neuron, in which Tbr2 is expressed briefly or not at all.
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TBR2 and PAX6 are enriched in germinal layers as in mouse, but PAX6 is also highly expressed in human SZ whereas in mouse it is restricted to VZ.
“The cortical progenitor markers TBR2 and PAX6 are enriched in germinal layers as in mouse, although PAX6 in mouse is restricted to VZ whereas it is also highly expressed in human SZ31.”
From Transcriptional landscape of the prenatal human brain (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
IPs specifically express Tbr2 during indirect neurogenesis.
“The LIM-homeodomain protein LHX2 and zinc-finger transcription factor FEZF2 act at multiple stages of neurogenesis55,57, and IPs specifically express the T-box transcription factor Tbr2 during indirect neurogenesis58.”
From A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex (2021) · cites this paper as [58]
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- Authors
- Englund, C., Fink, A., Lau, C., Pham, D., Daza, R. A. M., Bulfone, A., Kowalczyk, T., & Hevner, R. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-01-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 247-251
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6725189
- OpenAlex
- W1990935914
- Cited by
- 1,261
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 11.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K02NS045018)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Congenital heart defects research
- Keywords
- Pax6, Tbr2, Tbr1, radial glia, intermediate progenitor cells, postmitotic neurons, neocortex development, transcription factor expression, glutamatergic projection neurons, subventricular zone, ventricular zone
- MeSH terms
- PAX6 Transcription Factor, Animals, Cells, Cultured, DNA-Binding Proteins, Eye Proteins, Mitosis, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Neurons, Repressor Proteins, Stem Cells, Time Factors, Transcription Factors, Homeodomain Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Neocortex, T-Box Domain Proteins, Mice, Paired Box Transcription Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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