The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Approval Motive: Studies in Evaluative Dependence
Abstract
The authors explore the social-desirability response set--a type of habitual response preference identifiable in personality testing. The intuitive plausibility of this test response distortion led the authors to undertake research to determine if it supported the theory that people describe themselves in favorable terms to obtain the approval of others.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 · Cited by 82,194
Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920638601200408 · Cited by 17,102
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507
Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219 · Cited by 6,690
Normative Influences on Altruism
Schwartz, S. H. (1977) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60358-5 · Cited by 5,364
Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099
Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465 · Cited by 4,636
A Brief Tutorial on the Development of Measures for Use in Survey Questionnaires
Hinkin, T. R. (1998) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442819800100106 · Cited by 4,095
A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust1
Rotter, J. B. (1967) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01454.x · Cited by 3,503
Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027806 · Cited by 3,467
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6 · Cited by 3,367
Impression management: A literature review and two-component model.
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.34 · Cited by 3,334
A Review of Scale Development Practices in the Study of Organizations
Hinkin, T. R. (1995) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639502100509 · Cited by 3,193
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
LANG, P. J., GREENWALD, M. K., BRADLEY, M. M., & HAMM, A. O. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x · Cited by 3,190
A Collective Self-Esteem Scale: Self-Evaluation of One’s Social Identity
Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292183006 · Cited by 3,057
Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity.
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.2.234 · Cited by 3,030
Two-component models of socially desirable responding.
Paulhus, D. L. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598 · Cited by 3,013
The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis.
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101 · Cited by 2,309
Methods of coping with social desirability bias: A review
Nederhof, A. J. (1985) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420150303 · Cited by 2,340
Knee-deep in the big muddy: a study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action
Staw, B. M. (1976) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(76)90005-2 · Cited by 2,061
Gergen, K. J. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034436 · Cited by 1,845
Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder.
Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122 · Cited by 1,688
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.593 · Cited by 1,614
Multidimensional assessment of coping: a critical evaluation
Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.844 · Cited by 2,237
Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization model.
Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641 · Cited by 1,590
Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety?
Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.681 · Cited by 1,469
Who Sees Human?: The Stability and Importance of Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism
Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., & Epley, N. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610369336 · Cited by 1,228
The Revised Almost Perfect Scale
Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. S. (2001) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2002.12069030 · Cited by 1,087
Weinberger, D. A., Schwartz, G. E., & Davidson, R. J. (1979) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.88.4.369 · Cited by 1,083
DIFFERENTIATING AMONG INTERNALITY, POWERFUL OTHERS, AND CHANCE
Levenson, H. (1981) · Research with the Locus of Control Construct · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-443201-7.50006-3 · Cited by 1,078
Understanding Self-Report Bias in Organizational Behavior Research
Donaldson, S. I., & Grant-Vallone, E. J. (2002) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1019637632584 · Cited by 1,068
Contingencies of Self-Worth in College Students: Theory and Measurement.
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894 · Cited by 1,018
Orientations to seeking professional help: development and research utility of an attitude scale
Fischer, E. H., & Turner, J. I. (1970) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029636 · Cited by 973
Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Ciarocco, N. J. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.632 · Cited by 859
Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias
Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.60 · Cited by 845
Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: A theoretical framework.
Lambie, J. A., & Marcel, A. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.2.219 · Cited by 760
The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates
Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J., & Nag, M. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0019993 · Cited by 749
Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: Self-esteem matters.
Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.400 · Cited by 735
Simmering, M. J., Fuller, C. M., Richardson, H. A., Ocal, Y., & Atinc, G. M. (2015) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428114560023 · Cited by 734
The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation
Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1996) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60235-x · Cited by 721
Savoring Beliefs Inventory (SBI): A scale for measuring beliefs about savouring
Bryant, F. (2003) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0963823031000103489 · Cited by 697
Development and validation of the Current Opioid Misuse Measure
Butler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Fernandez, K. C., Houle, B., Benoit, C., Katz, N., & Jamison, R. N. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.014 · Cited by 651
Knock, Knock . Who's There? The Imagined Audience
Litt, E. (2012) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.705195 · Cited by 629
Selective Attention to Angry Faces in Clinical Social Phobia.
Mogg, K., Philippot, P., & Bradley, B. P. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.160 · Cited by 582
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., Habke, M., Parkin, M., Lam, R. W., McMurtry, B., Ediger, E., Fairlie, P., & Stein, M. B. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1303 · Cited by 504
Mogg, K., Millar, N., & Bradley, B. P. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.695 · Cited by 478
Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety.
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., De Bono, J., & Painter, M. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00109-x · Cited by 464
Attentional Bias for Threatening Facial Expressions in Anxiety: Manipulation of Stimulus Duration
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Falla, S. J., & Hamilton, L. R. (1998) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379411 · Cited by 455
Combating stereotype threat: The effect of self‐affirmation on women's intellectual performance
Martens, A., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., & Schimel, J. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.04.010 · Cited by 460
A psychometric analysis of the self-regulation questionnaire
Carey, K. B., Neal, D. J., & Collins, S. E. (2004) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.001 · Cited by 357
Sprecher, S., & Metts, S. (1989) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407589064001 · Cited by 364
The impact of mortality salience on reckless driving: A test of terror management mechanisms.
Ben-Ari, O. T., Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.1.35 · Cited by 358
Uziel, L. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610369465 · Cited by 348
Zilcha-Mano, S., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.04.001 · Cited by 336
Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029006003 · Cited by 336
Appreciating similarities and valuing differences: The Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale.
Miville, M. L., Gelso, C. J., Pannu, R., Liu, W., Touradji, P., Holloway, P., & Fuertes, J. (1999) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.291 · Cited by 334
An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol’s effects on stress responses in social drinkers
Sayette, M. A. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.459 · Cited by 320
Control beliefs, coping efforts, and adjustment to chronic pain
Jensen, M. P., & Karoly, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.3.431 · Cited by 312
MMPI-2 configurations among victims of bullying at work.
Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2001) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320143000753 · Cited by 279
Are emotions frightening? An extension of the fear of fear construct
Williams, K. E., Chambless, D. L., & Ahrens, A. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00098-8 · Cited by 275
SCHLAGMAN, S., & KVAVILASHVILI, L. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.36.5.920 · Cited by 273
Effects of guided imagery and music (GIM) therapy on mood and cortisol in healthy adults.
McKinney, C. H., Antoni, M. H., Kumar, M., Tims, F. C., & McCabe, P. M. (1997) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.16.4.390 · Cited by 263
A Muddle of Models of Motivation for Using Peer-to-Peer Economy Systems
Bellotti, V., Ambard, A., Turner, D., Gossmann, C., Demkova, K., & Carroll, J. M. (2015) · Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702272 · Cited by 246
Reliability and Validity of a Brief Patient-Report Instrument for Psychiatric Outcome Evaluation
Eisen, S. V., Dill, D. L., & Grob, M. C. (1994) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.45.3.242 · Cited by 241
Research Design in Clinical Psychology
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · doi:10.1017/9781108993647 · Cited by 240
Adolescent Dating Violence Victimization and Psychological Well-Being
Callahan, M. R., Tolman, R. M., & Saunders, D. G. (2003) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558403254784 · Cited by 238
(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 234
Gaston, L. (1991) · Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.3.1.68 · Cited by 219
Attentional Bias to Threat: Roles of Trait Anxiety, Stressful Events, and Awareness
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., & Hallowell, N. (1994) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749408401099 · Cited by 201
Effect of experimentally induced stress on vocal parameters.
Tolkmitt, F. J., & Scherer, K. R. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.12.3.302 · Cited by 184
Behavioral Assessment of Gambling: An Application of the Timeline Followback Method.
Weinstock, J., Whelan, J. P., & Meyers, A. W. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.72 · Cited by 160
Acceptance: An Historical and Conceptual Review
Williams, J. C., & Lynn, S. J. (2010) · Imagination, Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/ic.30.1.c · Cited by 155
Repressive coping: Distraction using pleasant thoughts and memories.
Boden, J. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.45 · Cited by 147
Kropp, F., Lavack, A. M., & Silvera, D. H. (2005) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/02651330510581154 · Cited by 137
Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance
Van Puyvelde, M., Neyt, X., McGlone, F., & Pattyn, N. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01994 · Cited by 129
Contingencies of Self–Worth and Depressive Symptoms in College Students
Sargent, J. T., Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.628 · Cited by 129
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2012) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.09.016 · Cited by 115
Stressors, Academic Performance, and Learned Resourcefulness in Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Goff, A.-M. (2011) · International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship · doi:10.2202/1548-923x.2114 · Cited by 112
Does report of craving opioid medication predict aberrant drug behavior among chronic pain patients
Wasan, A. D., Butler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Fernandez, K., Weiss, R. D., Greenfield, S. F., & Jamison, R. N. (2009) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e318193a6c4 · Cited by 109
The Effect of Selected Classical Music and Spontaneous Imagery on Plasma β-Endorphin
McKinney, C. H., Tims, F. C., Kumar, A. M., & Kumar, M. (1997) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1025543330939 · Cited by 101
Classification and Measurement of Character Strengths: Implications for Practice
Peterson, C., & Park, N. (2004) · Positive Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1002/9780470939338.ch27 · Cited by 101
Who Hears What from Whom and with What Effect: A Study of Rumor
Jaeger, M. E., Anthony, S., & Rosnow, R. L. (1980) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616728063024 · Cited by 92
Repression of emotionally tagged memories: The architecture of less complex emotions
Hansen, R. D., & Hansen, C. H. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.5.811 · Cited by 88
The gambling self-efficacy questionnaire: an initial psychometric evaluation
May, R. K., Whelan, J. P., Steenbergh, T. A., & Meyers, A. W. (2003) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1026379125116 · Cited by 81
Haenen, M.-A., de Jong, P. J., Schmidt, A. J. M., Stevens, S., & Visser, L. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00128-x · Cited by 79
The Impact of Social Desirability Biases on Self-Report Among College Student and Problem Gamblers
Kuentzel, J. G., Henderson, M. J., & Melville, C. L. (2008) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-008-9094-8 · Cited by 61
Anxiety and selective attention to angry faces: an antisaccade study
Reinholdt-Dunne, M. L., Mogg, K., Benson, V., Bradley, B. P., Hardin, M. G., Liversedge, S. P., Pine, D. S., & Ernst, M. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.560111 · Cited by 54
A Social Development Model of Serious Delinquency: Examining Gender Differences
Laundra, K. H., Kiger, G., & Bahr, S. J. (2002) · Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1023/a:1015279607215 · Cited by 51
Rubin, D. L., & Greene, K. L. (1991) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289330 · Cited by 39
Halberstadt, A. G., Fox, N. A., & Jones, N. A. (1993) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1993.tb00004.x · Cited by 38
The Relationship of Abuse to Women’s Health Status and Health Habits
Tomasulo, G. C., & McNamara, J. R. (2007) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9076-0 · Cited by 23
Impact of Social Context on the Self-Concept of Gay and Lesbian Youth: A Systematic Review
Hossain, F., & Ferreira, N. (2019) · Global Psychiatry · doi:10.2478/gp-2019-0006 · Cited by 20
Erskine, J. A. K., Georgiou, G. J., Joshi, M., Deans, A., & Colegate, C. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.06.019 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Edwards, A. L., Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- University of Illinois Press
- Published
- 1965-09
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 514
- ISSN
- 0002-9556 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042035715
- Cited by
- 1,933
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 24.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.