Contrast Analysis: Focused Comparisons in the Analysis of Variance.

Levin, Joel R., Rosenthal, Robert, Rosnow, Ralph L.·1987·Journal of the American Statistical Association

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Preface 1. Why contrasts? 2. One-way analysis 3. Two-factor studies 4. Wired-in, pre-analyses, multiples and proportions 5. Repeated-measures designs 6. Mixed sources of variance 7. Practical issues of computations 8. Measuring the benefits of contrasts 9. Conclusion: Abelson's perspective Appendices References Index.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/2289419

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable
Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.12028 · Cited by 3,403
Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment
De Wolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x · Cited by 2,526
Meta-Analysis: Recent Developments in Quantitative Methods for Literature Reviews
Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.59 · Cited by 1,780
Self-citation
Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions
Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1993) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939308409189 · Cited by 1,302
Effects of Ethnic Group Cultural Differences on Cooperative and Competitive Behavior On a Group Task
Cox, T. H., Lobel, S. A., & McLeod, P. L. (1991) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256391 · Cited by 1,247
Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions.
Roseman, I. J., Wiest, C., & Swartz, T. S. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.206 · Cited by 1,161
Writing meta-analytic reviews.
Rosenthal, R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.118.2.183 · Cited by 1,108
Self-citation
Eta Squared, Partial Eta Squared, and Misreporting of Effect Size in Communication Research
Levine, T. R., & Hullett, C. R. (2002) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00828.x · Cited by 998
Attentional biases for negative interpersonal stimuli in clinical depression
Gotlib, I. H., Krasnoperova, E., Yue, D. N., & Joormann, J. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.121 · Cited by 911
Coding of visual space by premotor neurons.
Graziano, M. S. A., Yap, G. S., & Gross, C. G. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7973661 · Cited by 841
Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions.
Roseman, I. J., Spindel, M. S., & Jose, P. E. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.899 · Cited by 827
Computing Contrasts, Effect Sizes, and Counternulls on Other People's Published Data: General Procedures for Research Consumers
Rosnow, R. L., & Rosenthal, R. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.4.331 · Cited by 761
Self-citation
Erectile dysfunction and coronary risk factors: prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study
Feldman, H. A., Johannes, C. B., Derby, C. A., Kleinman, K. P., Mohr, B. A., Araujo, A. B., & McKinlay, J. B. (2000) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0643 · Cited by 748
Deliberative and implemental mind-sets: Cognitive tuning toward congruous thoughts and information.
Gollwitzer, P. M., Heckhausen, H., & Steller, B. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.6.1119 · Cited by 627
Hypothesis-Consistent Testing and Semantic Priming in the Anchoring Paradigm: A Selective Accessibility Model
Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1364 · Cited by 585
Mediation of interpersonal expectancy effects: 31 meta-analyses
Harris, M. J., & Rosenthal, R. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.97.3.363 · Cited by 542
Self-citation
The reliability of peer review for manuscript and grant submissions: A cross-disciplinary investigation
Cicchetti, D. V. (1991) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00065675 · Cited by 496
Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear‐ and sadness‐inducing films
Kreibig, S. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00550.x · Cited by 495
Differences in Early Childhood Risk Factors for Juvenile-Onset and Adult-Onset Depression
Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Fombonne, E., Poulton, R., & Martin, J. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.3.215 · Cited by 472
Effect Size, Practical Importance, and Social Policy for Children
McCartney, K., & Rosenthal, R. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00131 · Cited by 429
Self-citation
Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack: resilience or social maladjustment?
Bonanno, G. A., Rennicke, C., & Dekel, S. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.984 · Cited by 396
Religion in the home in the 1980s and 1990s: A meta-analytic review and conceptual analysis of links between religion, marriage, and parenting.
Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., Tarakeshwar, N., & Swank, A. B. (2001) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037//0893-3200.15.4.559 · Cited by 393
Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisal differentiating pleasant emotions.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. (1988) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938808412702 · Cited by 378
Mismatch Between What Is Expected and What Actually Occurs Triggers Memory Reconsolidation or Extinction
Pedreira, M. E., Pérez-Cuesta, L. M., & Maldonado, H. (2004) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.76904 · Cited by 367
When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing: verbal-autonomic response dissociation and midlife conjugal bereavement
Bonanno, G. A., Keltner, D., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.975 · Cited by 355
In-Group or Out-Group Extemity: Importance of the Threatened Social Identity
Branscombe, N. R., Wann, D. L., Noel, J. G., & Coleman, J. (1993) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167293194003 · Cited by 334
Learning to make music enhances spatial reasoning
Hetland, L. (2000) · Journal of Aesthetic Education · doi:10.2307/3333643 · Cited by 333
Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer.
Bem, D. J., & Honorton, C. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.4 · Cited by 330
The more you know: Trust dynamics and calibration in highly automated driving and the effects of take-overs, system malfunction, and system transparency
Kraus, J., Scholz, D., Stiegemeier, D., & Baumann, M. (2020) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720819853686 · Cited by 276
Yoga reduces inflammatory signaling in fatigued breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial
Bower, J. E., Greendale, G., Crosswell, A. D., Garet, D., Sternlieb, B., Ganz, P. A., Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., Arevalo, J., & Cole, S. W. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.019 · Cited by 283
Enhancing self-regulated learning by writing learning protocols
Nückles, M., Hübner, S., & Renkl, A. (2009) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.05.002 · Cited by 252
Assisting self-explanation prompts are more effective than open prompts when learning with multiple representations
Berthold, K., Eysink, T. H. S., & Renkl, A. (2009) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-008-9051-z · Cited by 238
Verbal and spatial functions across the menstrual cycle in healthy young women
Rosenberg, L., & Park, S. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00083-x · Cited by 226
Preschool children’s development in classic Montessori, supplemented Montessori, and conventional programs.
Lillard, A. S. (2012) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2012.01.001 · Cited by 224
Through the looking glass darkly? When self-doubts turn into relationship insecurities
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., MacDonald, G., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1459 · Cited by 276
Better Safe Than Sorry? The Safety Margin Surrounding the Body Is Increased by Anxiety
Sambo, C. F., & Iannetti, G. D. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0706-13.2013 · Cited by 195
When debiasing backfires: Accessible content and accessibility experiences in debiasing hindsight.
Sanna, L. J., Schwarz, N., & Stocker, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.497 · Cited by 195
The Effectiveness of Telephone-Based Continuing Care for Alcohol and Cocaine Dependence: 24-Month Outcomes
McKay, J. R., Lynch, K. G., Shepard, D. S., & Pettinati, H. M. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.2.199 · Cited by 177
The Effect of Feedback on Identity Shift in Computer-Mediated Communication
Walther, J. B., Liang, Y. J., DeAndrea, D. C., Tong, S. T., Carr, C. T., Spottswood, E. L., & Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2011) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2010.547832 · Cited by 159
Stereotype threat and women's performance in engineering
BELL, A. E., SPENCER, S. J., ISERMAN, E., & LOGEL, C. E. R. (2003) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/j.2168-9830.2003.tb00774.x · Cited by 149
Repressive coping: Distraction using pleasant thoughts and memories.
Boden, J. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.45 · Cited by 147
The psychology of the affirmed learner: Spontaneous self-affirmation in the face of stress.
Brady, S. T., Reeves, S. L., Garcia, J., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Cook, J. E., Taborsky-Barba, S., Tomasetti, S., Davis, E. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000091 · Cited by 120
Vegetation changes across edges of rainforest remnants
Fox, B. J., Taylor, J. E., Fox, M. D., & Williams, C. (1997) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(97)00011-6 · Cited by 115
Evidence for impaired visual context processing in schizotypy with thought disorder
Uhlhaas, P. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00184-1 · Cited by 112
Infants of depressed mothers, although competent learners, fail to learn in response to their own mothers’ infant-directed speech
Kaplan, P. S., Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M. J., & Hudenko, W. J. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00449 · Cited by 113
Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions
Stahn, A. C., Werner, A., Opatz, O., Maggioni, M. A., Steinach, M., von Ahlefeld, V. W., Moore, A., Crucian, B. E., Smith, S. M., Zwart, S. R., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15560-w · Cited by 100
The Effects of Mental Simulation on Coping with Controllable Stressful Events
Rivkin, I. D., & Taylor, S. E. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672992510002 · Cited by 95
Schema effects of rape myth acceptance on judgments of guilt and blame in rape cases: the role of perceived entitlement to judge.
Eyssel, F., & Bohner, G. (2011) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260510370593 · Cited by 88
Interactivity in Online Chat: Conversational Contingency and Response Latency in Computer-mediated Communication
Lew, Z., Walther, J. B., Pang, A., & Shin, W. (2018) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmy009 · Cited by 86
Synchronous activity boosts compliance with requests to aggress
Wiltermuth, S. S. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.007 · Cited by 81
The High Cost of Complexity in Experimental Design and Data Analysis: Type I and Type II Error Rates in Multiway ANOVA
Smith, R. A., Levine, T. R., Lachlan, K. A., & Fediuk, T. A. (2002) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00821.x · Cited by 77
How sweet it is to be loved by you: The role of perceived regard in the terror management of close relationships.
Cox, C. R., & Arndt, J. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025947 · Cited by 76
Oxytocin promotes intuitive rather than deliberated cooperation with the in-group
Ten Velden, F. S., Daughters, K., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.06.005 · Cited by 66
Reduced top-down influences in contour detection in schizophrenia
Silverstein, S., Hatashita-Wong, M., Schenkel, L., Wilkniss, S., Kovács, I., Fehér, A., Smith, T., Goicochea, C., Uhlhaas, P., Carpiniello, K., et al. (2006) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800444000209 · Cited by 67
Predicting proximal health responses to reminders of death: The influence of coping style and health optimism
Arndt, J., Routledge, C., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2006) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/14768320500537662 · Cited by 63
Blowing in the (social) wind: Implications of extrinsic esteem contingencies for terror management and health
Arndt, J., Cox, C. R., Goldenberg, J. L., Vess, M., Routledge, C., Cooper, D. P., & Cohen, F. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015182 · Cited by 59
Using Multisite Experiments to Study Cross-Site Variation in Treatment Effects: A Hybrid Approach With Fixed Intercepts and a Random Treatment Coefficient
Bloom, H. S., Raudenbush, S. W., Weiss, M. J., & Porter, K. (2017) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2016.1264518 · Cited by 54
Memory extinction entails the inhibition of the transcription factor NF-κB
Merlo, E., & Romano, A. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003687 · Cited by 47
Protein degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome system in formation and labilization of contextual conditioning memory
Sol Fustiñana, M., de la Fuente, V., Federman, N., Freudenthal, R., & Romano, A. (2014) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.035998.114 · Cited by 39
Prospective memory in an air traffic control simulation: External aids that signal when to act.
Loft, S., Smith, R. E., & Bhaskara, A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/a0022845 · Cited by 40
How many participants do I need to test an interaction? Conducting an appropriate power analysis and achieving sufficient power to detect an interaction
Sommet, N., Weissman, D. L., Cheutin, N., & Elliot, A. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/xhe3u · Cited by 36
Cueing Employability in the Gig Economy: Effects of Task-Relevant and Task-Irrelevant Information on Fiverr
Carr, C. T., Hall, R. D., Mason, A. J., & Varney, E. J. (2017) · Management Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0893318916687397 · Cited by 33
Dissecting mechanisms of reconsolidation: octopamine reveals differences between appetitive and aversive memories in the crab Chasmagnathus: Dissecting appetitive and aversive reconsolidation
Kaczer, L., Klappenbach, M., & Maldonado, H. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07830.x · Cited by 15

Authors: Levin, J. R., Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L.
Venue: Journal of the American Statistical Association
Publisher: JSTOR
Published: 1987-12
Volume: 82
Issue: 400
Pages: 1191
ISSN: 0162-1459 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2289419
OpenAlex: W1975890079
Cited by: 1,251
References: 0
FWCI: 47.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.

Contrast Analysis: Focused Comparisons in the Analysis of Variance.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks

Data sources