The human circadian system has a dominating role in causing the morning/evening difference in diet-induced thermogenesis
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Objective: Diet‐induced thermogenesis (DIT) is lower in the evening and at night than in the morning. This may help explain why meal timing affects body weight regulation and why shift work is a risk factor for obesity. The separate effects of the endogenous circadian system—independent of behavioral cycles—and of circadian misalignment on DIT are unknown. Methods: Thirteen healthy adults undertook a randomized crossover study with two 8‐day laboratory visits: three baseline days followed either by repeated simulated night shifts including 12‐h inverted behavioral cycles (circadian misalignment) or by recurring simulated day shifts (circadian alignment). DIT was determined for up to 114 min (hereafter referred to as “early DIT”) following identical meals given at 8AM and 8PM in both protocols. Results: During baseline days, early DIT was 44% lower in the evening than morning. This was primarily explained by a circadian influence rather than any behavioral cycle effect; early DIT was 50% lower in the biological evening than biological morning, independent of behavioral cycle influences. Circadian misalignment had no overall effect on early DIT. Conclusions: The circadian system plays a dominating role in the morning/evening difference in early DIT and may contribute to the effects of meal timing on body weight regulation.
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In the study, there was no effect of the behavioral cycle but a strong effect of the endogenous circadian phase, with diet-induced thermogenesis approximately twice as large in the biological morning (0800 h) compared with the biological evening (2000 h), independent of the behavioral cycle.
“However, remarkably, we found no effect of the behavioral cycle but a strong effect of the endogenous circadian phase, with diet-induced thermogenesis again being approximately twice as large in the biological morning (0800 h) compared with the biological evening (2000 h), independent of the behavioral cycle.”
From Circadian rhythms, metabolism, and chrononutrition in rodents and humans (2016) · cites this paper as [90]
In healthy research participants under controlled laboratory conditions with fixed caloric intake, fixed sleep/wake cycles, and no exercise, early phase diet-induced thermogenesis was approximately twice as large in the morning at 0800 h compared with the evening at 2000 h.
“In healthy research participants under highly controlled laboratory conditions, including fixed caloric intake, fixed sleep/wake cycles, and an absence of exercise, we found that early phase diet-induced thermogenesis was approximately twice as large in the morning at 0800 h compared with in the evening at 2000 h (90).”
From Circadian rhythms, metabolism, and chrononutrition in rodents and humans (2016) · cites this paper as [90]
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- Authors
- Morris, C. J., Garcia, J. I., Myers, S., Yang, J. N., Trienekens, N., & Scheer, F. A. J. L.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morris, Christopher J.
- Scheer, Frank A.J.L.
- ORCID
- Scheer, Frank A.J.L.
- Venue
- Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-09-28
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2053-2058
- ISSN
- 1930-7381 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-739X
- PMC
- PMC4602397
- OpenAlex
- W1822129566
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 6.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NCC958)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (UL1RR025758)
- Harvard University (UL1RR025758)
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NCC 9‐58)
- National Institutes of Health (NCC9-58)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL118601, R01HL094806)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK099512, DK099512)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025758)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- diet-induced thermogenesis, circadian system, circadian misalignment, meal timing, shift work, obesity risk, body weight regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Cross-Over Studies, Thermogenesis, Young Adult, Circadian Clocks
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