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Reconsidering the Trade-off Between Expertise and Flexibility: a Cognitive Entrenchment Perspective
Abstract
Research suggests that as one acquires domain expertise, one loses flexibility with regard to problem solving, adaptation, and creative idea generation. Here, I reconsider this trade-off between expertise and flexibility by examining the concept of cognitive entrenchment—a high level of stability in one's domain schemas. Proposing that cognitive entrenchment varies not only with expertise but also with one's task environment and attentional focus, I contend that the inflexibility-related limitations of expertise can be circumvented.
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Organizational Culture and Individual Sensemaking: A Schema-Based Perspective
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Incubation and the Persistence of Fixation in Problem Solving
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Unsworth, K. L. (2001) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259123 · Cited by 453
The Curse of Knowledge in Reasoning About False Beliefs
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From Guilford to Creative Synergy: Opening the Black Box of Team-Level Creativity
Kurtzberg, T. R., & Amabile, T. M. (2001) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1334_06 · Cited by 444
Past Success and Creativity over Time: A Study of Inventors in the Hard Disk Drive Industry
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Towards a Process Model of Individual Change in Organizations
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Learning Through Rare Events: Significant Interruptions at the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum
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Dynamic Decision Theory and Probabilistic Information Processings
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Innovation At and Across Multiple Levels of Analysis
Gupta, A. K., Tesluk, P. E., & Taylor, M. S. (2007) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1070.0337 · Cited by 408
Expertise as mental set: The effects of domain knowledge in creative problem solving
Wiley, J. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211392 · Cited by 406
Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1999) · Cited by 406
HINDS, P. J., Patterson, M., & Pfeffer, J. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1232 · Cited by 379
Selective attention improves under stress: implications for theories of social cognition
Chajut, E., & Algom, D. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.231 · Cited by 372
Theatrical improvisation: Lessons for organizations
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A Grounded Model of Organizational Schema Change During Empowerment
Labianca, G., Gray, B., & Brass, D. J. (2000) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.11.2.235.12512 · Cited by 365
Creativity and Divergent Thinking: A Task-Specific Approach
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A confirmatory test of a model of performance determinants.
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Rewarding creativity: when does it really matter?
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The Mindlessness of Organizational Behaviors
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Jaussi, K. S., Randel, A. E., & Dionne, S. D. (2007) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410701397339 · Cited by 343
The Routines of Decision Making
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Coordination Neglect: How Lay Theories of Organizing Complicate Coordination in Organizations
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Acquisition of procedural knowledge about a pattern of stimuli that cannot be articulated
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Managerial Categorization of Competitors: Using Old Maps to Navigate New Environments
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Five Seconds or Sixty? Presentation Time in Expert Memory
Gobet, F. R., & Simon, H. A. (2000) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2404_4 · Cited by 295
An ecological theory of expertise effects in memory recall.
Vicente, K. J., & Wang, J. H. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.1.33 · Cited by 293
Expertise in context: human and machine
Feltovich, P. J., Ford, K. M., & Hoffman, R. R. (1997) · Cited by 289
Explaining Cognitive Lock-In: The Role of Skill-Based Habits of Use in Consumer Choice
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The prevention of mindlessness.
Langer, E. J., & Piper, A. I. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.280 · Cited by 272
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Explaining Creativity: The Attributional Perspective
Kasof, J. (1995) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1207/s15326934crj0804_1 · Cited by 266
Belief Systems: Constraint, Complexity, and the 1972 Election
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Cognitive Inertia in a Turbulent Market: the Case of UK Residential Estate Agents
Hodgkinson, G. P. (1997) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00078 · Cited by 263
Bunderson, J. S. (2003) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/30040638 · Cited by 262
Development of expertise in mathematical problem solving.
Sweller, J., Mawer, R. F., & Ward, M. R. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.112.4.639 · Cited by 258
Why good thoughts block better ones: The mechanism of the pernicious Einstellung (set) effect
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Functional fixedness as related to problem solving: a repetition of three experiments.
Adamson, R. E. (1952) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0062487 · Cited by 250
Expert Decision Making in Burglars
Nee, C., & Meenaghan, A. (2006) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azl013 · Cited by 249
Inflexibility of experts—Reality or myth? Quantifying the Einstellung effect in chess masters
Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., & Gobet, F. R. (2007) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2007.02.001 · Cited by 248
Experiential Learning and the Acquisition of Managerial Tacit Knowledge
Armstrong, S. J., & Mahmud, A. (2008) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2008.32712617 · Cited by 248
Schematic Bases of Belief Change
Crocker, J., Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8251-5_10 · Cited by 247
Talent is overrated: what really separates world-class performers from everybody else
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Creativity and Innovation in Organizational Teams
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Scripts as Determinants of Purposeful Behavior in Organizations
Lord, R. G., & Kernan, M. C. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1987.4307831 · Cited by 237
Evaluative Aspects of Creative Thought: Effects of Appraisal and Revision Standards
Lonergan, D. C., Scott, G. M., & Mumford, M. D. (2004) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2004.9651455 · Cited by 235
Interpersonal and intrapersonal evaluations of creative ideas
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History of Success and Current Context in Problem Solving
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Knowledge Creation in Professional Service Firms: Institutional Effects
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When Does Scientist Recruitment Affect Technological Repositioning?
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Creative cognition as a window on creativity
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Sharing Expertise: Beyond Knowledge Management
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
From creativity to innovation: The social network drivers of the four phases of the idea journey
Perry-Smith, J. E., & Mannucci, P. V. (2017) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0462 · Cited by 1,121
“While complex, non-redundant knowledge is generally thought to facilitate the generation of new ideas (Granovetter, 1973; Taylor & Greve, 2006), creativity theorists suggest that it is not the accumulation of new knowledge that matters, but rather its effect on cognitive structures in the mind (Amabile, 1983; Dane, 20…”
BackgroundGlomb, T. M., Duffy, M. K., Bono, J. E., & Yang, T. (2011) · Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management · doi:10.1108/s0742-7301(2011)0000030005 · Cited by 809
Generating Theory by Abduction
Sætre, A. S., & de Ven, A. V. (2021) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2019.0233 · Cited by 711
Moving Beyond Templates: A Bricolage Approach to Conducting Trustworthy Qualitative Research
Pratt, M. G., Sonenshein, S. B., & Feldman, M. S. (2020) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428120927466 · Cited by 391
“In contrast, the constant repetition of cognitive structures such as methodological templates can entrench us (for a summary, see Dane, 2010).”
BackgroundRothman, N. B., Pratt, M. G., Rees, L. L., & Vogus, T. J. (2017) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2014.0066 · Cited by 393
“the core of adaptive action are especially critical (Dane, 2010), and thus where ambivalence – adding positive thoughts and emotions to the negative – may be particularly beneficial.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Dane, E.
- Affiliations
- Rice University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dane, Erik
- ORCID
- Dane, Erik
- Venue
- Academy of Management Review
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 579-603
- ISSN
- 0363-7425 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-3807
- OpenAlex
- W2058398044
- Cited by
- 603
- References
- 263
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 11.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
- Keywords
- expertise, cognitive flexibility, problem solving, creative idea generation, task environment, attentional focus, cognitive inflexibility
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