Adipokines in healthy skeletal muscle and metabolic disease
Abstract
Adipose tissue not only functions as a reserve to store energy but has become of major interest as an endocrine organ, releasing signalling molecules termed adipokines which impact on other tissues, such as skeletal muscle. Adipocytes, within skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, secrete adipokines to finely maintain the balance between feed intake and energy expenditure. This book chapter focuses on the three adipokines, adiponectin, leptin and IL-6, which have potent effects on skeletal muscle during rest and exercise. Similarly, adiponectin, leptin and IL-6 enhance glucose uptake and increase fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. Fatty acid oxidation is increased through activation of AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signalling) causing phosphorylation and inhibition of ACC (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase), decreasing availability of malonyl CoA. Leptin and adiponectin also control feed intake via AMPK signalling in the hypothalamus. Adipokines function to maintain energy homeostasis, however, when feed intake exceeds energy expenditure adipokines can become dysregulated causing lipotoxicity in skeletal muscle and metabolic disease can prevail. Cross-talk between adipocytes and skeletal muscle via correct control by adipokines is important in controlling energy homeostasis during rest and exercise and can help prevent metabolic disease.
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Adiponectin suppresses glucose production in the liver and enhances FAO in skeletal muscle.
“Adiponectin suppresses glucose production in the liver and enhances FAO in skeletal muscle (117, 118).”
From Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [117]
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Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease
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“Adipose tissue produces and secretes many mediators, collectively called adipokines [30, 71, 76, 77, 95–101].”
BackgroundSarcopenic obesity: Myokines as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets?
Guo, A., Li, K., & Xiao, Q. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111022 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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“Because the activation of AMKP inhibits preadipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis through increased phosphorylation of ACC, a substrate of AMPK (11,15), we analyzed the levels of phosphorylated AMPK, to investigate whether AMPK is activated by anthocyanins during 3T3-L1 differentiation.”
BackgroundInfluentialBoa, B. C. S., Yudkin, J. S., van Hinsbergh, V. W. M., Bouskela, E., & Eringa, E. C. (2017) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13732 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Obesity increases risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (Malnick and Knobler, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialIntramuscular adipose tissue restricts functional muscle recovery
Norris, A. M., Palzkill, V. R., Appu, A. B., Fierman, K. E., Noble, C. D., RYAN, T. E., & Kopinke, D. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116021 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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“Skeletal muscle provides security for mammals’ movement, and the surrounding tissue exhibits glucose and fatty acid (FA) oxidation, providing energy to important tissues [3].”
BackgroundZhang, L., Dasuri, K., Fernandez-Kim, S.-O., Bruce‐Keller, A. J., & Keller, J. N. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Niu, M., Xiang, L., Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., Yuan, J., Dai, X., & Chen, H. (2017) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.17.0006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Most adipokines regulate AMPactivated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling to modulate insulin action [12,13].”
BackgroundHan, M. H., Jeong, J.-S., Jeong, J.-W., Choi, S. H., Kim, S. O., Hong, S. H., Park, C., Kim, B. W., & Choi, Y. H. (2017) · Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics · doi:10.5582/ddt.2017.01046 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pierard, M., Conotte, S., Tassin, A., Boutry, S., Uzureau, P., Boudjeltia, K. Z., & Legrand, A. (2016) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0138-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In our study, we observed an attenuation of hyperleptinemia upon training, in keeping with an improvement of leptin regulation induced by a higher energy expenditure [29, 34].”
BackgroundGonzález-Álvarez, C., Ramos-Ibáñez, N., Azprioz-Leehan, J., & Ortiz-Hernández, L. (2017) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.28 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Muvhulawa, N., Mazibuko-Mbeje, S. E., Ndwandwe, D. E., Silvestri, S., Ziqubu, K., Moetlediwa, M. T., Mthembu, S. X. H., Marnewick, J. L., van der Westhuizen, F. H., Nkambule, B. B., et al. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122125 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of PCB126 on Adipose-to-Muscle Communication in an in Vitro Model
Caron, A., Ahmed, F., Peshdary, V., Garneau, L., Atlas, E., & Aguer, C. (2020) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp7058 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Adipokines alter metabolic responses locally in adipose tissue, as well as in distant tissues, such as skeletal muscle, as reviewed by Coles (2016), Luo and Liu (2016), and Scherer (2006).”
BackgroundChiocchetti, G. D. M. E., Lopes‐Aguiar, L., Miyaguti, N. A. D. S., Viana, L. R., Salgado, C. D. M., Orvoën, O. O., Florindo, D. C., dos Santos, R. W., & Gomes‐Marcondes, M. C. C. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11060404 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Some tissues, such as skeletal muscle, have a limited fatty acid synthase activity, which generates cytoplasm malonyl-CoA via acetyl-CoA carboxylase to regulate fatty acid oxidation [59,60].”
BackgroundCMKLR1 deficiency attenuates androgen-induced lipid accumulation in mice
Huang, B., Zhao, H., Huang, C. Y., Wu, L., Xiang, L., Chen, J., Wang, B., Xiao, T., Li, M., Ren, L., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00176.2019 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Winsz‐Szczotka, K., Kuźnik‐Trocha, K., Gruenpeter, A., Wojdas, M., Dąbkowska, K., & Olczyk, K. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10020061 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“However, due to their ability to model the immune-inflammatory response [22,23], the role of adipocytokines, including leptin, adiponectin, or resistin, in the development of JIA is very likely yet not fully understood.”
BackgroundTRPV1 signaling in skeletal muscle: A mini review of physiological and pathological roles
Ding, X., Zhu, C., Lu, Q., Zhang, Y., & Gao, B. (2025) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2025.103057 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
EPIDEMIOLOGY, SOCIAL ASPECTS AND PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY
Simanenkov, V. I., Викторович, Т. С., Ilyashevich, I. G., et al. (2017) · HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I I Mechnikov · doi:10.17816/mechnikov20179121-27 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Talawar, S. T., Kumar, A., Bhaskaragoud, G., Kumar, B. V., & Kumar, G. S. (2020) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2020.100080 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ramesh, T., & Shahid, M. (2024) · Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/bab.2573 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“56,57 Hence, AMPK signaling pathway has become an important molecular target to reduce obesity.”
Kang, S., Park, I., & Lim, S. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-16256/v2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kang, S., Park, I., & Lim, S. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12208413 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“IL-6 increases glucose absorption and fatty acid oxidation in vitro through the AMP-active protein kinase and PI3K-Akt signal pathways [18].”
BackgroundDing, L.-N., Cheng, Y., Xu, L.-S., Zhou, L.-Q., Guan, L., Liu, H.-M., Zhang, Y.-X., Li, R.-M., & Xu, J.-W. (2021) · Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity : Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dmso.s297351 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“bone morphogenetic protein 8b, fibroblast growth factor-21, endothelin-1, and interleukin-6.(44,45) Adiponectin activates the”
BackgroundFatty acid metabolism in liver and muscle is strongly modulated by photoperiod in Fischer 344 rats
de Azua, M. J. R., Manocchio, F., Cruz‐Carrión, Á., et al. (2022) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112621 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“However, given their ability to modulate immune and inflammatory responses, their involvement in the development of juvenile idiopathic arthritis appears undeniable [11–14].”
Mirghani, S. J., Azarbayjani, M. A., & Peeri, M. (2018) · Medical Laboratory Journal · doi:10.29252/mlj.12.6.12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diet and Exercise Approaches for Reversal of Exercise-Associated Menstrual Dysfunction
Cialdella-Kam, L. A., & Manore, M. M. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781351260008-17
Adiponectina plasmática en mujeres obesas y no obesas con síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos
Mejía-Montilla, J., Álvarez-Mon, M., Reyna‐Villasmil, E., Torres-Cepeda, D., Reyna-Villasmil, N., Fernández-Ramírez, A., & Bravo-Henríquez, A. (2017) · Perinatología y Reproducción Humana · doi:10.1016/j.rprh.2017.10.018
Role of Adipose-to-Muscle Communication in PCB126-induced Metabolic Defects
Caron, A. (2018) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-22048
“Adipokines alter metabolic response locally in adipose tissue, as well as in distant tissues, including skeletal muscle [113], [117], [130].”
BackgroundInfluentialCaron, A., Ahmed, F., Peshdary, V., Garneau, L., Atlas, E., & Aguer, C. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.192245
“Previous studies have demonstrated that lipids can have a detrimental effect on muscle metabolism and may even induce insulin resistance (Aguer et al., 2015; Coles, 2016).”
BackgroundKang, S., Park, I., & Lim, S. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-16256/v1
“IL-6 increases glucose absorption and fatty acid oxidation in vitro through AMP-active protein kinase and PI3K-Akt signal pathways [21].”
Background17: Diet and Exercise Approaches for Reversal of Exercise-Associated Menstrual Dysfunction
Cialdella-Kam, L. A., & Manore, M. M. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781351260008-22
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Concurrent strength and aerobic exercise reduce plasma leptin and cortisol levels
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“In the last few years, adipose tissue has emerged as an endocrine organ, owing to its ability to secrete and produce bioactive substances known as adipokines, including leptin (Rosa et al., 2010; Coles, 2016).”
BackgroundIntramuscular adipose tissue physically restricts functional muscle recoveryPreprint
Norris, A. M., Palzkill, V. R., Appu, A. B., RYAN, T. E., & Kopinke, D. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.628009
Chrononutritional Effects of Cherry Consumption on Hepatic Lipid Profile
de Azua, M. J. R., Manocchio, F., Cruz‐Carrión, Á., Arola‐Arnal, A., Gerstner, C., Bernal, C., & Suárez, M. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18020345
“Through its receptors, adiponectin activates AMPK and PPAR, resulting in a greater uptake of blood glucose through increased translocation of the GLUT4 transporter towards the membrane surface and increased β -oxidation of FAs [49].”
- Authors
- Coles, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Coles, C. A.
- ORCID
- Coles, C. A.
- Venue
- Advances in experimental medicine and biology
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 900
- Pages
- 133-160
- ISSN
- 0065-2598 (ISSN-L)
- 2214-8019
- OpenAlex
- W2420944893
- Semantic Scholar
- 4e69d7faeec5d4a07f6b9023174f6c67186e6fe2
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 28.89
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in experimental medicine and biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- adipokines, skeletal muscle, adiponectin, leptin, interleukin-6, AMPK signaling, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, malonyl-CoA, fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake, energy homeostasis, lipotoxicity, metabolic disorders, physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Fatty Acids, Glucose, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Signal Transduction, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Metabolic Syndrome, Adipokines, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
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