Inhibition of hypothalamic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 decreases food intake and glucose production
Abstract
The enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1) regulates long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) entry into mitochondria, where the LCFAs undergo beta-oxidation. To investigate the mechanism(s) by which central metabolism of lipids can modulate energy balance, we selectively reduced lipid oxidation in the hypothalamus. We decreased the activity of CPT1 by administering to rats a ribozyme-containing plasmid designed specifically to decrease the expression of this enzyme or by infusing pharmacological inhibitors of its activity into the third cerebral ventricle. Either genetic or biochemical inhibition of hypothalamic CPT1 activity was sufficient to substantially diminish food intake and endogenous glucose production. These results indicated that changes in the rate of lipid oxidation in selective hypothalamic neurons signaled nutrient availability to the hypothalamus, which in turn modulated the exogenous and endogenous inputs of nutrients into the circulation.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of hypothalamic CPT1A has been reported to reduce food intake.
“Even so, in the last decade, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of hypothalamic CPT1A has been reported to reduce the food intake ([10](#B10), [110](#B110), [127](#B127)), potentially as a result of LCFA-CoA cytoplasmic accumulation.”
From Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [127]
Cites
The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates
Palkovits, M. (1983) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/0143-4179(83)90049-5 · Cited by 28,959 · see citing works
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585 · see citing works
Central nervous system control of food intake
Schwartz, M. W., Woods, S. C., Porte, D., Seeley, R. J., & Baskin, D. G. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35007534 · Cited by 6,451 · see citing works
Boussif, O., Lezoualc’h, F., Zanta, M. A., Djavaheri‐Mergny, M., Scherman, D., DEMENEIX, B. A., & Behr, J. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.16.7297 · Cited by 6,256 · see citing works
Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting
Ahima, R. S., Prabakaran, D., Mantzoros, C., Qu, D., Lowell, B., Maratos-Flier, E., & Flier, J. S. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382250a0 · Cited by 3,117 · see citing works
Role of Brain Insulin Receptor in Control of Body Weight and Reproduction
Brüning, J. C., Gautam, D., Burks, D. J., Gillette, J., Schubert, M., Orban, P. C., Klein, R., Krone, W., Müller-Wieland, D., & Kahn, C. R. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5487.2122 · Cited by 2,235 · see citing works
Environmental Contributions to the Obesity Epidemic
Hill, J. O., & Peters, J. C. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5368.1371 · Cited by 2,206 · see citing works
Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake
Di Marzo, V., Goparaju, S. K., Wang, L., Liu, J., Bátkai, S., Járai, Z., Fezza, F., Miura, G. I., Palmiter, R. D., Sugiura, T., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35071088 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
Isolated removal of hypothalamic or other brain nuclei of the rat
Palkovits, M. (1973) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(73)90290-4 · Cited by 1,441 · see citing works
Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight of baboons
Woods, S. C., Lotter, E. C., McKay, L. D., & Porte, D. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/282503a0 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
The Orphan G Protein-coupled Receptor GPR40 Is Activated by Medium and Long Chain Fatty Acids
Briscoe, C. P., Tadayyon, M., Andrews, J. L., Benson, W. G., Chambers, J. K., Eilert, M. M., Ellis, C. E., Elshourbagy, N. A., Goetz, A. S., Minnick, D. T., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m211495200 · Cited by 1,107 · see citing works
Reduced Food Intake and Body Weight in Mice Treated with Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors
Loftus, T. M., Jaworsky, D. E., Frehywot, G. L., Townsend, C. A., Ronnett, G. V., Lane, M. D., & Kuhajda, F. P. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5475.2379 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
A nutrient-sensing pathway regulates leptin gene expression in muscle and fat
Wang, J., Liu, R., Hawkins, M. A., Barzilai, N., & Rossetti, L. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/31474 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Self-citationA possible role for malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis.
McGarry, J. D., Mannaerts, G. P., & Foster, D. W. (1977) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci108764 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Decreasing hypothalamic insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and insulin resistance in rats
Obici, S., Feng, Z., Karkanias, G., Baskin, D. G., & Rossetti, L. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0602-861 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Self-citationFriedman, J. M. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35007504 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Central Administration of Oleic Acid Inhibits Glucose Production and Food Intake
Obici, S., Feng, Z., Morgan, K., Stein, D., Karkanias, G., & Rossetti, L. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.2.271 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Self-citationDecreasing hypothalamic insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and insulin resistance in rats
Obici, S., Feng, Z., Karkanias, G. B., et al. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn861 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Self-citationCentral melanocortin receptors regulate insulin action
Obici, S., Feng, Z., Tan, J., Liu, L., Karkanias, G. B., & Rossetti, L. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci12954 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Self-citationCentral melanocortin receptors regulate insulin action
Obici, S., Feng, Z., Tan, J., Liu, L., Karkanias, G., & Rossetti, L. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200112954 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Self-citationBüttner‐Ennever, J. A. (1997) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.191203153.x · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Goula, D., Rémy, J.-S., Erbacher, P., Wąsowicz, M., Levi, G., Abdallah, B., & DEMENEIX, B. A. (1998) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300635 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
The Structure, Function and Application of the Hammerhead Ribozyme
Birikh, K. R., Heaton, P. A., & Eckstein, F. (1997) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-3-00001.x · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Intracerebroventricular Leptin Regulates Hepatic but Not Peripheral Glucose Fluxes
Liu, L., Karkanias, G. B., Morales, J. C., Hawkins, M., Barzilai, N., Wang, J., & Rossetti, L. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.47.31160 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citationEsser, V., Britton, C. H., Weis, B. C., Foster, D. W., & McGarry, J. (1993) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53392-5 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Shimokawa, T., Kumar, M. V., & Lane, M. D. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.012606199 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Air, E. L., Strowski, M. Z., Benoit, S. C., Conarello, S., Salituro, G., Guan, X.-M., Liu, K., Woods, S. C., & Zhang, B. B. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0202-179 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Woldegiorgis, G., Spennetta, T. L., Corkey, B. E., et al. (1985) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(85)90434-8 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Miller, J. C., Gnaedinger, J. M., & Rapoport, S. I. (1987) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb01021.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Lunzer, M., Manning, J. A., & Ockner, R. K. (1977) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)63376-4 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Brun, T. A., Assimacopoulos-Jeannet, F., Corkey, B. E., et al. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.3.393 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Makimura, H., Mizuno, T. M., Yang, X.-J., Silverstein, J. H., Beasley, J., & Mobbs, C. V. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.4.733 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Blázquez, C., Sánchez, C., Daza, A., Galve‐Roperh, I., & Guzmán, M. (1999) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.721759.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kopelman, P. G., & Hitman, G. A. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)90267-7 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Arduini, A., Denisova, N., Virmani, A., et al. (1994) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62041530.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationPg, K., & Ga, H. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Fatty Acid Profiles of Various Lipids in the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Goto, M., & Spitzer, J. J. (1971) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-136-35478 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome
Kadowaki, T. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29126 · Cited by 2,824 · see citing works
Kahn, B. B., Alquier, T., Carling, D., & Hardie, D. G. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.003 · Cited by 2,799 · see citing works
The Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy
Pacher, P., Bátkai, S., & Kunos, G. (2006) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.58.3.2 · Cited by 2,077 · see citing works
AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus
Minokoshi, Y., Alquier, T., Furukawa, N., Kim, Y.-B., Lee, A., Xue, B., Mu, J., Foufelle, F., Ferré, P., Birnbaum, M. J., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02440 · Cited by 1,637 · see citing works
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
Cone, R. D. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1455 · Cited by 1,583 · see citing works
Diabetes, Obesity, and the Brain
Schwartz, M. W., & Porte, D. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104344 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Hypothalamic KATP channels control hepatic glucose production
Pocai, A., Lam, T. K. T., Gutierrez-Juarez, R., Obici, S., Schwartz, G. J., Bryan, J., Aguilar-Bryan, L., & Rossetti, L. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03439 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Self-citationFlanagan, J. L., Simmons, P. A., Vehige, J., Willcox, M. D., & Garrett, Q. (2010) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-7-30 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
“However, this is in contrast with other studies that found CPT-1 inhibition actually stimulated hypophagia [76,77] and weight loss [77].”
ResultHypothalamic sensing of fatty acids
Lam, T. K. T., Schwartz, G. J., & Rossetti, L. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1456 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Self-citationHypothalamic sensing of circulating fatty acids is required for glucose homeostasis
Lam, T. K. T., Pocai, A., Gutierrez-Juarez, R., Obici, S., Bryan, J., Aguilar-Bryan, L., Schwartz, G. J., & Rossetti, L. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1201 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Self-citationA brain-liver circuit regulates glucose homeostasis
Pocai, A., Obici, S., Schwartz, G. J., & Rossetti, L. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2004.11.001 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Self-citationGao, Q., Wolfgang, M. J., Neschen, S., Morino, K., Horvath, T. L., Shulman, G. I., & Fu, X.-Y. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0303992101 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Regulation of Blood Glucose by Hypothalamic Pyruvate Metabolism
Lam, T. K. T., Gutierrez-Juarez, R., Pocai, A., & Rossetti, L. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1112085 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Self-citationXue, B., & Kahn, B. B. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.113217 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
AMPK: Lessons from transgenic and knockout animals
Viollet, B. (2009) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3229 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Morton, G. J., Gelling, R. W., Niswender, K. D., Morrison, C. D., Rhodes, C. J., & Schwartz, M. W. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.10.009 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Minireview: Malonyl CoA, AMP-Activated Protein Kinase, and Adiposity
Ruderman, N. B., Saha, A. K., & Kraegen, E. W. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0849 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in obesity
Serra, D., Mera, P., Malandrino, M. I., Mir, J. F., & Herrero, L. (2013) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4875 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Routh, V. H. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00761-8 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Molecular disruption of hypothalamic nutrient sensing induces obesity
He, W., Lam, T. K. T., Obici, S., & Rossetti, L. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1626 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationHypothalamic control of energy balance: insights into the role of synaptic plasticity
Dietrich, M. O., & Horvath, T. L. (2013) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.12.005 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Critical role of STAT3 in leptin's metabolic actions
Buettner, C., Pocai, A., Muse, E. D., Etgen, A. M., Myers, M. G., & Rossetti, L. (2006) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.04.014 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of nutrients on circadian rhythmicity
Oosterman, J. E., Kalsbeek, A., la Fleur, S. E., & Belsham, D. D. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00322.2014 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Leptin activates hypothalamic acetyl-CoA carboxylase to inhibit food intake
Gao, S., Kinzig, K. P., Aja, S., Scott, K. A., Keung, W., Kelly, S., Strynadka, K., Chohnan, S., Smith, W. W., Tamashiro, K. L. K., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0708385104 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Restoration of hypothalamic lipid sensing normalizes energy and glucose homeostasis in overfed rats
Pocai, A. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci26640 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Kreier, F., Kap, Y. S., Mettenleiter, T. C., van Heijningen, C., van der Vliet, J., Kalsbeek, A., Sauerwein, H. P., Fliers, E., Romijn, J. A., & Buijs, R. M. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0667 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The Integrative Role of CNS Fuel-Sensing Mechanisms in Energy Balance and Glucose Regulation
Sandoval, D., Cota, D., & Seeley, R. J. (2008) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.120806.095256 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Characteristics and mechanisms of hypothalamic neuronal fatty acid sensing
Le Foll, C., Irani, B. G., Magnan, C., Dunn-Meynell, A. A., & Levin, B. E. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00223.2009 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Carnitine, mitochondrial function and therapy
Zammit, V. A., Ramsay, R. R., Bonomini, M., & Arduini, A. (2009) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.024 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of hypothalamic malonyl-CoA by central glucose and leptin
Wolfgang, M. J., Cha, S. H., Sidhaye, A., Chohnan, S., Cline, G., Shulman, G. I., & Lane, M. D. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0709778104 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Current Understanding of the Hypothalamic Ghrelin Pathways Inducing Appetite and Adiposity
Al Massadi, O., López, M., Tschöp, M., Diéguez, C., & Nogueiras, R. (2017) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.12.003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Neuronal regulation of homeostasis by nutrient sensing
Lam, T. K. T. (2010) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0410-392 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The pathophysiology of defective proteostasis in the hypothalamus — from obesity to ageing
Cavadas, C., Aveleira, C. A., Souza, G. F. P., & Velloso, L. A. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.107 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Conti, R., Mannucci, E., Pessotto, P., Tassoni, E., Carminati, P., Giannessi, F., & Arduini, A. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0346 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationHypothalamic AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Glucose Production
Yang, C. S., Lam, C. K. L., Chari, M., Cheung, G. W. C., Kokorovic, A., Gao, S., Leclerc, I., Rutter, G. A., & Lam, T. K. T. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0221 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Glucose sensing and the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes
Thorens, B. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.208 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Gao, X., Li, K., Hui, X., Kong, X., Sweeney, G., Wang, Y., Xu, A., Teng, M., Liu, P., & Wu, D. (2011) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20101680 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Brain lipid sensing and nervous control of energy balance
Migrenne, S., Le Foll, C., Levin, B. E., & Magnan, C. (2011) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2010.11.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A Balance of Lipid-Sensing Mechanisms in the Brain and Liver
Caspi, L., Wang, P. Y. T., & Lam, T. K. T. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.07.005 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mera, P., Bentebibel, A., López-Viñas, E., Cordente, A. G., Gurunathan, C., Sebastián, D., Vázquez, I., Herrero, L., Ariza, X., Gómez-Puertas, P., et al. (2009) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.11.020 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Molecular Targets for Obesity Therapy in the Brain
Obici, S. (2009) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-0409 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationAdipokines in healthy skeletal muscle and metabolic disease
Coles, C. A. (2016) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ghrelin’s Role as a Major Regulator of Appetite and Its Other Functions in Neuroendocrinology
Lim, C. T., Kola, B., Korbonits, M., & Grossman, A. B. (2010) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(10)82008-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Brain-Gut-Islet Connection
Woods, S. C., Benoit, S. C., & Clegg, D. J. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-s015 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Central nervous system regulation of intestinal lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
Farr, S., Taher, J., & Adeli, K. (2016) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000254 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Smith Richards, B. K., Belton, B. N., York, B., & Volaufova, J. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00488.2003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Central Control of Glucose Homeostasis
Puglianiello, A., & Cianfarani, S. (2006) · The Review of Diabetic Studies · doi:10.1900/rds.2006.3.54 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Obici, S., Feng, Z., Arduini, A., Conti, R., & Rossetti, L.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (CH)
- Sigma Tau (Italy) (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Rossetti, Luciano
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2003-05-18
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 756-761
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- OpenAlex
- W2016850962
- Cited by
- 548
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 12.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-48321, DK-45024)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, hypothalamus, dietary intake, glucose production, long-chain fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid beta-oxidation, energy balance, lipid metabolism, hypothalamic neurons, nutrient sensing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Base Sequence, Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase, Eating, Fatty Acids, Glucose, Hypothalamus, Insulin, Liver, Male, Neuropeptide Y, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Oxidation-Reduction, Proteins, RNA, Catalytic, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Rats, Agouti-Related Protein
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
