The microbiota–microglia axis in central nervous system disorders

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A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer’s Disease

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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

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Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages

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The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease

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Synaptic Pruning by Microglia Is Necessary for Normal Brain Development

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Motor Neuron Degeneration in Mice that Express a Human Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Mutation

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ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo

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Commensal <i>Bifidobacterium</i> promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti–PD-L1 efficacy

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Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson's disease

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Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS

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Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection

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Intraneuronal β-Amyloid Aggregates, Neurodegeneration, and Neuron Loss in Transgenic Mice with Five Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mutations: Potential Factors in Amyloid Plaque Formation

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A Neurotrophic Model for Stress-Related Mood Disorders

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Microbiota Modulate Behavioral and Physiological Abnormalities Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Multiple Wearable Sensors in Parkinson and Huntington Disease Individuals: A Pilot Study in Clinic and at Home

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Gut Microbiota Regulation of Tryptophan Metabolism in Health and Disease

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Exon 1 of the HD gene with an expanded CAG repeat is sufficient to cause a progressive neurological phenotype in transgenic mice

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The TREM2-APOE Pathway Drives the Transcriptional Phenotype of Dysfunctional Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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The molecular neurobiology of depression

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Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor

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The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice

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Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4

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Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors

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Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder

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Best practices for analysing microbiomes

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Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host’s metabolism

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Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype

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The impact of traumatic brain injuries: A global perspective

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Huntington's disease: from molecular pathogenesis to clinical treatment

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The role of microglia and macrophages in glioma maintenance and progression

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Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat

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Huntington disease

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Onset and Progression in Inherited ALS Determined by Motor Neurons and Microglia

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Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41

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Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota

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Microglia Biology: One Century of Evolving Concepts

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Dendritic spine pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders

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The central nervous system and the gut microbiome

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Multiple sclerosis genomic map implicates peripheral immune cells and microglia in susceptibility

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Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways

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The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity

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Epidemiologic and Molecular Prognostic Review of Glioblastoma

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Microbiota Transfer Therapy Alters Gut Ecosystem and Improves Gastrointestinal and Autism Symptoms: An Open-Label Study

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Age-Associated Microbial Dysbiosis Promotes Intestinal Permeability, Systemic Inflammation, and Macrophage Dysfunction

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Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution

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Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis

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Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease

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Aggregated α‐synuclein activates microglia: a process leading to disease progression in Parkinson's disease

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Commensal microbiota and myelin autoantigen cooperate to trigger autoimmune demyelination

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Deficient neuron-microglia signaling results in impaired functional brain connectivity and social behavior

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Human Gut Microbiota from Autism Spectrum Disorder Promote Behavioral Symptoms in Mice

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Microglia development follows a stepwise program to regulate brain homeostasis

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Microglia: new roles for the synaptic stripper

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Microbial reconstitution reverses maternal diet-induced social and synaptic deficits in offspring

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Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson's disease and age-matched controls

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Regulation of histone acetylation during memory formation in the hippocampus

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Commensal microbiota affects ischemic stroke outcome by regulating intestinal γδ T cells

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Debris clearance by microglia: an essential link between degeneration and regeneration

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Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism – comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity

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Microglial control of astrocytes in response to microbial metabolites

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Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression

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Gut bacteria from multiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models

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Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies

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Stroke: a global response is needed

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Aβ42‐driven cerebral amyloidosis in transgenic mice reveals early and robust pathology

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Depression as a Microglial Disease

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Gut microbiota from multiple sclerosis patients enables spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice

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Dietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine

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Reduction of Abeta amyloid pathology in APPPS1 transgenic mice in the absence of gut microbiota

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Microbiota is essential for social development in the mouse

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NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiota–brain axis: A new perspective on white matter injury after intracerebral hemorrhage

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Gut Microbiota Mediate the Neuroprotective Effect of Oolong Tea Polyphenols in Cognitive Impairment Induced by Circadian Rhythm Disorder

Song, Z., Ho, C., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01922 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Polyphenols and Microbiota Modulation: Insights from Swine and Other Animal Models for Human Therapeutic Strategies

Anghel, A. C., Țăranu, I., Orțan, A., Spinu, S. M., Cudalbeanu, M. D., Rosu, P. M., & Babeanu, N. E. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29246026 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Antibiotics treatment promotes vasculogenesis in the brain of glioma-bearing mice

Rosito, M., Maqbool, J., Reccagni, A., Giampaoli, O., Sciubba, F., Antonangeli, F., Scavizzi, F., Raspa, M., Cordella, F., Tondo, L., et al. (2024) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-024-06578-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works

An anxious relationship between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gut Microbiota: A tangled chemistry?

Vellingiri, B., Aishwarya, S. Y., Jancy, S. B., Abhishek, G. S., Babu, H. W. S., Vijayakumar, P., Narayanasamy, A., Mariappan, S., Sangeetha, R., Gopalakrishnan, A. V., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2022.03.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Traumatic Brain Injury and Gut Brain Axis: The Disruption of an Alliance

Ferrara, M., Bertozzi, G., Zanza, C., Longhitano, Y., Piccolella, F., Lauritano, E. C., Volonnino, G., Manetti, A. C., Maiese, A., & Russa, R. L. (2022) · Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials · doi:10.2174/1574887117666220622143423 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates cognitive impairment by improving gut microbiome composition and barrier function in male rats of traumatic brain injury following gas explosion

Dong, X., Su, Y., Luo, Z., Li, C., Gao, J., Han, X., Yao, S., Wu, W., Tian, L., Bai, Y., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1485936 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRJ-1 alleviates constipation through promoting gut Bacteroides-derived γ-aminobutyric acid production

Xia, T., Huang, F., Yun, F., Liu, Y., Wang, T., Wang, S., Jin, S., Ma, X., Wang, W., He, J., et al. (2024) · Current Research in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100924 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Powering up microbiome-microglia interactions

Lynch, C. M. K., Clarke, G. A., & Cryan, J. F. (2021) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.10.006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Microbiota-gut-brain axis and ketogenic diet: how close are we to tackling epilepsy?

Mengoli, M., Conti, G., Fabbrini, M., Candela, M., Brigidi, P., Turroni, S., & Barone, M. (2023) · Microbiome Research Reports · doi:10.20517/mrr.2023.24 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Microglial Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanisms and Therapies

Erdağ, E., & Haskologlu, I. C. (2025) · Journal of dementia and Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.3390/jdad2030029 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Microglia subtypes show substrate- and time-dependent phagocytosis preferences and phenotype plasticity

Li, S., Wernersbach, I., Harms, G. S., & Schäfer, M. K. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.945485 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Pre-traumatic antibiotic-induced microbial depletion reduces neuroinflammation in acute murine traumatic brain injury

Ritter, K., Vetter, D., Wernersbach, I., Schwanz, T., Hummel, R., & Schäfer, M. K. E. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109648 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Intestinal 8 gingerol attenuates TBI-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a PINK1/Parkin-dependent manner

Tang, X., Huang, L., Ma, W., Mingxin, H., Zeng, Z., Yu, Y., Qin, N., Zhou, F., Li, F., Gong, S., et al. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156580 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Getting on in Old Age: How the Gut Microbiota Interferes With Brain Innate Immunity

Mossad, O., & Blank, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.698126 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Crosstalk between the Gut and Brain in Ischemic Stroke: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Options

Huang, W., Zhu, L., Song, W., Zhang, M., Teng, L., & Wu, M. (2022) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2022/6508046 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Gestational stress and perinatal SSRIs differentially impact the maternal and neonatal microbiome‐gut‐brain axis

Pawluski, J. L., Murail, P., Grudet, F., Bys, L., Golubeva, A. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Oberlander, T. F., Cryan, J. F., O’Mahony, S. M., & Charlier, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13261 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

The Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: The Catalytic Role of Mitochondria

Candeias, E., Pereira-Santos, A. R., Empadinhas, N., Cardoso, S. M., & Esteves, A. R. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-240524 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Iron Homeostasis Dysregulation, Oro-Gastrointestinal Microbial Inflammatory Factors, and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review

Kuziak, A., Heczko, P. B., Pietrzyk, A., & Strus, M. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13010122 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Microbial Influences on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: The Gut–Brain Axis and Therapeutic Potential of Microbiota Modulation

Ayala, V., Fontdevila, L., Rico-Rios, S., Povedano, M., Andrés‐Benito, P., Torres, P., Serrano, J. C. E., Pamplona, R., & Portero‐Otín, M. (2025) · Sclerosis · doi:10.3390/sclerosis3010008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Sex differences in the fecal microbiome and hippocampal glial morphology following diet and antibiotic treatment

Saxena, A., Moran, R. R. M., Bullard, M. R., Bondy, E. O., Smith, M. F., Morris, L., Fogle, N., Singh, J., Jarvis, B., Ray, T., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265850 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

The aging gut–glia–immune axis in alzheimer’s disease: microbiome-derived mediators of neuroinflammation and therapeutic innovation

Mir, P. A., Kumar, N. G., Bhutia, G. T., Chaudhary, P., Kaur, G., & Gupta, S. K. (2026) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-02062-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Realgar Alleviated Neuroinflammation Induced by High Protein and High Calorie Diet in Rats via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Feng, C., Li, A., Yin, C., Wang, S., Jin, W., Liu, Y., Huo, T., & Jiang, H. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14193958 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Gut microbiota: the indispensable player in neurodegenerative diseases

Li, S., Cai, Y., Wang, S., Luo, L., Zhang, Y., Huang, K., & Guan, X. (2024) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.13509 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The Heritability of Behaviors Associated With the Host Gut Microbiota

Manterola, M., Palominos, M. F., & Calixto, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.658551 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

A Destruction Model of the Vascular and Lymphatic Systems in the Emergence of Psychiatric Symptoms

Segawa, K., Blumenthal, Y., Yamawaki, Y., & Ohtsuki, G. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10010034 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Impact of the gut microbiome on nicotine’s motivational effects and glial cells in the ventral tegmental area in male mice

Lakosa, A., Rahimian, A., Tomasi, F., Marti, F., Reynolds, L. M., Tochon, L., David, V., Danckaert, A., Canonne, C., Tahraoui, S., et al. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01563-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Microglia and myeloperoxidase in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases

Moro, L. D., Brunetta, E., Gershwin, M. E., & Selmi, C. F. (2025) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2025.102660 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

B.uniformis IM01-derived IAA alleviates asthma via AhR/NLRP3 pathways in mice

He, Y., Yang, T., Mi, J., He, S., Yang, Z., Lu, S., Yue, K., Huang, Y., Song, L., Xiao, Y., et al. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-025-05910-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Metabolic Reprogramming toward Aerobic Glycolysis and the Gut Microbiota Involved in the Brain Amyloid Pathology

Murai, T., & Matsuda, S. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12081081 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Germ-Free Animals

Lynch, C. M. K., Nagpal, J. K., Luczynski, P., Neufeld, K. M., Dinan, T. G., Clarke, G. A., & Cryan, J. F. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99971-7.00012-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The gut microbiota regulates diabetic retinopathy in adult rats

Hou, J., Lv, Z., Wang, Y., & Chen, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1479792 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Aging and neurodegeneration: when systemic dysregulations affect brain macrophage heterogeneity

Joly, P., Labsy, R., & Silvin, A. (2025) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1093/jimmun/vkae034 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Regulatory mechanisms of age-related degenerative diseases: Insights from the gut microbiota-cellular senescence interaction network

Sun, P., Chen, G., & Guo, Y. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103152 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Enhancing cancer immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy by regulating gut microbes: Opportunities and challenges

Xu, J., Tian, Y., Hu, D., Xi, Y., & Yang, L. (2024) · MedComm – Oncology · doi:10.1002/mog2.85 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The microbiota-microglia axis: A novel clue for diet and brain health

Song, Z., Song, R., Liu, Y., Zhu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2025.104942 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The metabolic journey of microglia from early development to adulthood

Das, A., Sadeghdoust, M., Templeman, E. C., & Kaushik, D. K. (2024) · Glial health research. · doi:10.1016/j.ghres.2024.100003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Role of the gut-brain axis in HIV and drug abuse-mediated neuroinflammation

Ray, S., Sil, S., Kannan, M., Periyasamy, P., & Buch, S. J. (2023) · Advances in Drug and Alcohol Research · doi:10.3389/adar.2023.11092 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Effects of exercise on behavior and hippocampal neuroinflammation in rat model of autism spectrum disorder

Lan, W., Zhong, J., Li, Y., Shen, Y., Gong, J., Zou, Z., & Hou, X. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101208 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The Gut-Brain-Cardiac Axis: How Microbiota Influence Cognitive and Cardiovascular Health

Kumar, V., Singh, B., Ayyagari, A., Chaudhari, D. N., & Ahire, J. J. (2026) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-026-04857-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Si-Ni-San alleviates depression-like behavior via regulating the gut microbiota-tryptophan metabolism-AhR/NF-κB pathway axis

Xiao, Q., Wen, Z., Zhan, H., Zhao, H., Jiao, Y., Huang, D., Li, H., & Chen, C. (2026) · Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13020-026-01390-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Reduced Expression of CLEC4G in Neurons Is Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease

Feng, X., Qi, F., Huang, Y., Zhang, G., & Deng, W. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25094621 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Liver and Brain Disorders

Roy, A., Ghoshal, U. C., & Goenka, M. K. (2024) · Current Hepatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11901-024-00668-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Emerging Relationship Between the Gut Microbiota and Neurodegenerative Disorders

Iyer, S., Verma, S., Marathe, S. A., & Tare, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4288-2_11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The myeloid side of the CNS

Dumas, A. A., & Prinz, M. (2020) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12907 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Research Progress of the Brain-Gut Axis as a Therapeutic Target for Central Nervous System Diseases

安, 刚. (2023) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2023.133496 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Microbial modulation of CNS remyelination in multiple sclerosis: the missing link in gut-brain axis research

Li, M., Sun, P., Zhou, X., Yang, X., & Li, W. (2026) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2026.2686736 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Progress of Chinese Medicine in Regulating Microglial Polarization against Alzheimer’s Disease

Yang, F., Gao, W., Wang, J. Z., Li, X., & Li, H. (2024) · The American Journal of Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1142/s0192415x24500873 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Gut Microbiota and NDG: What Is the Interplay

Haiba, S., Idriss, S., & Awad, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-3949-5_30-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Exploring the Microbiome through Probiotics and Psychobiotics: Deciphering the Gut-Brain Link

Pathak, R., Tirumalai, P. S., & Kashyap, S. (2023) · ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.31080/asmi.2023.06.1315

Substance Abuse and the Microbiome

(2024) · Frontiers Media SA eBooks · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-4637-6

The Gut Microbiota and NDG: What Is the Interplay

Haiba, S., Idriss, S., & Awad, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7557-0_30

From gut to brain: Microbial influences on neuroinflammation and microglial activity

Dave, M., Jayaraman, S., & Mukherjee, R. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22300-6.00052-8

Early-Life Stress Drives Anxiety and Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Like Gastrointestinal Dysfunction via Microglial Activation and Gut Microbiota DysbiosisPreprint

chen, M., Xiao, Y., Yang, C., Pan, X., Xu, W., Zhao, Y., Yang, X., Wu, D., Xu, Y., & Wang, L. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9384634/v1

The microbiota–gut–brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders: Mechanisms, advances, and clinical applications

Li, T., Chang, Y., Tang, S., Chen, Y., Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.112062

Gut dysbiosis-induced cerebral clock suppression mediates deltamethrin immunotoxicity via the brain-thyroid-immune Axis

Cao, Y., Zhou, J., Jia, F., Zheng, J., Fan, D., Xiang, L., Meng, Z., JianZhong, S. H. A. O., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1016/j.enceco.2026.09.004

The Gut-Microglia Connection: Implications for Central Nervous System Diseases

Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Li, F., Jia, J., Song, X., Qin, S., Wang, R., Jin, F., Kitazato, K., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02325 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

The gut-brain axis: microglia in the spotlight

Mezö, C., Mossad, O., Erny, D., & Blank, T. (2019) · e-Neuroforum · doi:10.1515/nf-2019-0014 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the central nervous system

Erny, D., & Prinz, M. (2015) · German Medical Science (German Research Foundation) · doi:10.3205/15dgnn20

Microglia and the Microbiome

Volk, C., & Tremblay, M. (2026) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003635772-21

How microbiota shape microglial phenotypes and epigenetics

Erny, D., & Prinz, M. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23822 · Cited by 77 · see citing works