Can adolescents learn self-control? Delay of gratification in the development of control over risk taking
Open accessAbstract
Recent findings from developmental neuroscience suggest that the adolescent brain is too immature to exert control over impulsive drives, such as sensation seeking, that increase during adolescence. Using a discounting of delayed reward paradigm, this research examines the ability to delay gratification as a potential source of control over risk-taking tendencies that increase during adolescence. In addition, it explores the role of experience resulting from risk taking as well as future time perspective as contributors to the development of this ability. In a nationally representative sample (n = 900) of young people aged 14-22, a structural equation analysis shows that risk taking as assessed by use of three popular drugs (tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol) is inversely related to the ability to delay gratification. The relation is robust across gender, age, and different levels of sensation seeking. In addition, high sensation seekers exhibit dramatic age-related increase in delay of gratification, lending support to the hypothesis that engaging in risky behavior provides experience that leads to greater patience for long-term rewards. The findings support the conclusion that a complete understanding of the development of self-control must consider individual differences not easily explained by universal trends in brain maturation.
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Sensation seeking follows an inverted U-shaped developmental curve, peaking around ages 17-18.
“Likewise, an inverted U-shaped developmental function peaking during adolescence was also reported for sensation seeking, with peak levels reached at around 17–18 years of age when defined using a scale with questions such as: “I like to explore strange places” and “I like to do frightening things” (Romer et al, 2010).”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Romer et al, 2010
Sensation seeking shows an inverted U-shaped developmental function peaking around 17-18 years of age.
“an inverted U-shaped developmental function peaking during adolescence was also reported for sensation seeking, with peak levels reached at around 17–18 years of age”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Romer et al, 2010
Impatience is linked to greater substance use and risk-taking in adolescents.
“research indicates that impatience is related to increased adolescent substance use and risk-taking (10 -13).”
From Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Human adolescents show peaks in self-reported reward-seeking and sensation seeking.
“human adolescents show peaks in self-reported reward-seeking and sensation seeking (Steinberg et al., 2009, Romer et al., 2010)”
From Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation (2016) · cites this paper as Romer et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Romer, D., Duckworth, A. L., Sznitman, S., & Park, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Venue
- Prevention Science
- Published
- 2010-03-21
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 319-330
- ISSN
- 1389-4986 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6695
- PMC
- PMC2964271
- OpenAlex
- W2085507837
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 9.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Prevention Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (K01AG033182)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- self-control, delay of gratification, risk-taking, adolescence, sensation seeking, impulsivity, brain maturation, drug use, tobacco use, cannabis use, alcohol consumption, future time perspective, developmental neuroscience, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Humans, Internal-External Control, Risk-Taking, Self Efficacy
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