Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Purpose The effectiveness of resistance exercise for strength improvement among aging persons is inconsistent across investigations, and there is a lack of research synthesis for multiple strength outcomes.Methods The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of resistance exercise (RE) for multiple strength outcomes in aging adults. Randomized-controlled trials and randomized or non-randomized studies among adults > or = 50 years, were included. Data were pooled using random-effect models. Outcomes for 4 common strength tests were analyzed for main effects. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Cochran Q and I(2) statistics, and publication bias was evaluated through physical inspection of funnel plots as well as formal rank-correlation statistics. A linear mixed model regression was incorporated to examine differences between outcomes, as well as potential study-level predictor variables.Results Forty-seven studies were included, representing 1079 participants. A positive effect for each of the strength outcomes was determined however there was heterogeneity between studies. Regression revealed that higher intensity training was associated with greater improvement. Strength increases ranged from 9.8 to 31.6 kg, and percent changes were 29+/-2, 24+/-2, 33+/-3, and 25+/-2, respectively for leg press, chest press, knee extension, and lat pull.Conclusions RE is effective for improving strength among older adults, particularly with higher intensity training. Findings therefore suggest that RE may be considered a viable strategy to prevent generalized muscular weakness associated with aging.
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Lifestyle modifications including moderate caloric restriction, adequate protein intake, and regular resistance training have shown efficacy in enhancing muscle mass, reducing adiposity, and improving physical function in older adults with sarcopenic obesity.
“These strategies include lifestyle modifications such as moderate caloric restriction, adequate protein intake, and regular resistance training (RT), all of which have shown efficacy in enhancing muscle mass, reducing adiposity, and improving physical function in older adults with SO [2,6,8,9].”
From Efficacy of Power Training on Sarcopenic Obesity in Community-Dwelling Older Women: A 32-Week Randomized Clinical Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredResistance training (RT) is an effective modality to induce muscle hypertrophy, improve strength, and promote positive changes in body composition in older people.
“RT is considered an effective modality to induce muscle hypertrophy, improve strength and promote positive changes in body composition in older people [9].”
From Efficacy of Power Training on Sarcopenic Obesity in Community-Dwelling Older Women: A 32-Week Randomized Clinical Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
PRT guided by 1RM testing and performed at 70-80% of 1RM is more effective in promoting strength gains than training at lower intensities or using only perceived exertion to guide progression.
“Studies have indicated that PRT guided by 1RM testing [194], and performed at 70–80% of 1RM is more effective in promoting strength gains than training at lower intensities [195,196] or using only perceived exertion to guide progression (Table 1).”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [196]
Resistance exercise is considered the most effective form of physical training for older people for inducing muscle hypertrophy, enhancing muscle function, and promoting weight loss.
“Resistance exercise is considered the most effective form of physical training for older people for inducing muscle hypertrophy, enhancing muscle function, and promoting weight loss (77).”
From Sarcopenic obesity: epidemiology, pathophysiology, cardiovascular disease, mortality, and management (2023) · cites this paper as [77]
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- Authors
- Peterson, M. D., Rhea, M. R., Sen, A., & Gordon, P. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- A.T. Still University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Peterson, Mark D.
- Venue
- Ageing Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 226-237
- ISSN
- 1568-1637 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2892859
- OpenAlex
- W2055778805
- Cited by
- 808
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Ageing Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32hd007422-20)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5-T32-HD007422, T32-HD007422)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- resistance training, muscle strength, older adults, aging, exercise intensity, leg press, chest press, knee extension, sarcopenia prevention
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic, Muscle Weakness, Resistance Training, Sarcopenia
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