Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions

In the paper

“These results were replicated in a subsequent experiment using different cues and procedures (97)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says the study reproduced the earlier pattern of increased internal details for remembering and imagining, this time using word rather than picture cues. It also describes replacing the earlier picture-description task with a word-comparison task, supporting the claim that the result held with different cues and procedures. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [97] source

In the paper

“older adults produce fewer internal/episodic details and more external/semantic details for both remembered past events and imagined future events”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In “Healthy Aging and Constructive Episodic Simulation: Initial Observations,” the authors report that older adults produced fewer internal and more external details than young adults for remembered past events, and found the same pattern for imagined future events. The passage specifies that details were scored using the standardized Autobiographical Interview procedure. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [16] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
• Supported

  The Introduction reports that, using a modified Autobiographical Interview, older adults produced fewer internal details and more external details than young adults for both remembered past and imagined future events. This directly supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [17] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
• Supported

  The Introduction states that, on the Autobiographical Interview, older adults tend to generate fewer internal and more external details than younger adults when remembering past events and simulating future events. This directly supports the age comparison and both event types in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [20] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] source

In the paper

“directly links flexible retrieval/recombination processes with source memory errors that result from mixing up elements of related episodes (13; see also, 14).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The General Discussion states that all four experiments provide direct evidence linking flexible retrieval and recombination to subsequent source memory errors. It describes those errors as misattributing details to a related event through combining elements of distinct episodes. No page number is provided in the supplied copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [13] source

In the paper

“effects of ESI have also been extended to other tasks that draw on episodic retrieval and simulation, including social problem solving and divergent creative thinking (for discussion, see 38).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The section on means-end problem solving and divergent creative thinking reports that an episodic specificity induction improved performance on both tasks compared with control inductions. The Concluding Comments explicitly include solving means-end problems and divergent creative thinking among the tasks to which its effects extend. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [38] source

In the paper

“Although this study also revealed effects of aging on memory and imagination above-and-beyond picture description performance”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Experiment 2 Discussion states that aging made a significant, though modest, contribution to both memory and imagination performance above and beyond picture description performance. The Experiment 2 Results report corresponding significant improvements when age was added to the regression models for each task. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [35] source

In the paper

“such findings nonetheless suggest that non-episodic factors that similarly impact remembering, imagining, and describing, such as narrative style or cognitive control, are at least partly responsible for similarities between remembering past experiences and imagining future experiences on tasks such as the AI”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Concluding Comments (page not provided) say that parallel changes in describing scenes, remembering, and imagining suggest non-episodic processes contribute to performance on the Autobiographical Interview. The paper identifies narrative style and inhibitory control as possible influences, matching the citing sentence’s qualified wording. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  cites [16] source
• Supported

  The Experiment 2 Discussion says that similar performance on picture description, memory, and imagination tasks indicates that mechanisms other than episodic memory contribute to parallel age-related patterns. It proposes narrative style and inhibition of task-irrelevant thoughts as possible mechanisms, while noting that the experiments do not distinguish between them. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [35] source

In the paper

“several experiments have shown that the ESI selectively dissociates the contributions of episodic retrieval to future imagining from such non-episodic factors as semantic retrieval and narrative style.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Experiment 1 Discussion says the specificity induction targeted episodic mechanisms related to memory and imagination, rather than non-episodic mechanisms related to picture description. The Experiment 2 General Discussion says the findings distinguish episodic memory’s contribution to imagining from non-episodic processes, while explicitly discussing semantic memory and narrative style. The paper reports two experiments; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [37] source
• Supported

  The section “Distinguishing Episodic from Non-Episodic Processes” explicitly says the induction selectively enhances episodic retrieval while dissociating it from semantic retrieval and narrative description. It also reports replicated effects on episodic details in future imagination, but not on semantic details or picture description. Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [38] source

In the paper

“procedures such as the AI can be influenced by non-episodic factors.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract says that because the Autobiographical Interview requires an extended narrative, age differences measured with it could reflect deficits in non-episodic mechanisms. The Experiment 2 Discussion adds that its performance cannot simply be assumed to reflect memory mechanisms alone. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [35] source

In the paper

“Reductions in episodic detail for both past and future events using the AI and related procedures have also been documented in various patient populations”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) reports reduced episodic future thinking in amnesia and largely concordant findings in dementia; the Discussion (page unavailable) reports reduced future-event detail in Parkinson’s disease. The paper’s own comparison concerns one patient with amnesia, and our copy does not document the full list of populations in the claim or reduced detail for both past and future events in each population. It used the Autobiographical Memory Interview and related tasks, rather than establishing that all the cited findings used the Autobiographical Interview. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [24] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Introduction reports fewer episodic details for both past and future events in patients with hippocampal amnesia using modified Autobiographical Interview procedures. The Results (§3.2.1; page unavailable) likewise find fewer episodic details across time periods in patients with hippocampal damage. The paper does not document the claim across most of the other listed populations, and its Results (§3.3.1) find no comparable reduction in patients with medial prefrontal lesions. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Results report fewer episodic details for both past and future events in patients than in controls, and Materials and Methods > Scoring says the study used an adapted Autobiographical Interview procedure. Materials and Methods > Participants identifies these patients as people with amnesia and medial temporal lobe lesions. The paper does not document the claimed reductions across the other listed patient populations. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source

In the paper

“core network regions including left posterior inferior parietal lobe and posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex show increased activity during episodic simulation compared with episodic memory, as do several regions that are part of a distinct fronto-parietal control network (47).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [47] source

In the paper

“Thus the construction of episodic details and integration of those details with higher-order autobiographical knowledge may represent distinct components of episodic future thinking (43).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion explicitly identifies two distinct component processes in episodic future thinking: constructing a detailed event representation and integrating it into an autobiographical context. This directly supports the citing sentence’s hedged paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [43] source

In the paper

“further that it is jointly engaged during episodic simulation and episodic memory (47).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports that the first ALE meta-analysis found joint engagement of core-network regions during episodic memory and episodic simulation. It also states that all of those core regions overlapped with the default network. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [47] source

In the paper

“organize episodic future thoughts into event clusters that reflect the influence of higher-order schematic, conceptual, and affective knowledge (41–42)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) defines event clusters as future thoughts linked by higher-order themes or causal sequences, which convey overarching meaning. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that many future thoughts formed such clusters and that emotion helps organize prospective thoughts into networks. Together, these passages support the paraphrase’s conceptual and affective dimensions. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [41] source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction (pp. 1–2) describes future events as organized into clusters and says higher-order autobiographical knowledge helps link them into themes and causal sequences. It also discusses conceptual knowledge, but the passages do not establish that the clusters reflect affective knowledge. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“indicate a stronger subjective sense of “pre-experiencing” for future events that are associated with personal goals than for those that are not (43).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Section 3.4 reports higher autonoetic-feeling ratings for personal future events than for nonpersonal future events. The Discussion identifies the personal events as cued by participants’ goals and describes the subjective feeling as pre-experiencing imagined events. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [43] source

In the paper

“a more dorsal part of the mPFC is similarly more strongly engaged during simulations of episodes that are part of the same event cluster (42).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The discussion (p. 7) reports increased mPFC activity when participants processed past and future events in the same cluster. Table 3 (p. 6) identifies a dorsomedial prefrontal region in a functional-connectivity analysis, but that does not establish that this dorsal region itself showed the stronger activation claimed. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The vmPFC is part of the core network involved in episodic simulation (47)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section (‘Brain regions jointly activated by episodic memory and episodic simulation’) identifies the vmPFC among nodes of the core network consistently engaged during both episodic simulation and episodic memory. The Discussion likewise lists the ACC and adjacent vmPFC within the core network. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [47] source

In the paper

“a finding that was also reported in an independent fMRI study of repeated event simulations (54).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that right anterior hippocampal activity was stronger during initial construction of a future event and decreased across repeated simulations. It proposes declining novelty as an explanation, and the Summary says the experiment supports a link between novel future events and increased right hippocampal activation. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [54] source

In the paper

“These findings point toward a link between hippocampal activity and the construction of specific and detailed imaginary future episodes, which strengthen previous observations along similar lines (57–60).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports that constructing specific future events produced more right anterior hippocampal activity than constructing general future or past events. It concludes that constructing a detailed representation of a novel, specific future event differentially engages that region, supporting the claimed link. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [57] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source

In the paper

“recent fMRI evidence indicates that the role of the hippocampus may be less pronounced when people imagine familiar personal scenarios, i.e., in cases where they can draw on prior semantic knowledge (81).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that familiar, autobiographical future events seem to depend less on hippocampal construction activity than unfamiliar events. It also proposes that familiar scenarios might draw on generic or semantic memories, while explicitly calling that explanation speculative; the citing sentence’s “may” preserves this uncertainty. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [81] source

In the paper

“see also [78] for similar findings in healthy older adults”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Participants section identifies the sample as healthy older adults aged 60–74. The Results and Discussion report findings on episodic simulation, delay discounting, and cognitive control in that sample. The citing sentence does not specify which finding it considers similar, but the cited paper does report findings in healthy older adults. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [78] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Initial fMRI evidence pointed toward a role for the hippocampus in mediating effects of simulation on temporal discounting (68–69; 76).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] source
• Supported

  The Discussion reports that fMRI-measured hippocampal activation was associated with favoring simulated delayed options in an intertemporal-choice task. It interprets this as evidence that hippocampus-mediated simulation helps make those options more attractive and reduces impulsive choices; it distinguishes that role from changing how delay itself is weighted. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [76] source

In the paper

“some evidence from patients with hippocampal damage (77) or atrophy following Alzheimer’s disease (76) showing that temporal discounting is not attenuated by situations requiring episodic future thinking in these populations”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Intertemporal Choice; page unavailable) report that imagining a future scenario attenuated temporal discounting in controls but not in amnesic patients. The Participants section identifies patients with hippocampal lesions, and the Results report a similar pattern for those with hippocampal-only lesions. The Alzheimer’s disease population is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [77] source
• Supported

  The Results (Impulsivity Following Brain Atrophy in AD and bvFTD Patients) report that AD patients made more impulsive choices than controls specifically when delayed options required mental simulation. The Discussion likewise states that hippocampal atrophy in AD exacerbated impulsivity in that condition. This supports the part of the sentence attributed to this paper: episodic future simulation did not attenuate temporal discounting in the AD patients. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [76] source

In the paper

“An initial experiment showed that simulation times were positively correlated with navigation times.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Study 1 Results report a statistically significant positive correlation between mental simulation time and subsequent route navigation time (r(208) = 0.30, p < 0.001). The Methods identify Study 1 as the initial investigation of that relationship. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [107] source

In the paper

“thus biasing dietary decisions away from immediate food rewards and toward fulfilling longer-term health goals related to weight loss (72).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says EFT shifts attention from immediate pleasure toward future health goals and describes decisions aligning with long-term goals. It also says EFT may help people trying to eat less and lose weight, supporting the claim about weight-loss-related goals. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [72] source

In the paper

“both cognitive and neuroimaging evidence indicate a connection between episodic future thinking and divergent creative thinking (94–95)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that divergent thinking was strongly associated with detail in imagined future episodes. It also cites fMRI evidence that divergent thinking recruits some of the same brain regions linked with future simulation. The neuroimaging evidence is reported from prior work, not presented as a finding of this study. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [94] source
• Supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) reports a positive association between episodic detail in future simulations and divergent-thinking scores. The Discussion (page unavailable) adds this paper’s own behavioral and brain-activation findings linking future imagination with flexibility measured by a divergent-thinking task. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [95] source

In the paper

“imagined spatial navigation is accompanied by fMRI signals in entorhinal cortex that display features characteristic of grid cells (106).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports fMRI evidence of grid-like signals in human entorhinal cortex during imagined navigation, with the sixfold rotational symmetry characteristic of grid-cell firing. The Results and Discussion likewise report a sixfold fMRI pattern during imagined navigation. The paper treats this as evidence consistent with grid-cell activity, rather than a direct recording of grid cells. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [106] source

In the paper

“vivid and detailed episodic simulations of helping behaviors can facilitate empathy or prosocial intentions toward individuals in need (87–88).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] source
• Supported

  The Discussion reports that imagining helping someone in need increased prosocial intentions and that more vivid, detailed scene imagery was associated with greater willingness to help in both younger and older adults. The claim's ‘or prosocial intentions’ wording is supported; the paper does not need to show an increase in empathy to support that alternative. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [88] source

In the paper

“and on cigarette consumption in smokers (75).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract Results report that episodic future thinking significantly reduced the number of cigarette puffs earned in a self-administration task. The Discussion concludes that it reduced cigarette self-administration in cigarette smokers, supporting the claim about cigarette consumption in smokers. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [75] source

In the paper

“Simulating performing an upcoming intention makes it more likely that this intention will actually be carried out (89–91).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] source
• Partly supported

  The Method describes participants imagining themselves performing future tasks, and the Discussion reports improved performance on event-based tasks for heavy drinkers and time-based tasks for controls. The study measured completion of tasks in a simulated Virtual Week, not whether intentions were actually carried out in everyday life; the improvement also depended on task type and group. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [91] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Episodic future thinking has also been linked to emotional regulation, partly on the basis of evidence of reduced specificity and vividness of episodic future thinking in anxious individuals with emotion regulation problems (82–84).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] source
• Partly supported

  The Discussion (section 4; page unavailable) suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder have relatively less ability to generate vivid episodic future thinking, and the Introduction (section 1; page unavailable) links worry to reduced concrete imagery and emotional processing. The study does not establish reduced specificity as a separate finding or directly test whether emotion-regulation problems account for the difference. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [84] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“This outcome may have occurred because in the latter study (79), amnesics could have benefited from mere semantic (rather than episodic) future thinking (see also 80).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
• Supported

  The Introduction proposes that the discrepancy between the studies may reflect the highly personal cues in Kwan et al. (2015), which could have let amnesic participants use semantic rather than episodic future thinking. The General Discussion reiterates this as a possible explanation, not an established finding. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [80] source

In the paper

“Early laboratory and clinical studies provided initial evidence that they serve a range of functions, including decision making, emotion regulation, intention formation, and planning (67)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The sections on goal-directed cognition, psychological well-being, and prospective memory report evidence for decision making, planning, coping with stress, and carrying out intended actions (page numbers unavailable). They do not show that future thinking helps form intentions: the implementation-intentions passage describes linking an existing intention to a future situation. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [67] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Analogous effects have been observed on consumption of hypothetical alcoholic drinks in individuals with alcohol dependency problems (74)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract Methods describe an episodic future thinking intervention and a hypothetical alcohol purchase task in 50 participants with alcohol dependence. The Abstract Results report that episodic future thinking decreased initial consumption of alcoholic drinks (Q0), supporting the attributed effect. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [74] source

In the paper

“experiments with rats revealing the involvement of hippocampal place cells in representing future locations during spatial navigation (for a recent example, see 104).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports that, as rats performed a navigation task, theta sequences formed from place-cell activity projected ahead of their current location toward future goals. The Results give an example of sequences containing spikes from cells ahead of the rat, near its destination. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [104] source

In the paper

“participants mentally simulated a route at a much faster rate (2.39 times) than their time to actually navigate the route, that is, their episodic simulations exhibited temporal compression.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that participants simulated routes at approximately 2.39 times the rate at which they subsequently navigated them. The Discussion describes this as temporal compression. The supplied passages do not provide page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [107] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“faster simulation was positively related to how effectively and efficiently participants navigated a virtual route.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that faster simulations were associated with more effective subsequent route navigation, based on a correlation between simulation time and excess path time. The Discussion also states that people who simulated a route faster subsequently navigated it more quickly. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [107] source

In the paper

“such effects of episodic future thinking are more pronounced when the simulated event is related to the respective decision (e.g., imagining the future moment of buying a computer when making monetary choices or of an upcoming meal when being tempted by readily available snacks; 70–71).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (section 4; page unavailable) report less monetary delay discounting with financial-goal-related future events than with general future events. The Methods (section 2.2; page unavailable) give purchasing a computer as an example of a financial-goal cue. This paper supports the monetary-choice example; it did not test the snack-choice example. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [70] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source

In the paper

“The foregoing observations indicate a distinct role for episodic retrieval in imagining future experiences”

In the paper

“recent experimental evidence points toward similar constructive mechanisms operating during episodic memory and future thought (12)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source

In the paper

“Other evidence similarly points toward picture description deficits in amnesic patients (27; but see 36 for contrasting results)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source

In the paper

“indicates that age effects on episodic future thinking are related to changes in more general cognitive functions (5).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source

In the paper

“it seems clear that episodic future thinking is not simply a direct expression of episodic memory (39).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source

In the paper

“a parametric modulation analysis indicated that induction-related differences in the episodic detail of imagined events were related to induction-related differences in the engagement of left anterior hippocampus and right inferior parietal lobule during the construction of imagined events.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] source

In the paper

“When constructing a future episode people typically access general personal knowledge before generating episodic details (40)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source

In the paper

“simulated social scenarios (i.e., location-specific interactions with people) were linked with medial prefrontal, posterior cingulate, temporal–parietal and middle temporal cortices.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] source

In the paper

“Recent meta-analyses have confirmed that the core/default network is engaged during episodic simulation (46)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [46]

In the paper

“fMRI data indicate that the vmPFC particularly supports simulations that can draw on rich knowledge (99)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [99] source

In the paper

“neuroimaging studies indicating that a common core network of brain regions show increased activity when people remember past experiences and imagine future experiences (e.g., 44).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] source

In the paper

“Related evidence reveals differences in functional connectivity among regions within the default network during episodic remembering and future imagining (48)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] source

In the paper

“Participants exhibited significantly more activity in several core network regions during the construction of imagined events after the ESI than control induction. These regions included the left anterior hippocampus, right inferior parietal lobule, right posterior cingulate cortex, and right ventral precuneus.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] source

In the paper

“Lesions to this region can reduce the episodic detail and coherence of imagined events (101–102).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [101] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [102] source

In the paper

“By signaling the anticipated value of an event, the vmPFC can mediate farsighted decisions (68–69).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] source

In the paper

“the semantic scaffolding hypothesis, which holds that semantic memory provides a framework that guides future thinking, including episodic future thinking (for discussion, see 30).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] source

In the paper

“Resting-state functional connectivity analyses seeded in these two regions further revealed stronger coupling with core network regions following ESI compared with the control induction.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] source

In the paper

“a study that revealed significant positive correlations between episodic future thinking and prospective memory abilities in both young and old adults (19).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source

In the paper

“cognitive evidence points toward a role for episodic future thinking in shaping an individual’s sense of self and identity (92–93)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [92] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] source

In the paper

“studies of spatial navigation show that episodic simulation makes an important functional contribution to planning routes and achieving navigational goals (see Box 3).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Box 3

In the paper

“The observation that the impact of episodic future thinking is contingent on the content of the imagined event indicates that it does not merely reflect a generic change in future orientation.”

In the paper

“Overall, these data indicate a functional role for episodic simulation in navigational planning.”

In the paper

“another study of amnesic patients (79) provided seemingly contradictory results, i.e., patients showed attentuation of temporal discounting in a situation also thought to induce episodic future thinking.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source

In the paper

“These beneficial effects were of similar magnitude in older and younger adults despite the existence of episodic future thinking deficits in older adults (89)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] source