Specifying the core network supporting episodic simulation and episodic memory by activation likelihood estimation
Open accessAbstract
It has been suggested that the simulation of hypothetical episodes and the recollection of past episodes are supported by fundamentally the same set of brain regions. The present article specifies this core network via Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE). Specifically, a first meta-analysis revealed joint engagement of expected core-network regions during episodic memory and episodic simulation. These include parts of the medial surface, the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex within the medial temporal lobes, and the temporal and inferior posterior parietal cortices on the lateral surface. Both capacities also jointly recruited additional regions such as parts of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. All of these core regions overlapped with the default network. Moreover, it has further been suggested that episodic simulation may require a stronger engagement of some of the core network's nodes as well as the recruitment of additional brain regions supporting control functions. A second ALE meta-analysis indeed identified such regions that were consistently more strongly engaged during episodic simulation than episodic memory. These comprised the core-network clusters located in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior inferior parietal lobe and other structures distributed broadly across the default and fronto-parietal control networks. Together, the analyses determine the set of brain regions that allow us to experience past and hypothetical episodes, thus providing an important foundation for studying the regions' specialized contributions and interactions.
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The ventromedial prefrontal cortex contributes to both accessing schematic knowledge used in episodic simulations and signaling their affective value.
“These studies suggest that the vmPFC contributes to both accessing schematic knowledge used in episodic simulations as well signaling their affective value (see Box 2).”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [47]
The Results identify vmPFC as part of the network engaged during episodic simulation, and the Discussion says mPFC may process a simulated event’s anticipated affective quality and integrate knowledge about its elements. The Discussion does not specifically assign those functions to vmPFC or describe the knowledge as schematic or being accessed. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe core network strongly overlaps with the default network, which becomes maximally active during stimulus-free rest periods and is associated with spontaneous thought and imagery that often includes remembering the past and/or imagining the future.
“This network strongly overlaps with the so-called “default network”, which becomes maximally active during stimulus-free rest periods and is associated with spontaneous thought and imagery that often includes remembering the past and/or imagining the future [8, 10–12].”
From Constructive episodic simulation in dreams (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA subset of default network regions called the core network is similarly engaged when people remember past experiences and imagine future experiences.
“More specifically, a subset of default network regions referred to as the core network [22] is similarly engaged when people are asked to remember past experiences (i.e., episodic memory) and imagine future experiences (i.e., episodic simulation; for a recent meta-analysis, see [68]).”
From Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [68]
Core network regions including left posterior inferior parietal lobe and posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as several regions of a distinct fronto-parietal control network, show increased activity during episodic simulation compared with episodic memory.
“core network regions including left posterior inferior parietal lobe and posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex show increased activity during episodic simulation compared with episodic memory, as do several regions that are part of a distinct fronto-parietal control network (47).”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [47]
The core/default network is jointly engaged during episodic simulation and episodic memory.
“further that it is jointly engaged during episodic simulation and episodic memory (47).”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [47]
The vmPFC is part of the core network involved in episodic simulation.
“The vmPFC is part of the core network involved in episodic simulation (47)”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [47]
A core network of brain regions including medial temporal, medial prefrontal, midline, and parietal regions is engaged both when participants recall the past and when they imagine possible futures, suggesting a common neural substrate.
“A “core network” of brain regions including medial temporal, medial prefrontal, midline, and parietal regions is engaged both when participants recall the past and when they imagine possible futures, suggesting that these processes rely on a common neural substrate [3, 4, 8, 9].”
From Constructive episodic simulation in dreams (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
A core network of brain regions that overlaps substantially with the default network and is recruited for remembering past events and simulating future events also exhibits consistent activity during tasks that measure divergent thinking.
“Neurally, a core network of brain regions (Schacter et al. 2007;Benoit and Schacter 2015) that overlaps substantially with the default network (Buckner et al. 2008;Andrews-Hanna et al. 2010, 2014;Yeo et al. 2011) and is recruited for remembering past events and simulating future events, also exhibits consistent activity during tasks that measure divergent thinking (for review, see Jung et al. 2013”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Benoit and Schacter 2015
An independent component representing the core network and an independent component representing the frontoparietal control network exhibited significantly stronger between-network coupling during the AUT > OAT following ESI > control induction.
“An independent component where the spatiotemporal map represented the core network (including bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, angular gyrus, medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, and retrosplenial cortex/posterior cingulate; Benoit and Schacter 2015), and an independent component where the spatiotemporal map represented the frontoparietal control network (including bilateral lateral prefrontal”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Benoit and Schacter 2015
Both remembering the past and imagining the future depend on a common neural substrate.
“suggesting that both processes depend on a common neural substrate [17,25–27].”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
The medial temporal, medial prefrontal, midline and parietal brain regions make up a core network engaged during episodic recall and imagining the future.
“For instance, the medial temporal, medial prefrontal, midline and parietal brain regions make up a ‘core network’ that is engaged during episodic recall and imagining the future [25–27,33–36]”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
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Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics
Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Silvia, P. J., & Schacter, D. L. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.004 · Cited by 1,105 · see citing works
“, episodic simulation; for a recent meta-analysis, see [68]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEpisodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions
Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., & Szpunar, K. K. (2017) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.06.002 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
“The vmPFC is part of the core network involved in episodic simulation [47], yet relatively little is known about the exact processes”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationTowards a universal taxonomy of macro-scale functional human brain networks
Uddin, L. Q., Yeo, B. T. T., & Spreng, R. N. (2019) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Schacter, D. L., & Madore, K. P. (2016) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/1750698016645230 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking
Madore, K. P., Thakral, P. P., Beaty, R. E., Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx312 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationReducing future fears by suppressing the brain mechanisms underlying episodic simulation
Benoit, R. G., Davies, D. J., & Anderson, M. C. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1606604114 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationVentromedial prefrontal damage causes a pervasive impairment of episodic memory and future thinking
Bertossi, E., Tesini, C., Cappelli, A., & Ciaramelli, E. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.034 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Madore, K. P., Szpunar, K. K., Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1612278113 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationMemory and Imagination: Perspectives on Constructive Episodic Simulation
Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of the Imagination · doi:10.1017/9781108580298.008 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationCore Network Contributions to Remembering the Past, Imagining the Future, and Thinking Creatively
Beaty, R. E., Thakral, P. P., Madore, K. P., Benedek, M., & Schacter, D. L. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01327 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationBechara, A., Berridge, K. C., Bickel, W. K., Morón, J. A., Williams, S. B., & Stein, J. S. (2019) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100619860513 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ventromedial prefrontal damage reduces mind-wandering and biases its temporal focus
Bertossi, E., & Ciaramelli, E. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw099 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Jing, H. G., Madore, K. P., & Schacter, D. L. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.08.010 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationAn fMRI investigation of the relationship between future imagination and cognitive flexibility
Roberts, R. P., Wiebels, K., Sumner, R. L., van Mulukom, V., Grady, C. L., Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.019 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationEscaping the Past: Contributions of the Hippocampus to Future Thinking and Imagination
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Szpunar, K. K. (2017) · The Hippocampus from Cells to Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_14 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of personal goals in autonoetic experience when imagining future events
Lehner, E., & D’Argembeau, A. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.04.002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Demblon, J., Bahri, M. A., & D'Argembeau, A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.062 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cognitive control modulates effects of episodic simulation on delay discounting in aging
Sasse, L. K., Peters, J., & Brassen, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00058 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Medial prefrontal cortex: adding value to imagined scenarios
Lin, W.-J., Horner, A. J., Bisby, J. A., & Burgess, N. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00836 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Thakral, P. P., Benoit, R. G., & Schacter, D. L. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.02.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationAllé, M. C., d'Argembeau, A., Schneider, P., Potheegadoo, J., Coutelle, R., Danion, J.-M., & Berna, F. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.05.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Common Mode of Processing Governing Divergent Thinking and Future Imagination
Roberts, R. P., & Addis, D. R. (2018) · The Cambridge Handbook of the Neuroscience of Creativity · doi:10.1017/9781316556238.013 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Age-related effects on future mental time travel
Anelli, F., Ciaramelli, E., Arzy, S., & Frassinetti, F. (2016) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/1867270 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory?
Davies, J. R., & Clayton, N. S. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0397 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Constructive episodic simulation in dreams
Wamsley, E. J. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264574 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“A “core network” of brain regions including medial temporal, medial prefrontal, midline, and parietal regions is engaged both when participants recall the past and when they imagine possible futures, suggesting that these processes rely on a common neural substrate [3, 4, 8, 9].”
BackgroundRepetition-Related Reductions in Neural Activity during Emotional Simulations of Future Events
Szpunar, K. K., Jing, H. G., Benoit, R. G., & Schacter, D. L. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138354 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMental time travel to the future might be reduced in sleep.
Speth, J., Schloerscheidt, A. M., & Speth, C. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.11.006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Benoit, R. G., & Schacter, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Benoit, Roland G.
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 75
- Pages
- 450-457
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4546530
- OpenAlex
- W2185722158
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH60941)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic simulation, episodic memory, core network, hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, medial temporal lobe, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, default mode network, frontoparietal network, recollection
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Brain, Humans, Imagination, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Mental Recall, Likelihood Functions, Memory, Episodic
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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