The DOI matches its Crossref record; 105 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 81 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis
Open accessAbstract
Persisting negative thoughts are considered a hallmark of depression. Recent information-processing approaches have begun to uncover underlying mechanisms of depressive rumination. Despite marked advances in this area, there is a lack of integration between psychopathology and cognitive (neuro) science research. We propose the 'impaired disengagement' hypothesis as a unifying framework between both approaches. The core tenet of our model is that prolonged processing of self-referent material is due to impaired attentional disengagement from negative self-referent information. We discuss empirical evidence for this framework and outline future ways in which the causal predictions of this model can be tested. The proposed framework can account for effectiveness of various treatments for depression and may aid in devising new interventions to target depressive cognition.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This theoretical review proposes that depressive rumination persists because attention is not effectively disengaged from negative self-focused material. It integrates cognitive and affective neuroscience evidence to argue that attentional control deficits, especially inhibition and set-shifting problems, contribute to brooding and may be treatment targets.
Key findings
- The model’s central claim is that prolonged processing of self-referent negative information arises from impaired attentional disengagement; normal cued rumination becomes pathological when conflict signaling or attentional control fails.
- Rumination is not unitary: factor analyses of the 22-item Ruminative Response Scale distinguish reflective pondering, a more adaptive problem-solving form, from depressive brooding, a more maladaptive and self-critical form; depression is specifically linked to high brooding.
- Reviewed evidence indicates that higher rumination correlates with poorer attentional control, including more perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task in ruminators versus nonruminators, brooding-related inhibition deficits in antisaccade and task-switching paradigms, valence-specific biases for negative words, and difficulty removing negative material from working memory; these associations often remain after controlling for depression scores.
- Neuroscience clues include sustained amygdala responses to negative words related to rumination, reduced connectivity between conflict-monitoring and prefrontal control regions, and altered default-mode-network connectivity, suggesting rumination may become habitual and deplete attentional resources rather than reflect top-down sense-making.
Methods
- Theoretical and integrative review, not an empirical study; it proposes the impaired disengagement framework and reviews existing cognitive, psychopathological, and affective neuroscience literature.
- Draws on questionnaire measures such as the 22-item Ruminative Response Scale and its brooding/reflection factors, experimental tasks including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, antisaccade, dot probe, negative priming, Sternberg, and task-switching paradigms, and neuroimaging, ERP, and rTMS findings.
- No new sample or primary data are reported; causal claims are framed as hypotheses to be tested prospectively and experimentally.
Limitations
- The paper states that most empirical evidence is correlational, so the causal direction between rumination and information-processing cannot be firmly established; rumination could impair attentional control rather than the reverse.
- The paper states that prospective studies and experimental manipulation of attentional control are needed; many cited studies used undergraduates with elevated depressive symptoms, and some used non-selected samples that may reduce group differences.
- Evident from the text: as a theoretical review, it does not directly test the model’s causal predictions, and some cited findings are mixed, such as no rumination–inhibition association for negative faces in a depressed sample, possibly due to verbal versus pictorial material.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
68 Not checked yet · 34 Own interpretation · 1 Own method · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“Interestingly, a larger switch cost when processing emotional material was associated with increased depressive brooding in response to stress.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.3.2 Rumination and Valence-specific Attentional Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Lissnyder, Koster, Goubert, Onraedt, & De Raedt, submitted
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Results revealed that impaired cognitive control measured at time one, reflected in larger switch costs, moderated the association between stress and increased rumination during a stressful period later in time.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.3.2 Rumination and Valence-specific Attentional Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Lissnyder, Koster, Goubert, Onraedt, & De Raedt, submitted
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that information-processing factors play a crucial role in rumination.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2. The Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Important to note here, rumination is influenced by factors other than informationprocessing.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.1 Basic Assumptions of the Model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The core tenet of our model is that prolonged processing of self-referent material is due to impaired attentional disengagement from negative self-referent information.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Internal or external stressors that conflict with a person's goals cue ruminative thoughts.
- Rests on an assumption: In most people, self-critical negative thoughts are not consistent with existing positive self-views.
- Rests on an assumption: In most people, conflict signaling is followed by disengagement of attention from negative thoughts.
- Rests on an assumption: After some time, self-critical thoughts or negative mood cause signaling of cognitive conflict.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such inhibition impairments for negative information have been observed in dysphoric (Joormann, 2004) as well as clinically depressed individuals (Goeleven, De Raedt, Baert, & Koster, 2006).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.3.2 Rumination and Valence-specific Attentional Bias
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, negative affect, impaired problem solving and task impairments can become important cues that trigger further negative cognitions and rumination.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The successful disengagement of attention from negative thoughts then allows to reappraise the situation or distract from the situation altogether by focusing attention on other (task-relevant) stimuli or more positive distracters.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: In most people, conflict signaling is followed by disengagement of attention from negative thoughts.
In the paper
“Indeed, there is emerging evidence that conflict signaling is reduced for negative material when individuals are in a negative mood state (Foti & Hajcak, 2010).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foti & Hajcak, 2010
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Given that information-processing factors related to attention and executive function determine to a large extent the contents of working memory (Hasher & Zacks, 1988), these factors may play an important role.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.1 Basic Assumptions of the Model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hasher & Zacks, 1988
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, individuals who are characterized by a difficulty to exercise attentional control in response to negative thoughts are likely to experience persistent rumination.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.1 Basic Assumptions of the Model
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Internal or external stressors that conflict with a person's goals cue ruminative thoughts.
In the paper
“Clearly, heightened levels of negative affect and/or the frequent encounter of stressful events are associated with enhanced attempts to understand these feelings and events (see also Martin & Tesser, 1996).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.1 Basic Assumptions of the Model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martin & Tesser, 1996
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We postulate difficulty to disengage attention as the central engine that puts individuals at risk for heightened levels of rumination and brooding in particular.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.1 Basic Assumptions of the Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Internal or external stressors that conflict with a person's goals cue ruminative thoughts.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, the narrowing of attention is associated with heightened importance of the emotional information that is within the focus of attention, which in turns intensifies the emotional state causing a further reduction of goal space.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it could be that the impaired inhibition of negative information enhances the amount of negative information that enters working memory.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.3.2 Rumination and Valence-specific Attentional Bias
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In line with emerging literature on emotion regulation, this signaling of conflict can occur at the automatic as well as at the strategic level (see Mauss, Bunge, & Gross, 2007).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mauss, Bunge, & Gross, 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Where initially rumination may be goaldirected and engage attentional resources, persistent rumination is characterized by reduced quality of thinking with attention being deployed to negative thoughts in a less constructive way (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This persistent rumination is related to depressive rumination or brooding.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be due to either impaired conflict signaling or intact conflict signaling but reduced attentional control.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is noteworthy though that this reduced attentional control is not of very large magnitude and mostly found in severely depressed individuals (see for a review, Joormann et al., 2007).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joormann et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Engaging in rumination, be it pondering or brooding, in response to major life events, negative mood states, or relatively minor stressors (such as an awkward social encounter) is considered a normal, non-pathological process.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.1 Basic Assumptions of the Model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carver & Scheier, 1998
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, previous research has shown that such persistent rumination is associated with impaired problem solving (Watkins & Moulds, 2005), reduced performance on other tasks (e.g., Lyubomirsky, Kasri, & Zehm, 2003), and with negative affect (Thomsen, Jorgensen, Mehlsen, & Zachariae, 2004).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Watkins & Moulds, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Lyubomirsky, Kasri, & Zehm, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Thomsen, Jorgensen, Mehlsen, & Zachariae, 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the first option (i.e., impaired conflict signaling), in individuals with negative self schemas (cf.Clark et al., 1999), negative thoughts about oneself will elicit less cognitive conflict and therefore attentional resources will not be reallocated.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clark et al., 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In most people, self-critical negative thoughts are not consistent with existing positive self-views.
- Rests on an assumption: After some time, self-critical thoughts or negative mood cause signaling of cognitive conflict.
In the paper
“Indeed, there is evidence that sad compared with positive mood is associated with a more focused attention and less creative thinking (Rowe, Hirsh, & Anderson, 2007).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE 2.2 Impaired Disengagement Hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rowe, Hirsh, & Anderson, 2007 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it was shown that brooding was related to valence-specific inhibitory problems as well as set-shifting impairments”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.3.1 Rumination and General Attentional Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Lissnyder, Koster, Derakhshan, & De Raedt, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This process of critical contextual and selfevaluation helps us make sense of events in our social environment or personal history (see Carver & Scheier, 1998).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.1 Basic Assumptions of the Model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carver & Scheier, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, important advances have been made in the area of cognitive methodology that allows to improve either attentional control functioning (see Siegle, Ghinassi, & Thase, 2007) or valence-specific processing biases (see MacLeod, Koster, & Fox, 2009).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ACC can be seen as a bridge between subcortical emotion processing and cognitive control, integrating signals from the ventral ACC and the dorsal ACC (Bush, Luu & Posner, 2000)”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bush et al., 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“First, emotional stimuli activate the amygdala (Zald, 2003), which in turn signals to the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zald, 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, there are also clues from affective neuroscience pointing towards a strong association between rumination and attentional control impairments, and that depressive rumination is not linked to top-down attempts to understand negative life events and mood but to the depletion of attentional resources.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.3.2 Rumination and Valence-specific Attentional Bias
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Taken together, the evidence discussed above (see also Burwell & Shirk, 2007;Joormann, 2006) indicates that rumination and brooding in particular are associated with impairments and valence-specific biases in attentional control functions.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.3.2 Rumination and Valence-specific Attentional Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burwell & Shirk, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Joormann, 2006
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ruminative, self-referential focus of depressed patients has led to predictions of differences between this clinical group and controls in terms of DMN connectivity (Greicius, Flores, Menon, Glover, Solvason, Kenna, et al., 2007).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greicius et al., 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“There is a wealth of research showing an enhanced amygdala activity upon the encounter of stress in depression, with the amygdala being primarily implicated in processing of negative emotions.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Siegle et al., 2002 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depression is associated with hypoactivation in cortical structures involved in attentional control which can be related to impaired emotion regulation.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davidson et al., 2002 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This increased amygdala activity has been linked to impaired cognitive control exerted by specific regions of the prefrontal cortex (Davidson, Pizzagalli, Nitschke, Putnam, 2002;Holmes & Pizzagalli, 2008) onto limbic emotion processing”
- Also stated in: § 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience · plain
“as reflected by lower regulatory activity in the frontal cortices as well as a reduced connectivity between the amygdala and these frontal cortex regions during emotion processing in depression.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead these data provide some indication for the inability to or absence of effortful control over depressive cognition as rumination depletes attentional resources.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Rumination drains attentional resources.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to these reasons there may remain an inward focused attention, with persistent rumination.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The brain structures involved in the default mode network (DMN) include precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex and medial, lateral and inferior parietal cortex (Raichle, 2001).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Raichle, 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This could mean that such cognitive control deficits may be causally related to the persistence of depressive cognition.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 2.3.2 Rumination and Valence-specific Attentional Bias
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the latter being involved in conflict monitoring and the facilitation of task-appropriate response selection (Macdonald, Cohen, Stenger & Carter, 2000).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Macdonald et al., 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“with some of these studies showing that changes in cognitive processing of emotional information precede and predict the affective effects of antidepressant medication (see Browning, Holmes, & Harmer, 2010).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Browning et al., 2010 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the finding that self-reflective thoughts are associated with the DMN which is anti-correlated with areas involved in attentional control suggests that ruminative thought may be a habitual mode of thinking in depressed individuals, going over negative events past repeatedly, without marked difficulties to control this type of thinking, or to engage in the active reappraisal of”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“can readily change a habitual thinking style if attentional control is not improved first, and this could be the reason for the important problem of relapse.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although deactivated during task performance, this network is active in the resting brain with a high degree of functional connectivity between regions.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Raichle et al., 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With regard to psychological treatments, traditional cognitive therapy for depression which is considered one of the most efficacious treatments for depression(Hollon & Dimidjian, 2009) would use verbal interventions that target negative thinking through challenging some of the core beliefs that are reported by the depressed individual.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 5. Future Challenges
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hollon & Dimidjian, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As an increasing number of depressive episodes is associated with lower stress reactivity (Monroe & Hakness, 2005) and increasing risk of developing new depressive episodes (Keller, 2003), it could be useful to target attentional control as a proximal risk factors for the development of first or recurrent depressive episodes.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Monroe & Hakness, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Keller, 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, sleep disturbances are a well-established risk factor for depression, that are not only present during depressive episodes but also precede these episodes (Fichter, Kohlboeck, Quadflieg, Wyschkon, & Esser, 2009).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 5. Future Challenges
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fichter et al., 2009 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At a broader level there is emerging cognitive as well as biological research pointing to the relevance of attentional factors in depression (De Raedt & Koster, 2010).”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 5. Future Challenges
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Raedt & Koster, 2010 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Internal or external stressors that conflict with a person's goals cue ruminative thoughts.
“We assume that certain internal (e.g., negative affect or memories) or external stressors that conflict with an individuals”
The paper relies on this without support.
In most people, self-critical negative thoughts are not consistent with existing positive self-views.
“In most individuals self-critical negative thoughts typically are not in line with existing positive self views.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In most people, conflict signaling is followed by disengagement of attention from negative thoughts.
“In most individuals this conflict signaling is followed by the disengagement of attention from negative thoughts.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Critical thinking ends when a solution is found or, without a solution, when the person uses automatic or deliberate emotion regulation.
“This critical thinking is terminated when a solution to the problem is reached or, in the absence of a solution, when the individual engages in either automatic or deliberate emotion regulation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
After some time, self-critical thoughts or negative mood cause signaling of cognitive conflict.
“Therefore after some time these thoughts (or the affiliated negative mood) will cause the signaling of cognitive conflict.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Rumination is a verbal process with a stronger link to verbal than pictorial material.
“this may be explained by the fact that rumination is a verbal processes with a stronger linkage to verbal compared with pictorial material.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Substantial correlational evidence supports an association between attentional control and rumination.
“Despite the wealth of correlational data indicating the link between attentional control and rumination, an important area of investigation will be to test the directional hypothesis that attentional factors contribute to the persistence of rumination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interpersonal therapy, like other well-studied psychotherapies, mainly employs verbal methods to improve depressive cognition.
“Other well-investigated forms of psychotherapy, such as interpersonal therapy also mainly use verbal techniques to improve depressive cognition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Rumination drains attentional resources.
“Instead these data provide some indication for the inability to or absence of effortful control over depressive cognition as rumination depletes attentional resources.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Computerized attentional-control training programs can be distributed with relative ease.
“Computerized programs to improve attentional control are relatively easy to disseminate and may have protective effects in at-risk individuals (see Baert, De Raedt, & Koster, 2001;Siegle et al., 2007).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Attentional difficulties, or deficits in the capacity to regulate attention and inhibit task-irrelevant information (Eysenck et al., 2007), are considered vulnerability factors for maintaining maladaptive cognitive processes (e.g., rumination, threat-related attentional biases) involved in internalizing psychopathologies, thereby increasing symptom severity and functional impairment (Derryberry &”
From Disentangling the effects of attentional difficulties on fears of social evaluation and social anxiety symptoms: Unique interactions with sluggish cognitive tempo (2020) · cites this paper as Koster et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Although prior research had shown that attentional difficulties are associated with increased threat-related attentional biases, fears, and internalizing symptoms (Hsu et al., 2015; Koster et al., 2011; Van Bockstaele et al., 2014)”
From Disentangling the effects of attentional difficulties on fears of social evaluation and social anxiety symptoms: Unique interactions with sluggish cognitive tempo (2020) · cites this paper as Koster et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
“without marked difficulties to control this type of thinking, or to engage in the active reappraisal of events past.”
§ Running head: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis > 3. Rumination and Attentional Control: Clues from Affective Neuroscience
“Instead these data provide some indication for the inability to or absence of effortful control over depressive cognition as rumination depletes attentional resources.”
Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- De Lissnyder, E., Derakshan, N., De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (in press). Depressive symptoms and attentional control: an antisaccade study. Cognition & Emotion.
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“…bias for dysphoric content in depression may begin voluntarily, depressed individuals may eventually attempt to disengage attention from dysphoric content, yet fail to endogenously shift attention elsewhere, in a manner comparable to the maintenance bias predicted in anxiety (Koster et al., 2011).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Koster, E. H. W., De Lissnyder, E., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Koster, Ernst H.W.
- ORCID
- Koster, Ernst H.W.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 138-145
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2004506384
- Semantic Scholar
- 7ce6513d4b864a431a865140a494be9a6c95cef2
- Cited by
- 916
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- biblio.ugent.be
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (BOF10/GOA/014)
- Universiteit Gent (BOF10/GOA/014)
- Vlaamse regering
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- depressive rumination, attentional disengagement, depression, cognitive models of depression, depression treatment, cognitive intervention
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Cognition, Depression, Emotions, Humans
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