Anti-inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the main mechanisms involved in the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson, Alzheimer, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and others. The activation of microglia is the main feature of neuroinflammation, promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and resulting in the progressive neuronal cell death. Natural compounds, such as flavonoids, possess neuroprotective potential probably related to their ability to modulate the inflammatory responses involved in neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, pure flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, genistein, hesperetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate) or enriched-extracts, can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and COX-2), down-regulate inflammatory markers and prevent neural damage. This anti-inflammatory activity is primarily related to the regulation of microglial cells, mediated by their effects on MAPKs and NF-κB signalling pathways, as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro data. The present work reviews the role of inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the potential therapeutic effects of flavonoids as a promising approach to develop innovative neuroprotective strategy.
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Phytochemicals including flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and carotenoids target multiple signaling pathways responsible for microglial activation and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, or NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation.
“Many phytochemicals including flavonoids and other polyphenols, terpenoids, and carotenoids have indeed the ability to target multiple signaling pathways responsible for microglial activation and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory mediators, or those involved in the activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK”
From Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease: Focus on Polyphenols and Monoterpenes (2022) · cites this paper as Spagnuolo et al., 2018
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Lutz, J. A., Carter, M., Fields, L., Barron, S., & Littleton, J. M. (2015) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12896 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mohamed, R. H. (2011) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Dominguez, L. J., Veronese, N., Vernuccio, L., Catanese, G., Inzerillo, F., Salemi, G., & Barbagallo, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13114080 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
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Bhatti, G. K., Reddy, A. P., Reddy, P. H., & Bhatti, J. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00369 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
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Piccialli, I., Tedeschi, V., Caputo, L., D’Errico, S., Ciccone, R., De Feo, V., Secondo, A., & Pannaccione, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.876614 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Elsallabi, O., Patruno, A., Pesce, M., Cataldi, A., Carradori, S., & Gallorini, M. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27030738 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Gruessner, B. M., Cornet-Vernet, L., Desrosiers, M. R., Lutgen, P., Towler, M. J., & Weathers, P. J. (2019) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-019-09645-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Molimau-Samasoni, S., Woolner, V. H., Foliga, S. T., Robichon, K., Patel, V., Andreassend, S. K., Sheridan, J. P., Te Kawa, T., Gresham, D., Miller, D., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2100880118 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Spagnuolo, C., Moccia, S., & Russo, G. L.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Food Science (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Spagnuolo, Carmela
- Venue
- European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 153
- Pages
- 105-115
- ISSN
- 0223-5234 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2752981360
- Cited by
- 458
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 18
- FWCI
- 3.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Flavonoids in Medical Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- flavonoids, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, microglial activation, inflammatory cytokines, neuroprotection, MAPK signaling, NF-κB signaling, quercetin, genistein, hesperetin, epigallocatechin gallate, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cyclooxygenase-2
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Flavonoids, Humans, Inflammation, Signal Transduction, NF-kappa B, Microglia, Neuroprotective Agents, Neurodegenerative Diseases, MAP Kinase Signaling System
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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