The Autonomic Brain: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis for Central Processing of Autonomic Function
Open accessAbstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is of paramount importance for daily life. Its regulatory action on respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, and many other systems is controlled by a number of structures in the CNS. While the majority of these nuclei and cortices have been identified in animal models, neuroimaging studies have recently begun to shed light on central autonomic processing in humans. In this study, we used activation likelihood estimation to conduct a meta-analysis of human neuroimaging experiments evaluating central autonomic processing to localize (1) cortical and subcortical areas involved in autonomic processing, (2) potential subsystems for the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, and (3) potential subsystems for specific ANS responses to different stimuli/tasks. Across all tasks, we identified a set of consistently activated brain regions, comprising left amygdala, right anterior and left posterior insula and midcingulate cortices that form the core of the central autonomic network. While sympathetic-associated regions predominate in executive- and salience-processing networks, parasympathetic regions predominate in the default mode network. Hence, central processing of autonomic function does not simply involve a monolithic network of brain regions, instead showing elements of task and division specificity.
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Heart rate variability is the consequence of descending influence of cortical regions down to the heart.
“Heart rate variability is the consequence of descending influence of cortical regions 27,28 down to the heart.”
From Interoceptive rhythms in the brain (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
The Study selection section treats high-frequency heart rate variability as a cardiovagal measure, and the Results identify cortical regions associated with parasympathetic regulation. But this neuroimaging meta-analysis does not establish that heart rate variability is caused by descending signals from those regions to the heart; the claim states a causal pathway more definitively than the evidence supports. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe DMN plays an important role in central autonomic function.
“Besides being highly active during wakeful rest, the DMN also plays an important role in central autonomic function (Thayer et al. 2012;Beissner et al. 2013).”
From Brain–Heart Interactions Underlying Traditional Tibetan Buddhist Meditation (2019) · cites this paper as Beissner et al. 2013
Core intrinsic connectivity networks have been associated with autonomic nervous system modulation.
“Additionally, the c-ICNs have also been associated with autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation [45–50] possibly helping to explain the ANS dysfunction consistently reported across psychopathologies [51, 52].”
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- Authors
- Beissner, F., Meissner, K., Bar, K.-J., & Napadow, V.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-06-19
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 10503-10511
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3685840
- OpenAlex
- W1985623917
- Cited by
- 920
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 25.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (BE4677/1-1, BE4677/1-)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R21DK097499)
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (R01-AT004714)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT004714, P01AT006663, R01AT005280)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- autonomic nervous system, central autonomic network, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, amygdala, insula, midcingulate cortex, default mode network, salience network, frontoparietal network
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autonomic Nervous System, Brain, Brain Mapping, Central Nervous System, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Sympathetic Nervous System, Magnetoencephalography, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Cluster Analysis, Likelihood Functions, Positron-Emission Tomography
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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