Developmental effects of acute, chronic, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine on fear conditioning
Open accessAbstract
Pre-adolescence and adolescence are developmental periods associated with increased vulnerability for tobacco addiction, and exposure to tobacco during these periods may lead to long-lasting changes in behavioral and neuronal plasticity. The present study examined the short- and long-term effects of nicotine and nicotine withdrawal on fear conditioning in pre-adolescent, adolescent, and adult mice, and potential underlying substrates that may mediate the developmental effects of nicotine, such as changes in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) binding, CREB expression, and nicotine metabolism. Age-related differences existed in sensitivity to the effects of acute nicotine, chronic nicotine and nicotine withdrawal on contextual fear conditioning (no changes in cued fear conditioning were seen); younger mice were more sensitive to the acute effects and less sensitive to the effects of nicotine withdrawal 24 h post treatment cessation. Developmental differences in nAChR binding were associated with the effects of nicotine withdrawal on contextual learning. Developmental differences in nicotine metabolism and CREB expression were also observed, but were not related to the effects of nicotine withdrawal on contextual learning 24 h post treatment. Chronic nicotine exposure during pre-adolescence or adolescence, however, produced long-lasting impairments in contextual learning that were observed during adulthood, whereas adult chronic nicotine exposure did not. These developmental effects could be related to changes in CREB. Overall, there is a developmental shift in the effects of nicotine on hippocampus-dependent learning and developmental exposure to nicotine results in adult cognitive deficits; these changes in cognition may play an important role in the development and maintenance of nicotine addiction.
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Nicotine is metabolized faster in rodents during pre-adolescence (P23-25) than in adults, producing lower blood levels, but no pharmacokinetic differences are seen during the adolescent period starting at P28.
“Although nicotine is more rapidly metabolized in rodents during pre-adolescence (P23–25) than in adults, leading to lower blood levels, no pharmacokinetic differences have been seen during the adolescent period starting at P28 (Portugal et al., 2012; Ahsan et al., 2014; Craig et al., 2014; Arany et al., 2017).”
From Unique, long-term effects of nicotine on adolescent brain. (2020) · cites this paper as Portugal et al., 2012
Results §3.4 finds no difference in plasma nicotine levels among pre-adolescent, adolescent, and adult mice after acute or chronic treatment; the Discussion likewise reports no age-related difference in nicotine metabolism. This contradicts the claimed faster metabolism and lower blood nicotine levels in pre-adolescents. The absence of a detected difference between adolescents and adults is supported, but Methods §2.1 places the adolescent group at PND 38 at the start of experiments, not P28. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn rodents, nAChR upregulation in dorsal hippocampus is associated with withdrawal-related deficits in hippocampal learning.
“Similarly, in rodents, nAChR upregulation in the dorsal hippocampus was associated with withdrawal-related deficits in hippocampal learning (Gould et al. 2012; Portugal et al. 2012).”
From Nicotine Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as Portugal et al. 2012
The Discussion reports that adult mice showed both hippocampal nAChR upregulation and impaired contextual fear conditioning after nicotine withdrawal; the Results (§3.5) confirm the receptor finding. The paper describes measurements in the hippocampus, not specifically the dorsal hippocampus, so that anatomical detail is unsupported. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNicotine withdrawal produces impairments in both contextual learning and attention-based models.
“Conversely, nicotine withdrawal produces impairments in both contextual learning and attention-based models (Semenova et al. 2007; Gould et al. 2012; Portugal et al. 2012; Poole et al. 2014; Yildirim et al. 2015).”
From The long-term cognitive consequences of adolescent exposure to recreational drugs of abuse (2018) · cites this paper as Portugal et al. 2012
The Results (§3.3; page unavailable) report that nicotine withdrawal impaired contextual fear conditioning in mice. The paper does not report an attention-based model or task; it found no effect on cued fear conditioning. Thus it supports the contextual-learning part, but not the attention-based part. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOther research points to a role for hippocampus in ANE-induced cognitive deficits.
“Other research points to a role for the hippocampus in ANE-induced cognitive deficits [196, 207, 208].”
From Consequences of adolescent drug use (2023) · cites this paper as [208]
In both adolescent and adult rodents, nicotine exposure leads to alterations of the cholinergic system in the hippocampus.
“In both adolescent and adult rodents, nicotine exposure leads to alterations of the cholinergic system in the HC (Trauth et al. 2000; Doura et al. 2008; Portugal et al. 2012).”
From The long-term cognitive consequences of adolescent exposure to recreational drugs of abuse (2018) · cites this paper as Portugal et al. 2012
Adolescent nicotine exposure, but not adult exposure, produces persistent cognitive deficits in contextual fear conditioning and other hippocampus-dependent tasks.
“Interestingly, when fear conditioning was assessed after a 30-d abstinence period following chronic nicotine exposure, preadolescent and adolescent exposed but not adult exposed animals displayed persistent cognitive impairments, indicating that adult deficits in fear conditioning during prolonged nicotine abstinence are specific to preadolescent and adolescent nicotine exposure.”
From The long-term cognitive consequences of adolescent exposure to recreational drugs of abuse (2018) · cites this paper as Portugal et al. 2012
Animal studies of prenatal nicotine exposure and cognitive development are more consistent, suggesting global learning and memory impairments.
“there is greater consistency among animal studies examining the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on cognitive development, suggestive of global impairments in learning and memory.”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [182]
Laboratory rodent studies provide strong evidence that isolated adolescent nicotine exposure produces long-lasting learning and cognitive deficits.
“studies of laboratory rodents provide strong evidence that isolated nicotine exposure during adolescence produces long-lasting deficits in learning and cognitive processes.”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [182]
The learning effects from adolescent nicotine exposure were not seen in adults similarly exposed to nicotine.
“The effects on learning were not seen in adults similarly exposed to nicotine.”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [182]
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Short- and Long-Lasting Consequences of<i>In Vivo</i>Nicotine Treatment on Hippocampal Excitability
Penton, R. E., Quick, M. W., & Lester, R. A. J. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4362-10.2011 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Kutlu, M. G., & Gould, T. J. (2016) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.042192.116 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citationConsequences of adolescent drug use
Steinfeld, M. R., & Torregrossa, M. M. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02590-4 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“Other research points to a role for the hippocampus in ANE-induced cognitive de fi cits [196, 207, 208].”
BackgroundEngland, L. J., Aagaard, K., Bloch, M., Conway, K., Cosgrove, K., Grana, R., Gould, T. J., Hatsukami, D., Jensen, F., Kandel, D., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationUnique, long-term effects of nicotine on adolescent brain.
Leslie, F. M. (2020) · Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173010 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Although nicotine is more rapidly metabolized in rodents during pre-adolescence (P23–25) than in adults, leading to lower blood levels, no pharmacokinetic differences have been seen during the adolescent period starting at P28 (Portugal et al., 2012; Ahsan et al., 2014; Craig et al., 2014; Arany et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMcLaughlin, I., Dani, J. A., & De Biasi, M. (2015) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13482-6_4 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Similarly, in rodents, nAChR upregulation in the dorsal hippocampus was associated with withdrawal-related deficits in hippocampal learning (Gould et al. 2012; Portugal et al. 2012).”
BackgroundCognitive function during nicotine withdrawal: Implications for nicotine dependence treatment
Ashare, R. L., Falcone, M., & Lerman, C. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.034 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The long-term cognitive consequences of adolescent exposure to recreational drugs of abuse
Mooney-Leber, S. M., & Gould, T. J. (2018) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.046672.117 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationSalmanzadeh, H., Ahmadi‐Soleimani, S. M., Pachenari, N., Azadi, M., Halliwell, R. F., Rubino, T., & Azizi, H. (2020) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.007 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The Transition from Childhood to Adolescence: Between Health and Vulnerability
Mastorci, F., Lazzeri, M. F. L., Vassalle, C., & Pingitore, A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11080989 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
New mechanisms and perspectives in nicotine withdrawal
Jackson, K. J., Muldoon, P. P., Biasi, M. D., & Damaj, M. I. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.009 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Broadwater, M., & SPEAR, L. P. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.013 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Holliday, E. D., & Gould, T. J. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.003 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationCellular, molecular, and genetic substrates underlying the impact of nicotine on learning
Gould, T. J., & Leach, P. T. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationGoriounova, N. A., & Mansvelder, H. D. (2012) · Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2012.00003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Nicotinic modulation of hippocampal cell signaling and associated effects on learning and memory
Kutlu, M. G., & Gould, T. J. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.008 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationEpigenetic and long-term effects of nicotine on biology, behavior, and health
Gould, T. J. (2023) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106741 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationGoriounova, N. A., & Mansvelder, H. D. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5502-11.2012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Evidence from mouse and man for a role of neuregulin 3 in nicotine dependence
Turner, J. R., Ray, R., Lee, B., Everett, L. J., Xiang, J. J., Jepson, C., Kaestner, K. H., Lerman, C. E., & Blendy, J. A. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.104 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular Mechanisms Associated with Nicotine Pharmacology and Dependence
Fowler, C. D., Turner, J. R., & Damaj, M. I. (2019) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2019_252 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute nicotine delays extinction of contextual fear in mice
Kutlu, M. G., & Gould, T. J. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.031 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationOrtinski, P. I., Turner, J. R., & Pierce, R. C. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5730-12.2013 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationNicotinic Receptors, Memory, and Hippocampus
Kutlu, M. G., & Gould, T. J. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13665-3_6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationUnique effects of nicotine across the lifespan
Ren, M., Lotfipour, S., & Leslie, F. (2022) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173343 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Holliday, E. D., Nucero, P., Kutlu, M. G., Oliver, C., Connelly, K. L., Gould, T. J., & Unterwald, E. M. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13398 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential effects of nicotine exposure on the hippocampus across lifespan
Zeid, D., Kutlu, M. G., & Gould, T. J. (2018) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x15666170714092436 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of healthy lifestyles on academic achievement among Italian adolescents
Maniaci, G., Cascia, C. L., Giammanco, A., Ferraro, L., Palummo, A., Saia, G. F., Pinetti, G., Zarbo, M., & Barbera, D. L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01614-w · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Nicotine and opioid co-dependence: Findings from bench research to clinical trials
Custodio-Patsey, L., Malone, S. G., Bardo, M. T., & Turner, J. R. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.030 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationWilkinson, D. S., Turner, J. R., Blendy, J. A., & Gould, T. J. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2808-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationPushkin, A. N., Dukes, A. J., Lallai, V., Torres-Mendoza, A., Fowler, J. P., Chen, E., & Fowler, C. D. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211346 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Oxidative stress in the lung of mice exposed to cigarette smoke either early in life or in adulthood
Micale, R. T., Maestra, S. L., Pietro, A. D., Visalli, G., Baluce, B., Balansky, R. M., Steele, V. E., & Flora, S. D. (2013) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0993-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nakauchi, S., Malvaez, M., Su, H., Kleeman, E., Dang, R., Wood, M. A., & Sumikawa, K. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.12.007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone signaling: Contribution to neural function, cognition, and relationship to nicotine
Leach, P. T., & Gould, T. J. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationGrochecki, P., Smaga, I., Łopatyńska-Mazurek, M., Gibuła‐Tarłowska, E., Kędzierska, E., Listos, J., Talarek, S., Marszałek‐Grabska, M., Hubalewska‐Mazgaj, M., Korga-Plewko, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22020589 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dissociation of tolerance and nicotine withdrawal-associated deficits in contextual fear
Gould, T. J., Wilkinson, D. S., Yildirim, E., Blendy, J. A., & Adoff, M. D. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.038 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationSeemiller, L. R., & Gould, T. J. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107234 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationHolliday, E. D., Logue, S. F., Oliver, C. F., Bangasser, D. A., & Gould, T. J. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12769 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationGitik, M., Holliday, E. D., Leung, M., Yuan, Q., Logue, S. F., Tikkanen, R., Goldman, D., & Gould, T. J. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationWilkinson, D. S., & Gould, T. J. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.053 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, K., Nakauchi, S., Su, H., Tanimoto, S., & Sumikawa, K. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dukes, A. J., Fowler, J. P., Lallai, V., Pushkin, A. N., & Fowler, C. D. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa084 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kutlu, M. G., Oliver, C. F., Huang, P., Liu‐Chen, L., & Gould, T. J. (2016) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.032 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationRuffolo, J., Frie, J. A., Thorpe, H. H. A., Talhat, M. A., & Khokhar, J. Y. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntab250 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chung, B. Y. T., Bignell, W., Jacklin, D. L., Winters, B. D., & Bailey, C. D. C. (2016) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00370.2016 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Connor, D. A., & Gould, T. J. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.033 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationCole, R. D., Wolsh, C. C., Zimmerman, M., Harrington, E. N., Gould, T. J., & Parikh, V. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.019 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationKutlu, M. G., Zeid, D., Tumolo, J. M., & Gould, T. J. (2018) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.06.010 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPoole, R. L., Braak, D. C., & Gould, T. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.045 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationYildirim, E., Connor, D. A., & Gould, T. J. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000111 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, B. G., Anastasía, A., Hempstead, B. L., Lee, F. S., & Blendy, J. A. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv047 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBúzás, A., Bokor, P., Balangó, B., Pintér, D., Palotai, M., Simon, B., Csabafi, K., Telegdy, G., Szabó, G., & Bagosi, Z. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.028 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Self-citationConnor, D. A., Kutlu, M. G., & Gould, T. J. (2017) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117695861 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Self-citationYang, Z., Chen, J., Han, H., Wang, Y., Shi, X., Zhang, B., Mao, Y. Q., Li, A. N., Yuan, W., Yao, J., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108335 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chronic nicotine impairs sparse motor learning via striatal fast‐spiking parvalbumin interneurons
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Age‐specific impacts of nicotine and withdrawal on hippocampal neuregulin signalling
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Self-citationMemory under siege: the cognitive costs of smoking and vaping
Oliver, B. G. G., Wang, Q., Yarak, R. A., Hikasem, T., Gorrie, C. A., Yi, C., & Chen, H. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101102 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wells, A. C., Mojica, C., & Lotfipour, S. (2024) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107959 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Differential expression of nicotine withdrawal as a function of developmental age in the rat
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The impact of adolescent stress on nicotine use and affective disorders in rodent models
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Self-citationChronic nicotine exposure in preadolescence enhances later spontaneous recovery of fear memory.
Zeid, D., & Gould, T. J. (2018) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000247 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCiampo, L. A. D., & Ciampo, I. R. L. D. (2020) · Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics · doi:10.22270/jddt.v10i4-s.4237 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adicción al tabaco y adolescencia: riesgos psicobiológicos
Ortega, L. A., Campos, E. L., SUAREZ, J. A., Barrios, K. P., & Rey, L. E. (2022) · Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines · doi:10.16888/interd.2023.40.1.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adolescent nicotine exposure affects later-life nicotine reward and withdrawal in mice
Buzzi, B., Buttar, B., Groener, Y., & Damaj, M. I. (2025) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174061 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
López, S., & Luís, J. (2019) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nicotine and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Acheson, D. T., & Glenn, D. E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802574-1.00016-8
Kutlu, M. G., Holliday, E. L., & Gould, T. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802574-1.00004-1
Self-citationEmergent Cognitive Impairment During Early Nicotine Withdrawal ∗
Schuster, R. M., & Evins, A. E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802574-1.00015-6
Cognitive Dysfunction in Addictions
Campos, M. W., & Bagnati, P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72219-6_39
Ayman, J., Búzás, A., Dochnal, R., Palotai, M., Jászberényi, M., & Bagosi, Z. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13010143
Holliday, E. D., Chowdhury, K. U., Chen, K., Saleem, B., Yenduri, A., & Suppiramaniam, V. D. (2025) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives4030029
Elucidating the Neural Threads: Role of CREB Modulation in Nicotine Addiction Mechanisms
Chhabra, L., Khan, H., Grewal, A. K., Dua, K., Gupta, G., Singh, S. K., & Singh, T. G. (2025) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-025-00313-1
- Authors
- Portugal, G. S., Wilkinson, D. S., Turner, J. R., Blendy, J. A., & Gould, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Temple University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gould, Thomas J.
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 482-494
- ISSN
- 1074-7427 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3358528
- OpenAlex
- W2037062942
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA017949, DA024787 TG)
- National Cancer Institute (CA143187)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- nicotine, nicotine withdrawal, chronic nicotine exposure, fear conditioning, contextual fear, contextual learning, CREB, nicotine metabolism, developmental vulnerability, late childhood, adolescence, hippocampus-dependent learning, cognitive impairment, nicotine dependence, mice
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Animals, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Hippocampus, Male, Nicotine, Receptors, Nicotinic, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Up-Regulation, Nicotinic Agonists, CREB-Binding Protein, Mice
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