Cited by 252Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorPrimate Behavior and EcologyNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Inhaled oxytocin amplifies both vicarious reinforcement and self reinforcement in rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta )

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Chang, Steve W. C., Barter, Joseph W., Ebitz, R. Becket, Watson, Karli K., Platt, Michael L.·2012·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Abstract

People attend not only to their own experiences, but also to the experiences of those around them. Such social awareness profoundly influences human behavior by enabling observational learning, as well as by motivating cooperation, charity, empathy, and spite. Oxytocin (OT), a neurosecretory hormone synthesized by hypothalamic neurons in the mammalian brain, can enhance affiliation or boost exclusion in different species in distinct contexts, belying any simple mechanistic neural model. Here we show that inhaled OT penetrates the CNS and subsequently enhances the sensitivity of rhesus macaques to rewards occurring to others as well as themselves. Roughly 2 h after inhaling OT, monkeys increased the frequency of prosocial choices associated with reward to another monkey when the alternative was to reward no one. OT also increased attention to the recipient monkey as well as the time it took to render such a decision. In contrast, within the first 2 h following inhalation, OT increased selfish choices associated with delivery of reward to self over a reward to the other monkey, without affecting attention or decision latency. Despite the differences in species typical social behavior, exogenous, inhaled OT causally promotes social donation behavior in rhesus monkeys, as it does in more egalitarian and monogamous ones, like prairie voles and humans, when there is no perceived cost to self. These findings potentially implicate shared neural mechanisms.

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Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1114621109

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  • Four studies raised oxytocin concentrations above 20 pg/ml from basal levels below 5 pg/ml; Dal Monte et al. reported a rise to 80 pg/ml after nasal spray but no significant rise with a nebuliser, and Modi et al. reported a 100-fold plasma increase in macaques to more than 300 pg/ml and a rise to about 60 pg/ml after nebuliser application.

    “Of the above-mentioned studies, four (20,22,24,25) achieved oxytocin concentrations in excess of 20pg/ml from basal levels of <5pg/ml, while Dal Monte et al. reported a rise to 80pg/ml after nasal spray, but no significant rise with a nebulariser (23).Modi et al. reported a 100-fold increase in plasma in the macaque (to >300pg/ml), and a rise to ~60pg/ml (from 10pg/ml) after nebulariser”

    From Intranasal Oxytocin: Myths and Delusions (2016) · cites this paper as [24]

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  • In two macaques given 25 IU intranasal oxytocin, CSF oxytocin increased from about 20 to about 50 pg/ml at 35 minutes.

    “Chang et al. gave 25IU oxytocin to two macaques, and reported a rise in CSF from ~20 to ~50pg/ml at 35min (24).”

    From Intranasal Oxytocin: Myths and Delusions (2016) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Results say two male macaques received 25 IU intranasal oxytocin, and the CSF OT Protocol says CSF was sampled on average 35 minutes after inhalation began. The Methods report an approximately 2.5-fold rise in CSF oxytocin, consistent with 20 to 50 pg/mL, but our copy does not state those absolute concentrations. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • Neuropeptides gain access to the brain following intranasal administration.

    “neuropeptides have been shown to gain access to the brain following intranasal administration (Born et al., 2002;Chang et al., 2012).”
  • IN-OXT treatment increases gaze following, increases socially oriented gaze, and alters social attention in a wide variety of contexts in macaques.

    “This work provides anatomical support for other findings in macaques, which indicate that IN-OXT treatment increases gaze following67, increases socially oriented gaze68, and alters social attention in a wide variety of contexts69–74.”
  • OT increases reward allocation to a partner monkey.

    “OT also enhances socially reinforced learning (Parr, 2014), and increases reward allocation to a partner monkey (Chang et al., 2012).”

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Pedersen CA (1999) Oxytocin Control of Maternal Behavior: Regulation of Sex Steroids and Offspring Stimuli. The Integrative Neurobiology of Affiliation, eds Carter CS, Lederhendler I, Kirkpatrick B (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), pp 301-320.

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Authors
Chang, S. W. C., Barter, J. W., Ebitz, R. B., Watson, K. K., & Platt, M. L.
Affiliations
Duke University (US)
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Published
2012-01-03
Volume
109
Issue
3
Pages
959-964
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
OpenAlex
W2134524153
Cited by
252
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 12
FWCI
41.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH086712, R01MH086712, R01MH095894)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords
oxytocin, vicarious reinforcement, self-reinforcement, social donations, prosocial behavior, selfishness, rhesus monkeys, social attention, reward sensitivity, social cognition, primate social behavior
MeSH terms
Administration, Intranasal, Animals, Decision Making, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Oxytocin, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Time Factors, Inhalation Exposure

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