Perceptual instability in schizophrenia: Probing predictive coding accounts of delusions with ambiguous stimuli
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BACKGROUND: Delusions, a core symptom of schizophrenia, are thought to arise from an alteration in predictive coding mechanisms that underlie perceptual inference. Here, we aimed to empirically test the hypothesized link between delusions and perceptual inference. METHOD: 28 patients with schizophrenia and 32 healthy controls matched for age and gender took part in a behavioral experiment that assessed the influence of stabilizing predictions on perception of an ambiguous visual stimulus. RESULTS: Participants with schizophrenia exhibited a weaker tendency towards percept stabilization during intermittent viewing of the ambiguous stimulus compared to healthy controls. The tendency towards percept stabilization in participants with schizophrenia correlated negatively with delusional ideation as measured with a validated questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate an association between a weakened effect of sensory predictions in perceptual inference and delusions in schizophrenia. We suggest that attenuated predictive signaling during perceptual inference in schizophrenia may yield the experience of aberrant salience, thereby providing the starting point for the formation of delusions.
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An additional or complementary mechanism for the persistence of delusions could be an imbalance between priors at low and high levels of the predictive coding hierarchy.
“An additional (or complementary) mechanism could be related to an imbalance between priors at low and high levels of the predictive coding hierarchy, as suggested by a series of studies investigating perceptual inference in relation to delusions (72, 105–107).”
From The Predictive Coding Account of Psychosis (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
The Discussion links attenuated sensory predictions to the formation of delusional interpretations and considers a possible disturbance of feedback predictions at higher levels of the cortical hierarchy. It says further work is needed to distinguish possible mechanisms; it does not establish an imbalance between low- and high-level priors or address the persistence of delusions. The indexed copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Ueda, N., Tanaka, K., Maruo, K., Roach, N. W., Sumiyoshi, T., Watanabe, K., & Hanakawa, T. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2021.100229 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Role of Shame in Schizophrenia Delusion
Borrelli, D. F., Ottoni, R., Maffei, S., Marchesi, C., & Tonna, M. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001630 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Faster bi-stable visual switching in psychosis
Killebrew, K. W., Moser, H. R., Grant, A., Marjańska, M., Sponheim, S. R., & Schallmo, M. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02913-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Visualizing threat and trustworthiness prior beliefs in face perception in high versus low paranoia
Bott, A., Steer, H. C., Faße, J. L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2024) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00459-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sterner, E., Greve, A., & Knolle, F. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-025-00643-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Intrinsic Rivalry. Can White Bears Help Us With the Other Side of Consciousness?
Havlík, M., Kozáková, E., & Horáček, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01087 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Choice- and trial-history effects on causality perception in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
Streiling, K., Schülke, R., Straube, B., & van Dam, L. C. J. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-025-00614-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Top-down resolution of visual ambiguity – knowledge from the future or footprints from the past?
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Paredes, R., Ferri, F., Romei, V., & Seriès, P. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.06.007 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prospection does not imply predictive processing
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Bogatova, D., Smirnakis, S. M., & Palagina, G. (2023) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0102-23.2023 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Blocking D2/D3 dopamine receptors increases volatility of beliefs when we learn to trust othersPreprint
Mikuš, N., Eisenegger, C., Mathys, C. D., Clark, L., Müller, U., Robbins, T. W., Lamm, C., & Naef, M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.496956 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
On the fixed nature of delusions
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Circular inference in visual cortical hierarchies in schizophrenia
Hara, S., Suzuki, K., Murakami, A., Majima, K., Abdelhack, M., Cheng, F., Doya, K., & Takahashi, H. (2026) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.70104 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effect of prior beliefs and cognitive deficits on learning in first-episode schizophrenia patients
Núñez, D. E., Rodríguez-Delgado, J., Castillo, R. D., Yupanqui, J., & Kloos, H. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2024.100318 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A inversão visual da profundidade na esquizofrenia
Alves, A., Fukusima, S. S., Quaglia, M. A. C., & Silva, J. A. D. (2018) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000183 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Spontaneous Necker-Cube Reversals are not that SpontaneousPreprint
Wilson, M., Hecker, L., Joos, E., Aertsen, A., van Elst, L. T., & Kornmeier, J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531257 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Contextual expectancy, prior belief, and prediction error in early stage visual processing
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Sleep deprivation results in diminished perceptual stability independently of psychosis pronenessPreprint
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Irony Comprehension in Schizophrenia
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Choice- and trial-history effects on causality perception in Schizophrenia Spectrum DisorderPreprint
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Reduced Visual Scanpath Affects Inferential Reasoning Task in SchizophreniaPreprint
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Visuomotor mismatch EEG responses over occipital cortex of freely moving human subjects
Sołyga, M., Żelechowski, M., & Keller, G. B. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670295
Visuomotor mismatch EEG responses over occipital cortex of freely moving human subjectsPreprint
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Visuomotor mismatch EEG responses in occipital cortex of freely moving human subjectsPreprint
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Altered First- but not Higher-Order Motion Aftereffect Strength in Individuals With Schizophrenia
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Visuomotor mismatch EEG responses over occipital cortex of freely moving human subjectsPreprint
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Factor analysing predictive processing: No evidence for a general factor across tasks
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Visuomotor mismatch EEG responses over occipital cortex of freely moving human subjectsPreprint
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Sato, S., Kato, T., & Toyoizumi, T. (2026) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbag095
Reduced visual scanpath is associated with inferential reasoning task in schizophrenia
Gadelha, A. L. D. C., Coutinho, L., Morelli-Calixto, R., Ziebold, C., de Figueiredo, V. M. E. S., Abduch, F., Sato, J. R., & Gadelha, A. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.09.025
Circuit mechanisms of psychotic symptoms across disorders
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- Authors
- Schmack, K., Schnack, A., Priller, J., & Sterzer, P.
- Affiliations
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schmack, Katharina
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 72-77
- ISSN
- 2215-0013 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5609639
- OpenAlex
- W2129453768
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 5.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research Cognition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (STE-1430/7-1, 1430/7-1, STE 1430/2-1)
- Berlin Institute of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, delusions, predictive coding, perceptual inference, perceptual stabilization, ambiguous visual stimuli, delusional ideation, aberrant salience, sensory prediction
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