Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: an epistemological review
Open accessAbstract
Binocular rivalry occurs when the eyes are presented with different stimuli and subjective perception alternates between them. Though recent years have seen a number of models of this phenomenon, the mechanisms behind binocular rivalry are still debated and we still lack a principled understanding of why a cognitive system such as the brain should exhibit this striking kind of behaviour. Furthermore, psychophysical and neurophysiological (single cell and imaging) studies of rivalry are not unequivocal and have proven difficult to reconcile within one framework. This review takes an epistemological approach to rivalry that considers the brain as engaged in probabilistic unconscious perceptual inference about the causes of its sensory input. We describe a simple empirical Bayesian framework, implemented with predictive coding, which seems capable of explaining binocular rivalry and reconciling many findings. The core of the explanation is that selection of one stimulus, and subsequent alternation between stimuli in rivalry occur when: (i) there is no single model or hypothesis about the causes in the environment that enjoys both high likelihood and high prior probability and (ii) when one stimulus dominates, the bottom-up, driving signal for that stimulus is explained away while, crucially, the bottom-up signal for the suppressed stimulus is not, and remains as an unexplained but explainable prediction error signal. This induces instability in perceptual dynamics that can give rise to perceptual transitions or alternations during rivalry.
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The flip between the two percepts in binocular rivalry is a function of the balance between the two generative models of the visual input.
“As such, the flip between the two percepts is a function of the balance between the two generative models of the visual input (Hohwy et al., 2008).”
From The free-energy self: a predictive coding account of self-recognition (2014) · cites this paper as Hohwy et al., 2008
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“To add some phenomenological nuance to our construct we borrow the term luminosity , which appears often in the ancient discourses of contemplative traditions (An ¯ alayo, 2017), particularly in Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism (Williams, 2013) and Indian philosophy (Skorupski, 2012; Berger, 2015).”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Hohwy, J., Roepstorff, A., & Friston, K.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hohwy, Jakob
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 687-701
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2157754891
- Cited by
- 546
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 5.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- philarchive.org
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (088130)
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Keywords
- binocular rivalry, predictive coding, empirical Bayes, perceptual alternation, prediction error, epistemology of perception
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Awareness, Bayes Theorem, Brain, Dominance, Cerebral, Humans, Motion Perception, Probability, Psychophysics, Visual Pathways, Visual Perception, Vision Disparity, Knowledge
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