Oxytocin can hinder trust and cooperation in borderline personality disorder
Open accessAbstract
We investigated the effects of intranasal oxytocin (OXT) on trust and cooperation in borderline personality disorder (BPD), a disorder marked by interpersonal instability and difficulties with cooperation. Although studies in healthy adults show that intranasal OXT increases trust, individuals with BPD may show an altered response to exogenous OXT because the effects of OXT on trust and pro-social behavior may vary depending on the relationship representations and expectations people possess and/or altered OXT system functioning in BPD. BPD and control participants received intranasal OXT and played a social dilemma game with a partner. Results showed that OXT produced divergent effects in BPD participants, decreasing trust and the likelihood of cooperative responses. Additional analyses focusing on individual differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance across BPD and control participants indicate that these divergent effects were driven by the anxiously attached, rejection-sensitive participants. These data suggest that OXT does not uniformly facilitate trust and pro-social behavior in humans; indeed, OXT may impede trust and pro-social behavior depending on chronic interpersonal insecurities, and/or possible neurochemical differences in the OXT system. Although popularly dubbed the 'hormone of love', these data suggest a more circumspect answer to the question of who will benefit from OXT.
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The efficacy of oxytocin in improving social abilities is under debate, largely due to frequently observed weak effect sizes and problems with replicability.
“The efficacy of oxytocin (OT) in improving social abilities is under debate, largely due to frequently observed weak effect sizes and problems with replicability (1–3).”
From Oxytocin under opioid antagonism leads to supralinear enhancement of social attention (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Intranasal OT increases mistrust in humans.
“intranasal OT has been reported to increase perceived social stress (9) and mistrust (77) in humans.”
From Oxytocin receptors in the anteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis promote stress-induced social avoidance in female California mice (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
More recent studies in humans suggest that Oxt's effects are nuanced and that intranasal Oxt treatment can have undesirable effects.
“Thus, it is perhaps not surprising that more recent studies in humans suggest that Oxt’s effects are nuanced (as the data from animal models would suggest) and that intranasal Oxt treatment can have undesirable effects (106–108).”
From Oxytocin during Development: Possible Organizational Effects on Behavior (2015) · cites this paper as [108]
OT administration in anxiously attached BPD patients and healthy controls decreased cooperation and trust.
“In addition, OT administration in anxiously attached BPD patients and healthy controls decreased cooperation and trust (Bartz et al, 2011).”
From Intranasal oxytocin administration dampens amygdala reactivity towards emotional faces in male and female PTSD patients (2016) · cites this paper as Bartz et al, 2011
OT effects on social behavior are often highly context and person dependent.
“Given that OT effects on social behavior are often highly context and person dependent (Bartz et al., 2011)”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Bartz, J., Simeon, D., Hamilton, H., Kim, S., Crystal, S., Braun, A., Vicens, V., & Hollander, E.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-11-29
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 556-563
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC3190211
- OpenAlex
- W2114229031
- Cited by
- 452
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 38.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000071, M01-RR-00071)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- oxytocin, borderline personality disorder, trust, cooperation, social dilemma games, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, rejection sensitivity, interpersonal instability, prosocial behavior, individual differences, intranasal oxytocin
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Borderline Personality Disorder, Cooperative Behavior, Female, Games, Experimental, Humans, Individuality, Male, Oxytocin, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Behavior, Trust
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