Effects of sleep fragmentation on appetite and related hormone concentrations over 24 h in healthy men
Open accessAbstract
In addition to short sleep duration, reduced sleep quality is also associated with appetite control. The present study examined the effect of sleep fragmentation, independent of sleep duration, on appetite profiles and 24 h profiles of hormones involved in energy balance regulation. A total of twelve healthy male subjects (age 23 (sd 4) years, BMI 24·4 (sd 1·9) kg/m 2) completed a 24 h randomised crossover study in which sleep (23.30–07.30 hours) was either fragmented or non-fragmented. Polysomnography was used to determine rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and total sleep time (TST). Blood samples were taken at baseline and continued hourly for the 24 h period to measure glucose, insulin, ghrelin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and melatonin concentrations. In addition, salivary cortisol levels were measured. Visual analogue scales were used to score appetite-related feelings. Sleep fragmentation resulted in reduced REM sleep (69·4 min compared with 83·5 min;P< 0·05) and preservation of SWS without changes in TST. In fragmented v.non-fragmented sleep, glucose concentrations did not change, while insulin secretion was decreased in the morning, and increased in the afternoon (P< 0·05), and GLP-1 concentrations and fullness scores were lower (P< 0·05). After dinner, desire-to-eat ratings were higher after fragmented sleep (P< 0·05). A single night of fragmented sleep, resulting in reduced REM sleep, induced a shift in insulin concentrations, from being lower in the morning and higher in the afternoon, while GLP-1 concentrations and fullness scores were decreased. These results may lead to increased food intake and snacking, thus contributing to a positive energy balance.
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It is plausible that these effects may be important in the short term to compensate for an increased caloric need caused by increased wakefulness, but chronically these effects may have a significant impact on the ability to regulate bodyweight.
“It is plausible that these effects may be important in the short term to compensate for an increased caloric need caused by increased wakefulness, 81 but chronically these effects may have a significant impact on the ability to regulate bodyweight.”
From The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review (2024) · cites this paper as [81]
The fragmentation protocol used in this study-alarms at varying frequencies and intensities every 90 min during sleep-reduced REM sleep but had no influence on SWS.
“Notably, the fragmentation protocol used in this study-alarms at varying frequencies and intensities every 90 min during sleep-reduced REM sleep but had no influence on SWS.”
From The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review (2024) · cites this paper as [81]
In the only study to our knowledge that has experimentally examined the effect of sleep fragmentation on 24-h leptin and ghrelin concentrations, Gonnissen et al. reported that sleep fragmentation did not influence leptin or ghrelin, although they did note lower glucagon-like peptide 1 and self-reported fullness.
“In the only study to our knowledge that has experimentally examined the effect of sleep fragmentation on 24-h leptin and ghrelin concentrations, Gonnissen et al. reported that sleep fragmentation did not influence leptin or ghrelin, although they did note lower glucagon-like peptide 1 and self-reported fullness.81”
From The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review (2024) · cites this paper as [81]
The effects of sleep restriction on leptin levels in subsequent studies have been mixed, with some studies reporting an increase and others reporting no significant difference after sleep restriction.
“The effects of sleep restriction on leptin levels in subsequent studies have been mixed, with some studies reporting an increase in leptin [25, 41–45] while others reported no significant difference [33, 46–51] after sleep restriction.”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [46]
A night of fragmented sleep in male subjects resulted in a decrease in REM (p<0.05) and an increase in post-dinner desire-to-eat ratings (p<0.05) the following day.
“In another study that used PSG, a night of fragmented sleep in male subjects resulted in a decrease in REM (p<0.05) and an increase in the post-dinner desire-to-eat ratings (p<0.05) the following day [46].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [46]
While ghrelin and leptin levels remain unchanged in some studies, a few others have shown significant changes after sleep deprivation.
“While ghrelin and leptin levels remain unchanged in some studies [46, 47, 49, 50], a few others have shown significant changes after sleep deprivation.”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Gonnissen, H. K. J., Hursel, R., Rutters, F., Martens, E. A. P., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Hursel, Rick
- ORCID
- Rutters, Femke
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-06-08
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 748-756
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2118088202
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep fragmentation, appetite, REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, insulin secretion, glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin, leptin, melatonin, salivary cortisol, energy balance, satiety, desire to eat, glucose, snacking
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Adult, Appetite, Appetite Regulation, Blood Glucose, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin, Male, Melatonin, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep, REM, Time Factors, Polysomnography, Leptin, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Ghrelin, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers
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