Effects of Sleep Fragmentation on Glucose Metabolism in Normal Subjects
Open accessAbstract
Background Sleep disorders are increasingly associated with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Whether the metabolic toll imposed by sleep-related disorders is caused by poor-quality sleep or due to other confounding factors is not known. The objective of this study was to examine whether experimental sleep fragmentation across all sleep stages would alter glucose metabolism, adrenocortical function, and sympathovagal balance.Methods Sleep was experimentally fragmented across all stages in 11 healthy, normal volunteers for two nights using auditory and mechanical stimuli. Primary outcomes included insulin sensitivity (S(I)), glucose effectiveness (S(G)), and insulin secretion, as determined by the intravenous glucose tolerance test. Secondary outcomes included measures of sympathovagal balance and serum levels of inflammatory markers, adipokines, and cortisol.Results Following two nights of sleep fragmentation, S(I) decreased from 5.02 to 3.76 (mU/L)(-1)min(-1) (P < .0001). S(G), which is the ability of glucose to mobilize itself independent of an insulin response, also decreased from 2.73 x 10(-2) min(-1) to 2.16 x 10(-2) min(-1) (P < .01). Sleep fragmentation led to an increase in morning cortisol levels and a shift in sympathovagal balance toward an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity. Markers of systemic inflammation and serum adipokines were unchanged with sleep fragmentation.Conclusions Fragmentation of sleep across all stages is associated with a decrease in S(I) and S(G). Increases in sympathetic nervous system and adrenocortical activity likely mediate the adverse metabolic effects of poor sleep quality.
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Previous studies have shown that experimental reductions of sleep quality without change in sleep duration can result in decreases in SI that approximate the effect size of circadian misalignment observed.
“Previous studies in healthy young adults have shown that experimental reductions of sleep quality without change in sleep duration, by nearly complete suppression of SWS (31) or by severe sleep fragmentation across all sleep stages (32), can result in decreases in SI that approximate the effect size of circadian misalignment observed in the current study.”
From Circadian Misalignment Augments Markers of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation, Independently of Sleep Loss (2014) · cites this paper as [32]
The Abstract reports a decrease in insulin sensitivity after two nights of fragmentation across all sleep stages, and the Discussion says sleep duration was preserved. But the Discussion calls the disruption moderate, not severe. The comparison with circadian misalignment is the citing authors’ own comparison, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe FSIVGTT has been used to show adverse effects of sleep disturbances on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and in one study FSIVGTT and the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp gave similar results.
“This test has been used to show an adverse effect of sleep disturbances on human glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in multiple previous reports (12, 15,17, 23, 24). In 1 study that used both the FSIVGTT and the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp to assess changes in insulin sensitivity after experimental sleep restriction in healthy participants, both methods provided similar results (12).”
From Impaired Insulin Signaling in Human Adipocytes After Experimental Sleep Restriction: A Randomized, Crossover Study (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
If sleep restriction or fragmentation lasts only one or two nights, or is broken by daytime naps, circulating inflammatory markers seem unchanged.
“when sleep restriction or sleep fragmentation is limited to only 1 or 2 nights (Stamatakis and Punjabi, 2010; Schmid et al, 2011; Abedelmalek et al, 2013), or interrupted by daytime naps (Faraut et al, 2011) (Shearer et al, 2001), circulating levels of inflammatory markers do not appear to change (Irwin et al, 2015).”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Stamatakis and Punjabi, 2010
Glucose effectiveness was reduced by 21% in the sleep fragmentation study.
“Glucose effectiveness was reduced by 21%.”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [167]
Two studies demonstrated that poor sleep quality, independently of sleep duration, impairs glucose regulation in healthy young adults.
“Two studies have demonstrated that poor sleep quality, independently of sleep duration, impairs glucose regulation in healthy young adults [167, 176].”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [167]
In the sleep fragmentation study, the disposition index was not affected because an increase in insulin release compensated for the decrease in insulin sensitivity.
“In this latter study, however, the DI was not affected by the sleep fragmentation since an increase in insulin release was able to compensate the decrease in SI.”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [167]
Fragmentation across all sleep stages for two nights resulted in a similar 25% decrease in insulin sensitivity.
“Fragmentation across all sleep stages for two nights resulted in a similar 25% decrease in SI.”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [167]
Following 2 nights of experimental sleep fragmentation across all stages, an increase in morning cortisol levels was observed, in association with a shift in the sympatho-vagal balance towards an increase of sympathetic nervous system activity, and a decrease in insulin sensitivity.
“Following 2 nights of experimental sleep fragmentation across all stages, an increase in morning cortisol levels was observed, in association with a shift in the sympatho-vagal balance, estimated from the analysis of the heart rate variability towards an increase of sympathetic nervous system activity, and a decrease in insulin sensitivity.”
From Impact of Sleep and Its Disturbances on Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity (2010) · cites this paper as [93]
Acute sleep deprivation is associated with increased sympathetic activity, decreased parasympathetic tone, and increased sympathovagal balance.
“Acute sleep deprivation is associated with increased sympathetic activity, decreased parasympathetic tone and therefore, with increased sympathovagal balance101,109,123,124”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [124]
Total and partial sleep deprivation reduce glucose tolerance in lean individuals.
“Total and partial sleep deprivation reduced glucose tolerance in lean individuals.”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [124]
Adiponectin levels are similar after partial and total sleep deprivation and sleep fragmentation.
“Adiponectin levels were similar after partial and total sleep deprivation and sleep fragmentation99,121,124”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [124]
Effects of sleep curtailment on CRP levels are inconsistent: lower, unchanged, or higher.
“Effects of sleep curtailment on CRP levels are inconsistent: they have been reported lower,96 unchanged,124 or higher.108,112”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [124]
Fragmented sleep across the night and suppression of Stage N3 decreased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.
“Quality of sleep also affects insulin sensitivity as demonstrated by a study that fragmented sleep across the night [27], and another that suppressed Stage N3 (deep non-REM sleep or slow wave sleep [SWS]) [28]. In both of these studies decreased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were observed.”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [27]
Decreases in sleep quality adversely influence glucose regulation.
“Not only decreases in sleep duration, but also in sleep quality have been demonstrated to adversely influence glucose regulation.”
From Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [45]
Following two nights of sleep fragmentation, insulin sensitivity as assessed by IVGTT is decreased and morning cortisol is increased.
“Following two nights of sleep fragmentation, insulin sensitivity as assessed by IVGTT was decreased and morning cortisol was increased [45].”
From Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [45]
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- Authors
- Stamatakis, K. A., & Punjabi, N. M.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Punjabi, Naresh M.
- Venue
- Chest
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-101
- ISSN
- 0012-3692 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2803120
- OpenAlex
- W2083503000
- Cited by
- 614
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 37.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHEST Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL086862, R01HL075078, HL075078, R01HL086862)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000056, 5 M01 RR00056)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep fragmentation, glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness, insulin secretion, adrenocortical function, cortisol, sympathovagal balance, sympathetic activity, sleep quality, sleep disorders, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, inflammatory markers, adipokines
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glucose Tolerance Test, Heart Rate, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Prognosis, Reference Values, Sleep Deprivation, Polysomnography, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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