The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
COVID-19 Vaccine Frontrunners and Their Nanotechnology Design
Open accessAbstract
Humanity is experiencing a catastrophic pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally to cause significant morbidity and mortality, and there still remain unknowns about the biology and pathology of the virus. Even with testing, tracing, and social distancing, many countries are struggling to contain SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 will only be suppressible when herd immunity develops, either because of an effective vaccine or if the population has been infected and is resistant to reinfection. There is virtually no chance of a return to pre-COVID-19 societal behavior until there is an effective vaccine. Concerted efforts by physicians, academic laboratories, and companies around the world have improved detection and treatment and made promising early steps, developing many vaccine candidates at a pace that has been unmatched for prior diseases. As of August 11, 2020, 28 of these companies have advanced into clinical trials with Moderna, CanSino, the University of Oxford, BioNTech, Sinovac, Sinopharm, Anhui Zhifei Longcom, Inovio, Novavax, Vaxine, Zydus Cadila, Institute of Medical Biology, and the Gamaleya Research Institute having moved beyond their initial safety and immunogenicity studies. This review analyzes these frontrunners in the vaccine development space and delves into their posted results while highlighting the role of the nanotechnologies applied by all the vaccine developers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., Graham, B. S., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2507 · Cited by 8,897
Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8
Heil, F., Hemmi, H., Hochrein, H., Ampenberger, F., Kirschning, C., Akira, S., Lipford, G., Wagner, H., & Bauer, S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093620 · Cited by 3,947
An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022483 · Cited by 3,237
Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period
Kissler, S. M., Tedijanto, C., Goldstein, E., Grad, Y. H., & Lipsitch, M. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb5793 · Cited by 2,611
Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Patients With Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019
Zhao, J., Yuan, Q., Wang, H., Liu, W., Liao, X., Su, Y., Wang, X., Yuan, J., Li, T., Li, J., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa344 · Cited by 2,607
Folegatti, P. M., Ewer, K. J., Aley, P. K., Angus, B., Becker, S., Belij-Rammerstorfer, S., Bellamy, D., Bibi, S., Bittaye, M., Clutterbuck, E. A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31604-4 · Cited by 2,419
Genome Composition and Divergence of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Originating in China
Wu, A., Peng, Y., Huang, B., Ding, X., Wang, X., Niu, P., Meng, J., Zhu, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, J., et al. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001 · Cited by 2,361
Karikó, K., Muramatsu, H., Welsh, F. A., Ludwig, J., Kato, H., Akira, S., & Weissman, D. (2008) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.200 · Cited by 1,930
Vaccine Adjuvants: Putting Innate Immunity to Work
Coffman, R. L., Sher, A., & Seder, R. A. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.002 · Cited by 1,924
IMMUNOBIOLOGY : the immunesystem in health and disease
Janeway, C. A. (1994) · Cited by 1,757
Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike
Watanabe, Y., Allen, J. D., Wrapp, D., McLellan, J. S., & Crispin, M. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb9983 · Cited by 1,548
Zhu, F.-C., Li, Y.-H., Guan, X.-H., Hou, L.-H., Wang, W.-J., Li, J.-X., Wu, S.-P., Wang, B.-S., Wang, Z., Wang, L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31208-3 · Cited by 1,382
Zhu, F.-C., Guan, X.-H., Li, Y.-H., Huang, J.-Y., Jiang, T., Hou, L.-H., Li, J.-X., Yang, B.-F., Wang, L., Wang, W.-J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31605-6 · Cited by 1,225
Phase 1–2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine
Keech, C., Albert, G., Cho, I., Robertson, A., Reed, P., Neal, S., Plested, J. S., Zhu, M., Cloney-Clark, S., Zhou, H., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2026920 · Cited by 1,156
Immunological mechanisms of vaccination
Pulendran, B., & Ahmed, R. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2039 · Cited by 1,089
Astuti, I., & Ysrafil (2020) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.020 · Cited by 1,070
Pardi, N., Tuyishime, S., Muramatsu, H., Kariko, K., Mui, B. L., Tam, Y. K., Madden, T. D., Hope, M. J., & Weissman, D. (2015) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.007 · Cited by 1,014
Modified mRNA vaccines protect against zika virus infection
Richner, J. M., Himansu, S., Dowd, K. A., Butler, S. L., Salazar, V., Fox, J. M., Julander, J. G., Tang, W. W., Shresta, S., Pierson, T. C., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.017 · Cited by 909
COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report
Kaur, S. P., & Gupta, V. (2020) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114 · Cited by 852
The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines
Klein, S. L., Jedlicka, A., & Pekosz, A. (2010) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70049-9 · Cited by 815
T cell responses in patients with COVID-19
Chen, Z., & John Wherry, E. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0402-6 · Cited by 797
Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies
Lee, W. S., Wheatley, A. K., Kent, S. J., & DeKosky, B. J. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-00789-5 · Cited by 676
Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines
Geall, A. J., Verma, A., Otten, G. R., Shaw, C. A., Hekele, A., Banerjee, K., Cu, Y., Beard, C. W., Brito, L. A., Krucker, T., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1209367109 · Cited by 675
Multi-Faceted Functions of Secretory IgA at Mucosal Surfaces
Corthésy, B. (2013) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00185 · Cited by 674
Advances in mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases
Zhang, C., Maruggi, G., Shan, H., & Li, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00594 · Cited by 665
COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward
Shin, M. D., Shukla, S., Chung, Y. H., Beiss, V., Chan, S. K., Ortega-Rivera, O. A., Wirth, D. M., Chen, A., Sack, M., Pokorski, J. K., et al. (2020) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-020-0737-y · Cited by 659
Self-citationDeveloping mRNA-vaccine technologies
Schlake, T., Thess, A., Fotin-Mleczek, M., & Kallen, K.-J. (2012) · RNA Biology · doi:10.4161/rna.22269 · Cited by 622
Immunity and immunopathology to viruses: what decides the outcome?
Rouse, B. T., & Sehrawat, S. (2010) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2802 · Cited by 619
Nanoparticle Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases
Pati, R., Shevtsov, M., & Sonawane, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02224 · Cited by 514
Petsch, B., Schnee, M., Vogel, A. B., Lange, E., Hoffmann, B., Voss, D., Schlake, T., Thess, A., Kallen, K.-J., Stitz, L., et al. (2012) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2436 · Cited by 464
Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19
Juno, J. A., Tan, H.-X., Lee, W. S., Reynaldi, A., Kelly, H. G., Wragg, K., Esterbauer, R., Kent, H. E., Batten, C. J., Mordant, F. L., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0995-0 · Cited by 437
Developments in Viral Vector-Based Vaccines
Ura, T., Okuda, K., & Shimada, M. (2014) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines2030624 · Cited by 436
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in lung diseases
KUBA, K., IMAI, Y., & PENNINGER, J. (2006) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2006.03.001 · Cited by 401
Stabilization of RNA stacking by pseudouridine
Davis, D. R. (1995) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/23.24.5020 · Cited by 399
Dicks, M. D. J., Spencer, A. J., Edwards, N. J., Wadell, G., Bojang, K., Gilbert, S. C., Hill, A. V. S., & Cottingham, M. G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040385 · Cited by 384
Viruses as vaccine vectors for infectious diseases and cancer
Draper, S. J., & Heeney, J. L. (2010) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2240 · Cited by 353
Garçon, N., Vaughn, D. W., & Didierlaurent, A. M. (2012) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/erv.11.192 · Cited by 347
Fotin-Mleczek, M., Duchardt, K. M., Lorenz, C., Pfeiffer, R., Ojkić-Zrna, S., Probst, J., & Kallen, K.-J. (2011) · Journal of Immunotherapy · doi:10.1097/cji.0b013e3181f7dbe8 · Cited by 335
Molecular mechanisms for enhanced DNA vaccine immunogenicity
Li, L., & Petrovsky, N. (2016) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2016.1124762 · Cited by 335
Crawford-Miksza, L., & Schnurr, D. P. (1996) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.70.3.1836-1844.1996 · Cited by 325
Recent Advances in Subunit Vaccine Carriers
Vartak, A., & Sucheck, S. (2016) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines4020012 · Cited by 323
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 in the brain: properties and future directions
Xia, H., & Lazartigues, E. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05723.x · Cited by 321
New understanding of the damage of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside the respiratory system
Zhang, Y., Geng, X., Tan, Y., Li, Q., Xu, C., Xu, J., Hao, L., Zeng, Z., Luo, X., Liu, F., et al. (2020) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110195 · Cited by 319
Mosaic nanoparticle display of diverse influenza virus hemagglutinins elicits broad B cell responses
Kanekiyo, M., Joyce, M. G., Gillespie, R. A., Gallagher, J. R., Andrews, S. F., Yassine, H. M., Wheatley, A. K., Fisher, B. E., Ambrozak, D. R., Creanga, A., et al. (2019) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-018-0305-x · Cited by 301
The Lymphatic System in Health and Disease
Cueni, L. N., & Detmar, M. (2008) · Lymphatic Research and Biology · doi:10.1089/lrb.2008.1008 · Cited by 288
Inducing Mucosal IgA: A Challenge for Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems
Boyaka, P. N. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601775 · Cited by 257
Effect of vaccine administration modality on immunogenicity and efficacy
Zhang, L., Wang, W., & Wang, S. (2015) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2015.1081067 · Cited by 255
Lymphatic drug delivery using engineered liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles
Cai, S., Yang, Q., Bagby, T. R., & Forrest, M. L. (2011) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.017 · Cited by 252
Smallpox Vaccine: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Belongia, E. A., & Naleway, A. L. (2003) · Clinical Medicine & Research · doi:10.3121/cmr.1.2.87 · Cited by 216
DNA vaccines: roles against diseases
Khan, K. H. (2013) · GERMS · doi:10.11599/germs.2013.1034 · Cited by 212
Inactivated virus vaccines from chemistry to prophylaxis: merits, risks and challenges
Delrue, I., Verzele, D., Madder, A., & Nauwynck, H. J. (2012) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/erv.12.38 · Cited by 196
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines
Dudas, R. A., & Karron, R. A. (1998) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.11.3.430 · Cited by 191
Development of the CpG Adjuvant 1018: A Case Study
Campbell, J. D. (2017) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_2 · Cited by 189
Wang, Z.-B., & Xu, J. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8010128 · Cited by 169
T‐cell‐inducing vaccines – what’s the future
Gilbert, S. C. (2012) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03517.x · Cited by 168
Nanoparticle Vaccines Adopting Virus-like Features for Enhanced Immune Potentiation
Chattopadhyay, S., Chen, J.-Y., Chen, H.-W., & Hu, C.-M. J. (2017) · Nanotheranostics · doi:10.7150/ntno.19796 · Cited by 166
Development of nonhuman adenoviruses as vaccine vectors
Bangari, D. S., & Mittal, S. K. (2005) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.101 · Cited by 142
Designing liposomal adjuvants for the next generation of vaccines
Perrie, Y., Crofts, F., Devitt, A., Griffiths, H. R., Kastner, E., & Nadella, V. (2015) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.005 · Cited by 140
Factors Which Contribute to the Immunogenicity of Non-replicating Adenoviral Vectored Vaccines
Coughlan, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00909 · Cited by 136
DNA Vaccines: Technology and Application as Anti-parasite and Anti-microbial Agents
Alarcon, J. B., Waine, G. J., & McManus, D. P. (1999) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60152-9 · Cited by 133
The clinical development process for a novel preventive vaccine
Singh, K., & Mehta, S. (2016) · Journal of Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.4103/0022-3859.173187 · Cited by 127
COVID-19 vaccines: breaking record times to first-in-human trials
Kim, Y. C., Dema, B., & Reyes-Sandoval, A. (2020) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-020-0188-3 · Cited by 117
RNA Mediated toll-like receptor stimulation in health and disease
Dalpke, A. H., & Helm, M. (2012) · RNA Biology · doi:10.4161/rna.20206 · Cited by 113
Viral vectors for vaccine applications
Choi, Y., & Chang, J. (2013) · Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research · doi:10.7774/cevr.2013.2.2.97 · Cited by 112
Tai, W., Zhao, G., Sun, S., Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Tao, X., Tseng, C.-T. K., Li, F., Jiang, S., Du, L., et al. (2016) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.005 · Cited by 110
Immune mechanisms of protection: can adjuvants rise to the challenge?
McKee, A. S., MacLeod, M. K. L., Kappler, J. W., & Marrack, P. (2010) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-37 · Cited by 105
Chao, Y., Rötzschke, O., & Tan, E. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.057 · Cited by 105
Duration of serum neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from SARS-CoV infection
Lin, Q., Zhu, L., Ni, Z., Meng, H., & You, L. (2020) · Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.015 · Cited by 97
Vogel, F. R., & Sarver, N. (1995) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.8.3.406 · Cited by 89
Kreutz, M., Giquel, B., Hu, Q., Abuknesha, R., Uematsu, S., Akira, S., Nestle, F. O., & Diebold, S. S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040208 · Cited by 79
Advances in HIV-1 Vaccine Development
Gao, Y., McKay, P. F., & Mann, J. F. S. (2018) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v10040167 · Cited by 64
Bangari, D. S., Shukla, S., & Mittal, S. K. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.099 · Cited by 63
Fischer, L., Tronel, J.-P., Pardo-David, C., Tanner, P. A., Colombet, G., Minke, J. M. H. M., & Audonnet, J.-C. (2002) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00344-4 · Cited by 58
Bangari, D. S., & Mittal, S. K. (2004) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2004.05.003 · Cited by 57
Naylor, R. N., Ho, N. W. Y., & Gilham, P. T. (1965) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja01096a050 · Cited by 53
Hayashi, M., Aoshi, T., Haseda, Y., Kobiyama, K., Wijaya, E., Nakatsu, N., Igarashi, Y., Standley, D. M., Yamada, H., Honda‐Okubo, Y., et al. (2016) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.015 · Cited by 48
Baxi, M. K., Deregt, D., Robertson, J., BABIUK, L. A., Schlapp, T., & Tikoo, S. K. (2000) · Virology · doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0661 · Cited by 47
Coronavirus Vaccine: Light at the End of the Tunnel
Ella, K. M., & Mohan, V. (2020) · Indian Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s13312-020-1812-z · Cited by 45
Rasmussen, U. B., Benchaibi, M., Meyer, V., Schlesinger, Y., & Schughart, K. (1999) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/10430349950016636 · Cited by 44
An Introduction to Poliovirus: Pathogenesis, Vaccination, and the Endgame for Global Eradication
Minor, P. D. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3292-4_1 · Cited by 41
Todryk, S. M. (2018) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines6040084 · Cited by 35
The virosomal adjuvanted influenza vaccine
Calcagnile, S., & Zuccotti, G. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1517/14712590903431014 · Cited by 25
Biology of Ovine Adenovirus Infection of Nonpermissive Cells
Kümin, D., Hofmann, C., Rudolph, M., Both, G. W., & Löser, P. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.21.10882-10893.2002 · Cited by 24
RNA-Based Vaccination: Sending a Strong Message
Weiner, D. B. (2013) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2013.26 · Cited by 19
Coronavirus vaccines get a biotech boost
Dance, A. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02154-2 · Cited by 9
Cited by
Modifications in an Emergency: The Role of N1-Methylpseudouridine in COVID-19 Vaccines
Nance, K. D., & Meier, J. L. (2021) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.1c00197 · Cited by 466
Effect of natural mutations of SARS-CoV-2 on spike structure, conformation, and antigenicity
Gobeil, S. M.-C., Janowska, K., McDowell, S., Mansouri, K., Parks, R., Stalls, V., Kopp, M. F., Manne, K., Li, D., Wiehe, K., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abi6226 · Cited by 394
COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view
Chung, J. Y., Thone, M. N., & Kwon, Y. J. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.011 · Cited by 375
Pokrajac, L., Abbas, A., Chrzanowski, W., Dias, G. M., Eggleton, B. J., Maguire, S., Maine, E., Malloy, T., Nathwani, J., Nazar, L., et al. (2021) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c10919 · Cited by 365
Novel approaches for vaccine development
Gebre, M. S., Brito, L. A., Tostanoski, L. H., Edwards, D. K., Carfi, A., & Barouch, D. H. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.030 · Cited by 347
Metadata
- Authors
- Chung, Y. H., Beiss, V., Fiering, S. N., & Steinmetz, N. F.
- Venue
- ACS Nano
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2020-10-09
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 12522-12537
- ISSN
- 1936-0851 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-086X
- OpenAlex
- W3091950240
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 85
- FWCI
- 9.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.