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A Comparison of the Neuropsychological Profiles of the DSM-IV Subtypes of ADHD
Abstract
Recent research on the DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has demonstrated that the subtypes differ in demographic characteristics, types of functional impairment, and profiles of comorbidity with other childhood disorders. However, little research has tested whether the subtypes differ in underlying neuropsychological deficits. This study compared the neuropsychological profiles of children without ADHD (n = 82) and children who met symptom criteria for DSM-IV Predominantly Inattentive subtype (ADHD-IA; n = 67), Predominantly Hyperactive Impulsive subtype (ADHD-HI; n = 14), and Combined subtype (ADHD-C; n = 33) in the areas of processing speed, vigilance, and inhibition. We hypothesized that children with elevations of inattention symptoms (ADHD-IA and ADHD-C) would be impaired on measures of vigilance and processing speed, whereas children with significant hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD-HI and ADHD-C) would be impaired on measures of inhibition. Contrary to prediction, symptoms of inattention best predicted performance on all dependent measures, and ADHD-IA and ADHD-C children had similar profiles of impairment. In contrast, children with ADHD-HI were not significantly impaired on any dependent measures once subclinical symptoms of inattention were controlled. Our results do not support distinct neuropsychological deficits in ADHD-IA and ADHD-C children, and suggest that symptoms of inattention, rather than symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsiv…
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Children have been found to perform more poorly than healthy controls on subtests measuring processing speed due to deficits in focused attention, thus achieving lower scores on PSI.
“In addition, children have also been found to perform more poorly than healthy controls on subtests measuring processing speed (Chhabildas et al. 2001; Shanahan et al. 2006) due to deficits in focused attention (Rucklidge and Tannock 2002), thus achieving lower scores on PSI (Calhoun and Mayes 2005).”
From Measurement Invariance of the WISC-V across a Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents with ADHD and a Matched Control Group (2024) · cites this paper as Chhabildas et al. 2001
Prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory and processing speed.
“Furthermore, prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory 15 and processing speed.16”
From WISC-IV-Chinese version index scores in Taiwanese children with ADHD (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
Neuropsychological impairment is mainly related to inattention but not to hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD.
“research has shown that neuropsychological impairment is mainly related to inattention but not to hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD”
From Relationships between neuropsychological measures of executive function and behavioral measures of ADHD symptoms and comorbid behavior (2006) · cites this paper as Chhabildas et al., 2001
Cognitive and language related disorders and internalizing problems have mainly been associated with inattention symptoms rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms.
“Cognitive and language related disorders and internalizing problems have mainly been associated with inattention symptoms rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms”
From Relationships between neuropsychological measures of executive function and behavioral measures of ADHD symptoms and comorbid behavior (2006) · cites this paper as Chhabildas et al., 2001
Prior studies have shown associations between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in working memory and processing speed.
“prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory (e.g., Tillman, Eninger, Forssman, & Bohlin, 2011) and processing speed (Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001).”
From WISC-IV profile in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Impaired processing speed is associated with increased autism communication symptoms and decreased adaptive communication abilities (2012) · cites this paper as Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001
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“This was done to 1 For this analysis, data from the Chhabildas et al. (2001) study for hyperactive–impulsive and combined subtype groups were weighted by sample size and then averaged.”
MethodGeurts, H. M., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00276.x · Cited by 705
Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD
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“What is unique about severity of inattention, as opposed to impulsivity– hyperactivity and ODD/CD symptoms, that is prognostic of later substance use? Executive functioning deficits associated with inattention, and not impulsivity– hyperactivity ( Chhabildas, Bennington, & Willcutt, 2001 ), may be at the root of this…”
BackgroundWillcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., Olson, R. K., Chhabildas, N., & Hulslander, J. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2701_3 · Cited by 612
“…with a DSM–IV diagnosis of ADHD underscore the potential importance of the distinction between these different EF domains (Bedard et al., 2003; Chhabildas et al., 2001; Hinshaw, Carte, Sami, Treuting, & Zupan, 2002; Houghton et al., 1999; Klorman et al., 1999; Nigg, Blaskey, Huang-Pollock, &…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationLijffijt, M., Kenemans, J. L., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.2.216 · Cited by 592
“These variables could affect stop-task performance (e.g., Bedard et al., 2003; Chhabildas et al., 2001; Kuntsi, Oosterlaan, & Stevenson , 2001; Nigg et al., 2002; Oosterlaan et al., 1998; Schachar et al., 2000; Schachar & Tannock, 1995; Scheres et al., 2004; Willcutt et al., 2001).”
BackgroundRubia, K., Smith, A. B., Brammer, M. J., Toone, B., & Taylor, E. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1067 · Cited by 537
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Processing Speed Deficits in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Reading Disability
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Self-citationA review of the biological bases of ADHD: What have we learned from imaging studies?
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Evaluating vigilance deficits in ADHD: A meta-analysis of CPT performance.
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“…general academic difficulties are significantly higher with the inattention symptom dimension than the hyperactivity-impulsivity symptom dimension (Chhabildas, Pennington, and Willcutt 2001; Lahey and W Pelham 2001; Willcutt and Pennington 2000; W Dillcutt 2002; Molina, Smith, and olraich,…”
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RetractedYoung, S. E., Friedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Willcutt, E. G., Corley, R. P., Haberstick, B. C., & Hewitt, J. K. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014657 · Cited by 420
Self-citationMartel, M. M., & Nigg, J. T. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01629.x · Cited by 316
“This result was generally consistent with previous work by Chhabildas, Pennington, and Willcutt (2001) .”
ResultExecutive functions and ADHD in adults: evidence for selective effects on ADHD symptom domains
Nigg, J. T., Stavro, G., Ettenhofer, M., Hambrick, D. Z., Miller, T., & Henderson, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.706 · Cited by 312
“Our findings also echo a recent finding in children (Chhabildas et al., 2001) regarding this two-process conception of symptom domains and cognitive functions.”
ResultTemporal information processing in ADHD: Findings to date and new methods
Toplak, M. E., Dockstader, C., & Tannock, R. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.09.018 · Cited by 300
“…Symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsivity may be predicted to affect temporal processing, as neuropsychological impairments tend to be associated with inattention (Chhabildas et al., 2001) and impulsive tendencies may both give rise to temporal information processing difficulties.”
Toplak, M. E., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-1-8 · Cited by 303
“This idea of dual pathways maps well onto clinical and research characterizations of ADHD, as the Inattentive subtype has been associated with executive dysfunction [17] and the Hyperactive/Impulsive subtype has been associated with the impulsiveness feature of ADHD [18].”
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Voeller, K. K. S. (2004) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738040190100901 · Cited by 295
Martinussen, R., & Tannock, R. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390500205700 · Cited by 270
“These findings lend further support to the perspective that the two ADHD behavioral dimensions are separable traits that are each associated with unique patterns of impairment (Chhabildas et al., 2001).”
ResultCo‐occurrence of ADHD and low IQ has genetic origins
Kuntsi, J., Eley, T. C., Taylor, A., Hughes, C., Asherson, P., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.20076 · Cited by 267
“Previous research suggests that the association with IQ may be particularly strong for inattentiveness [Chhabildas et al., 2001].”
BackgroundAssessing inattention and impulsivity in children during the Go/NoGo task
Bezdjian, S., Baker, L. A., Lozano, D. I., & Raine, A. (2009) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151008x314919 · Cited by 263
ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile?
GEURTS, H., VERTE, S., OOSTERLAAN, J., ROEYERS, H., & SERGEANT, J. (2005) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.11.001 · Cited by 239
“This is not the first study that has failed to find neuropsychological evidence for the proposed distinctiveness of these two groups (Barkley et al., 1992; Chhabildas et al., 2001; Faraone et al., 1998; Murphy et al., 2001).”
BackgroundEmotion dysregulation is associated with social impairment among young adolescents with ADHD
Bunford, N., Evans, S. W., & Langberg, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714527793 · Cited by 243
Mullane, J. C., Corkum, P. V., Klein, R. M., & McLaughlin, E. (2009) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040802348028 · Cited by 239
Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neuropsychological Pathways, Comorbidity and Symptom Domains
Wåhlstedt, C., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9286-9 · Cited by 237
Oliveras-Rentas, R. E., Kenworthy, L., Roberson, R. B., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1289-7 · Cited by 231
“Furthermore, prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory (e.g., Tillman et al. 2011) and processing speed (Chhabildas et al. 2001).”
Greater Attention Problems During Childhood Predict Poorer Executive Functioning in Late Adolescence
Friedman, N. P., Haberstick, B. C., Willcutt, E. G., Miyake, A., Young, S. E., Corley, R. P., & Hewitt, J. K. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01997.x · Cited by 229
“Cross-sectional studies suggest that attention problems show similar relations to EFs in childhood ( Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001; Willcutt et al., 2005) and adulthood (Boonstra, Oosterlaan, Sergeant, & Buitelaar, 2005; Hervey, Epstein, & Curry, 2004; Nigg, Butler, Huang-Pollock, & Henderson, 2002).”
Self-citationThe Relation Between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and DSM-IV ADHD
Hartman, C. A., Willcutt, E. G., Rhee, S. H., & Pennington, B. F. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/b:jacp.0000037779.85211.29 · Cited by 222
“Consistent with previous studies (e.g., Chhabildas et al., 2001; DuPaul et al., 1998), the correlation between the Inattention factor score and the Hyperactivity-impulsivity factor score was high for both parent ratings (r = .73) and teacher ratings (r = .63).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationWhich Executive Functioning Deficits Are Associated With AD/HD, ODD/CD and Comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD?
Oosterlaan, J., Scheres, A., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-0935-y · Cited by 216
Working memory influences processing speed and reading fluency in ADHD
Jacobson, L. A., Ryan, M., Martin, R. B., Ewen, J., Mostofsky, S. H., Denckla, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.532204 · Cited by 215
“Taken together, these results suggest that the “cognitive” (executive) and graphomotor output components of PS can be dissociated, with these cognitive components contributing uniquely to slowed output speed in ADHD (Chhabildas et al., 2001; Hinshaw et al., 2002; Rucklidge & Tannock, 2002; Willcutt, Pennington, et al.…”
BackgroundDoyle, A. E., Faraone, S. V., Seidman, L. J., Willcutt, E. G., Nigg, J. T., Waldman, I. D., Pennington, B. F., Peart, J., & Biederman, J. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01476.x · Cited by 222
“Heritable endophenotypes linked to the biological basis of ADHD may therefore be useful targets because the genes they share with ADHD may have a greater effect on the endophenotype than on the disorder itself and may therefore be easier to detect.”
InfluentialSelf-citationRubia, K., Smith, A. B., & Taylor, E. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040600770761 · Cited by 227
Executive functioning in boys with ADHD: primarily an inhibition deficit?
Scheres, A. (2003) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2003.08.005 · Cited by 222
“Three studies replicated slow SSRTs in ADHD using the Stop Paradigm with tracking mechanism (Chhabildas et al., 2001; Nigg, 1999; Schachar et al., 2000).”
The importance of friendship for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Mikami, A. Y. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0067-y · Cited by 195
“…deficit in ADHD-I is not difficulty with inhibition but rather trouble with focus, motivation, and arousal; yet, other empirical studies have found equal inhibitory control deficits using neuropsychological tasks in both ADHD-C and ADHD-I (e.g., Chhabildas et al. 2001; Huang-Pollock et al. 2007).”
ResultNeurocognitive Functioning in AD/HD, Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes
Solanto, M. V., Gilbert, S. N., Raj, A., Zhu, J., Pope-Boyd, S., Stepak, B., Vail, L., & Newcorn, J. H. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9123-6 · Cited by 195
“2006) and (b) a greater deficit in processing speed on visual-motor or visual search tasks in the PI type (Chhabildas et al. 2001; Nigg et al. 2002).”
BackgroundBauermeister, J. J., Barkley, R. A., Bauermeister, J. A., Martínez, J. V., & McBurnett, K. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9602-7 · Cited by 195
“This is consistent with previous studies that demonstrate that, after controlling for the association of inattention and hyperactivityimpulsivity, inattention is the key variable that is associated with poor neuropsychological test performance (Chhabildas et al. 2001; Wahlstedt 2009).”
BackgroundResultRecent Developments in Neuropsychological Models of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders
Willcutt, E. G., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Nigg, J. T., & Sergeant, J. A. (2008) · Advances in Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000118526 · Cited by 193
Self-citationBidwell, L. C., Willcutt, E. G., DeFries, J. C., & Pennington, B. F. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.003 · Cited by 183
Self-citationThe Effect of Methylphenidate on Three Forms of Response Inhibition in Boys with AD/HD
Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., Swanson, J., Morein-Zamir, S., Meiran, N., Schut, H., Vlasveld, L., & Sergeant, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1021729501230 · Cited by 176
“Since that metaanalysis, a number of studies have replicated this finding (Chhabildas et al., 2001; Konrad, Gauggel, Manz, & Schöll, 2000; Nigg, 1999; Schachar et al., 2000; Solanto et al., 2001; Wilcutt et al., 2001) although six other studies have not differentiated AD/HD from control children…”
ResultAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Girls
Staller, J. A., & Faraone, S. V. (2006) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200620020-00003 · Cited by 178
Reading Comprehension in Children with ADHD: Cognitive Underpinnings of the Centrality Deficit
Miller, A. C., Keenan, J. M., Betjemann, R. S., Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., & Olson, R. K. (2012) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9686-8 · Cited by 195
“2005), processing speed (Chhabildas et al. 2001; Willcutt et al. 2005; Woods et al. 2002), and IQ (Ghelani et al.”
Self-citationSexton, C. C., Gelhorn, H. L., Bell, J. A., & Classi, P. M. (2012) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219411407772 · Cited by 169
Ghelani, K., Sidhu, R., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2004) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.285 · Cited by 181
Potter, A., & NEWHOUSE, P. A. (2007) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2007.09.014 · Cited by 168
Gooch, D., Snowling, M., & Hulme, C. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02312.x · Cited by 157
Bedard, A.-C., Ickowicz, A., Logan, G. D., Hogg-Johnson, S., Schachar, R., & Tannock, R. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1023285614844 · Cited by 159
“For example, one study found that ADHD children of the primarily inattentive subtype were impaired in inhibition relative to control participants whereas the ADHD children of the combined subtype were not once full-scale IQ and reading achievement were controlled for ( Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001 ) wherea…”
ResultChristofferson, E. S., & Drabick, D. A. G. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0534-2 · Cited by 181
“ness, but lower levels of impaired executive functioning relative to youth with both inattentive and hyperactiveimpulsive symptoms [115, 174].”
BackgroundO’Driscoll, G. A., Dépatie, L., Holahan, A.-L. V., Savion‐Lemieux, T., Barr, R. G., Jolicoeur, C., & Douglas, V. I. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.029 · Cited by 157
Cognitive failures as predictors of driving errors, lapses, and violations
Wickens, C. M., Toplak, M. E., & Wiesenthal, D. L. (2008) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.01.006 · Cited by 157
“In the clinical literature, for example, inattention has been associated with lower performance on measures of executive function (Chhabildas et al., 2001; Martel et al., 2007), which are processes related to the regulation of behaviour generally located in the prefrontal cortex (Pennington and…”
NEUROBEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF IMPULSIVITY: EVIDENCE OF PREFRONTAL INVOLVEMENT
Spinella, M. (2003) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450490249347 · Cited by 153
ADHD Symptoms and Executive Function Impairment: Early Predictors of Later Behavioral Problems
Wåhlstedt, C., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640701884253 · Cited by 144
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neuropsychological Perspective Towards DSM-V
Stefanatos, G. A., & Baron, I. S. (2007) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9020-3 · Cited by 158
“…or adults allowed for fractionation of EF into separable components (Miyake et al., 2000; Rogers, Andrews, Grasby, Brooks, & Robbins, 2000), attempts to identify similar disassociations in ADHD children often found deficits “across-the-board” (Chhabildas et al., 2001; Kempton et al., 1999).”
BackgroundBrocki, K. C., Nyberg, L., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01811.x · Cited by 151
Willcutt, E., Pennington, B. F., Duncan, L., Smith, S. D., Keenan, J., Wadsworth, S. J., Defries, J., & Olson, R. K. (2010) · Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181ef42a1 · Cited by 133
Self-citationPiek, J. P., Dyck, M. J., Francis, M., & Conwell, A. (2007) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00678.x · Cited by 135
“A significant group effect remained for both trial 1, F(6,376) = 2.”
BackgroundToplak, M. E., Pitch, A., Flora, D. B., Iwenofu, L., Ghelani, K., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9336-y · Cited by 141
“Inattentive symptoms have been associated with executive dysfunction (Chhabildas et al. 2001; Nigg et al. 2005) and the hyperactive and impulsive symptoms have been associated with risky decision making (Toplak et al.”
BackgroundComparison of ADHD symptom subtypes as source‐specific syndromes
Gadow, K. D., Drabick, D. A. G., Loney, J., Sprafkin, J. N., Salisbury, H., Azizian, A., & Schwartz, J. E. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00306.x · Cited by 133
Elliott, J., & Gibbs, S. (2012) · Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) · doi:10.25405/ncl.34175697 · Cited by 131
Blackman, G. L., Ostrander, R., & Herman, K. C. (2005) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705278777 · Cited by 174
“However, with few exceptions (e.g., Pineda, Lopera, Palacio, Ramirez, & Henao, 2003), studies involving community-based samples have typically found the inattentive type to be the most prevalent subtype of ADHD (Baumgaertel, Wolraich, & Dietrich, 1995; Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001; Gadow et al., 2004; Gaub…”
BackgroundAttention Problems and Executive Functions in Children With Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus
Burmeister, R., Hannay, H. J., Copeland, K., Fletcher, J. M., Boudousquie, A., & Dennis, M. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/092970490911324 · Cited by 126
“However, recent research suggests that while non-brain-injured ADHD subtypes are difficult to differentiate on a wide range of executive functions ( Chhabildas, Pennington, & Witcutt, 2001 ; Houghton et al, 1999 ), they may differ on more specific tasks of executive functioning, such as response inhibition ( Nigg et a…”
BackgroundWaldman, I. D. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.002 · Cited by 125
Toplak, M. E., Connors, L., Shuster, J., Knezevic, B., & Parks, S. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.008 · Cited by 123
“…the importance of differentiating the impact of these different subtypes, for example, the Inattentive subtype has been associated with lower performance on executive, cognitive-based measures compared to those of the Hyperactive/Impulsive subtype (Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001).”
Nikolas, M. A., & Nigg, J. T. (2012) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0030685 · Cited by 134
“…2005; Faraone et al., 1998; Geurts et al., 2005; Barkley et al., 2001), the lack of any unique patterns of deficits among the ADHD-PI group here supports the conclusions of past work indicating that there are no distinct neuropsychological deficits among this subtype (Chhabil- das et al., 2001).”
Perceived stress and ADHD symptoms in adults
Combs, M. A., Canu, W. H., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Rocheleau, C. A., & Nieman, D. C. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712459558 · Cited by 122
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Chase, G. A., Mink, D. M., & Stagg, R. E. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708320402 · Cited by 120
“A similar but less consistent finding is that children with ADHD-C make more errors on neuropsychological tests (Chhabildas et al., 2001; Hinshaw et al., 2002; Klorman et al., 1999; Lockwood et al., 2001; Schmitz et al., 2002) than do children with ADHD-I.”
BackgroundTime Perception: Modality and Duration Effects in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Toplak, M. E., & Tannock, R. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-6743-6 · Cited by 115
“This was not unexpected given that both of these groups had clinically significant inattention symptoms, which previous research has shown to be associated with cognitive difficulties (Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001).”
Whither causal models in the neuroscience of ADHD?
Coghill, D., Nigg, J., Rothenberger, A., Sonuga‐Barke, E., & Tannock, R. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00397.x · Cited by 116
Wåhlstedt, C., & Bohlin, G. (2010) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297041003671176 · Cited by 115
Beane, M., & Marrocco, R. T. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.001 · Cited by 119
WISC-IV Profiles Are Associated With Differences in Symptomatology and Outcome in Children With ADHD
Thaler, N. S., Bello, D. T., & Etcoff, L. M. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711428806 · Cited by 112
Hot and cool aspects of cognitive control in children with ADHD: Decision-making and inhibition
Geurts, H. M., van der Oord, S., & Crone, E. A. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9059-2 · Cited by 111
“A number of studies who applied the stop signal paradigm with a tracking mechanism (e.g., Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001; Nigg, 1999; Schachar, Mota, Logan, Tannock, & Klim, 2000) have shown that children with ADHD have slower SSRTs in comparison with NC children, but even more studies, like ours, did not re…”
ResultBrocki, K. C., Eninger, L., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9354-9 · Cited by 111
“Among school-aged children, impaired EF appears to be most strongly associated with inattention symptoms (Brocki and Bohlin 2006; Chhabildas et al. 2001; Willcutt et al. 2005, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWorking memory and inattentive behaviour in a community sample of children
Lui, M., & Tannock, R. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-3-12 · Cited by 109
“al's findings [13] that ADHD inattentive behaviour is related to visual-spatial WM.”
Huang-Pollock, C. L., Mikami, A. Y., Pfiffner, L., & McBurnett, K. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9302-8 · Cited by 109
“These relationships were primarily driven by the presence of inattention rather than HI, explaining the lack of subtype-specific neuropsychological profiles, and supporting theories that EF deficits appear to co-occur with inattentive but not HI symptomology (Chhabildas et al. 2001).”
BackgroundThe relationship of working memory, inhibition, and response variability in child psychopathology
Verté, S., Geurts, H. M., Roeyers, H., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.023 · Cited by 109
Yang, P., Cheng, C. P., Chang, C. L., Liu, T. L., Hsu, H. Y., & Yen, C. F. (2013) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12014 · Cited by 108
“Furthermore, prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory(15) and processing speed.(16) Using hierarchical cluster analysis Thaler et al.”
BackgroundKuntsi, J., Andreou, P., Ma, J., Börger, N. A., & van der Meere, J. J. (2005) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-5-40 · Cited by 107
“Data from studies on diagnosed ADHD on the strength of the association between each subtype and task performance have not yielded a consistent pattern [10,37,42,43].”
BackgroundBunford, N., Brandt, N. E., Golden, C., Dykstra, J. B., Suhr, J. A., & Owens, J. S. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9902-9 · Cited by 115
“Conversely, other investigators have not found support for this pattern (e.g., Chhabildas et al. 2001; Faraone et al. 1998; Nigg et al. 2002, among girls only), indicating that the ADHD subtypes may not be distinguishable on the basis of neuropsychological measures.”
ResultFamilial influences on sustained attention and inhibition in preschoolers
Groot, A. S., de Sonneville, L. M. J., Stins, J. F., & Boomsma, D. I. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00222.x · Cited by 96
The Impact of Tutoring on Early Reading Achievement for Children With and Without Attention Problems
Rabiner, D. L., & Malone, P. S. (2004) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/b:jacp.0000026141.20174.17 · Cited by 96
Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neurocognitive predictors of peer, family, and academic functioning
Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Spiegel, J. A., Day, T. N., Harmon, S. L., & Wells, E. L. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1205010 · Cited by 94
“, 2016) and previous comparisons of ADHD and typically developing groups (Chhabildas et al., 2001; Rapport et al., 2013; Rucklidge & Tannock, 2002), and extend previous findings by demonstrating that specific neurocognitive abilities are important”
ResultThe latent structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a clinic-referred sample.
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., & Naugle, R. I. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.45 · Cited by 101
Predictive validity of DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder.
Lee, S., Schachar, R., Chen, S. X., Ornstein, T., Charach, A., Barr, C., & Ickowicz, A. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01784.x · Cited by 106
Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2001) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.7.3.172.8746 · Cited by 95
“In most previous studies that reported group differences on the speed of the inhibitory process, a version of the stop paradigm was used with a number of fixed delays (usually four) between the presentation of the go stimulus and the stop signal (but see Chhabildas et al., 2001; Nigg, 1999; Schachar et al., 2000; Sche…”
MethodInfluentialRiccio, C. A., Homack, S. R., Jarratt, K. P., & WOLFE, M. (2006) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2006.05.010 · Cited by 99
Huang‐Pollock, C. L., Nigg, J. T., & Halperin, J. M. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.4.420 · Cited by 91
SHERIDAN, M. A., HINSHAW, S., & D'ESPOSITO, M. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31812eecf7 · Cited by 90
“…that the Combined and Inattentive types of ADHD differ qualitatively (Milich et al., 2001), there is almost no evidence that they differ in performance on neuropsychological and cognitive tasks such as the one used in this study (Chabildas et al., 2001; Hinshaw et al., 2002; Nigg et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodOberlin, B. G., Alford, J. L., & Marrocco, R. T. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.041 · Cited by 92
Hofvander, B., Ossowski, D., Lundström, S., & Anckarsäter, H. S. (2009) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.004 · Cited by 89
Goos, L. M., Crosbie, J., Payne, S., & Schachar, R. J. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08040621 · Cited by 89
Language Problems and ADHD Symptoms: How Specific Are the Links?
Hawkins, E., Gathercole, S. E., Astle, D. E., The CALM Team, & Holmes, J. (2016) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci6040050 · Cited by 85
Variability in Time Reproduction: Difference in ADHD Combined and Inattentive Subtypes
Mullins, C., Bellgrove, M. A., Gill, M., & Robertson, I. H. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00009 · Cited by 84
“Although Clarke et al. (2001) did find differences in EEG q, a, and b bands in the frontal lobes of ADHDcombined (ADHD-C) subtype, relative to ADHDinattentive (ADHD-I) subtype children, studies of processing speed, vigilance, inhibition (Chhabildas et al.”
ResultADHD Across Cultures: Is There Evidence for a Bidimensional Organization of Symptoms?
Bauermeister, J. J., CANINO, G. J., Polanczyk, G. V., & Rohde, L. A. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374411003691743 · Cited by 83
“Research indicates that the inattention dimension appears to be more strongly associated with executive function deficits (Chabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 24 ; Nigg et al, 2005), and academic underachievement, shyness, and social withdrawal (Lahey et al, 44 ).”
BackgroundThe hierarchical factor model of ADHD: invariant across age and national groupings?
Toplak, M. E., Sorge, G. B., Flora, D. B., Chen, W., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J. K., Ebstein, R. P., Eisenberg, J., Franke, B., Gill, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02500.x · Cited by 88
Metadata
- Authors
- Chhabildas, N., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Denver (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chhabildas, Nomita
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 529-540
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W2142256026
- Cited by
- 461
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 6.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f31mh012017-01, 5p01hd011681-12)
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31 MH12017, F32 MH 12100, F32MH012100, MH 38820, MH 00419)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 27802, HD11681, P50HD027802)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined subtype, neuropsychological deficits, processing speed, sustained attention, inhibition, inattentive symptoms, hyperactivity/impulsivity, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Comorbidity
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