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The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago
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Subsequent Holocene CO2 concentrations remained approximately stable, with a very slow rise of 260 to 285 ppm from ~9000 B.P.
“Subsequent Holocene CO2 concentrations remained approximately stable, a very slow rise of 260 to 285 ppm from ~9000 B.P. (Fig. 5A) being ascribed to early human agriculture by some ( 3 ), albeit controversially ( 66 ).”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
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Cited by
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Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security
Lal, R. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097396 · Cited by 8,376
The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration
Steffen, W., Broadgate, W., Deutsch, L., Gaffney, O., & Ludwig, C. (2015) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019614564785 · Cited by 3,935
“The exception to this is the proposal that early agricultural activities in the mid-Holocene period emitted enough carbon dioxide and methane to raise global average temperatures significantly and prevent the onset of an ice age (Ruddiman, 2003; Ruddiman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe Climate of History: Four Theses
Chakrabarty, D. (2008) · Critical Inquiry · doi:10.1086/596640 · Cited by 4,072
The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature
Steffen, W., Crutzen, P. J., & McNeill, J. R. (2007) · AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment · doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[614:taahno]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 3,487
The Anthropocene: conceptual and historical perspectives
Steffen, W., Grinevald, J., Crutzen, P., & McNeill, J. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0327 · Cited by 2,411
The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene
Waters, C. N., Zalasiewicz, J., Summerhayes, C., Barnosky, A. D., Poirier, C., Gałuszka, A., Cearreta, A., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E. C., Ellis, M., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad2622 · Cited by 2,375
Paustian, K., Lehmann, J., Ogle, S., Reay, D., Robertson, G. P., & Smith, P. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17174 · Cited by 2,213
“Overcoming this barrier therefore translates into: (1) increasing the acceptance of soil management within compliance and voluntary C markets; (2) reducing costs to governments for providing environment-based subsidies; and (3) meeting the demands of consumers for ‘low carbon’ products.”
BackgroundInfluentialPutting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world
Ellis, E. C., & Ramankutty, N. (2007) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/070062 · Cited by 1,858
Mid- to Late Holocene climate change: an overview
Wanner, H., Beer, J., Bütikofer, J., Crowley, T. J., Ulrich Cubasch, B., Flückiger, J., Goosse, H., Grosjean, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J. O., et al. (2008) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.013 · Cited by 1,789
“Controversially, Ruddiman (2003) attributed the slow rise in CO2 concentrations to early anthropogenic activity.”
BackgroundThe Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship
Steffen, W., Persson, Å., Deutsch, L., Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Richardson, K., Crumley, C. L., Crutzen, P. J., Folke, C., Gordon, L. J., et al. (2011) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0185-x · Cited by 1,887
“…early agricultural activities may have had an appreciable effect on the functioning of the Earth System via an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ruddiman 2003), but any increase was not enough to raise the CO2 concentration beyond the envelope of natural variability (Steffen et al. 2007).”
BackgroundThe geology of mankind? A critique of the Anthropocene narrative
Malm, A., & Hornborg, A. (2014) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019613516291 · Cited by 1,470
“Even when the Anthropocene is dated to the time of Watt – and not to the rise of agricultural civilisations, as in the ‘early Anthropocene’ hypothesis (e.g. Ruddiman, 2003; Smith and Zeder, 2013) – the fuse is often traced back into the mists of time, lit in the early evolution of the human species.”
BackgroundKlein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., van Drecht, G., & de Vos, M. (2011) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x · Cited by 1,270
“Although estimates of historical CO 2 emissions from land use changes are uncertain (Ruddiman, 2003), most studies (DeFries et al., 1999; Houghton, 1999; McGuire et al., 2001; Pacala et al., 2001; Houghton, 2003) indicate that land use change is an important net for the 1990s, roughly one-fifth of…”
BackgroundReconciling Carbon-cycle Concepts, Terminology, and Methods
Chapin, F. S., Woodwell, G. M., Randerson, J. T., Rastetter, E. B., Lovett, G. M., Baldocchi, D., Clark, D. A., Harmon, M. E., SCHIMEL, D. S., Valentini, R., et al. (2006) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7 · Cited by 1,186
Jones, P. D., & MANN, M. E. (2004) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2003rg000143 · Cited by 1,099
“Recent evidence also suggests that human-induced land use changes influencing methane and CO2 production may have begun to influence the climate over the past several millennia [Ruddiman, 2003].”
BackgroundResultStable Carbon CycleClimate Relationship During the Late Pleistocene
Siegenthaler, U., Stocker, T. F., Monnin, E., Lüthi, D., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., Raynaud, D., Barnola, J.-M., Fischer, H., Masson‐Delmotte, V., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1120130 · Cited by 1,028
World crop residues production and implications of its use as a biofuel
Lal, R. (2005) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.09.005 · Cited by 1,004
“Thus, a large amount of the relic C in SOM has been released into the atmosphere since the dawn of settled agriculture some 10,000 years ago (Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundThe prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe
Kaplan, J. O., Krumhardt, K. M., & Zimmermann, N. E. (2009) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.028 · Cited by 982
“By extending our methodology to a global analysis and applying a terrestrial carbon cycle model, it is conceivable that our model would support Ruddiman’s hypothesis that humans have had a substantial influence on the climate system since the mid-Holocene ( Ruddiman, 2003, 2005, 2007 ).”
MethodTarget Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P. A., Beerling, D. J., Berner, R., Masson‐Delmotte, V., Mark Pagani, I., Raymo, M. E., Royer, D. L., & Zachos, J. C. (2008) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 904
Lal, R. (2006) · Land Degradation & Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.696 · Cited by 894
“Some estimates of SOC loss since the advent of agriculture 10 000 years ago vary from 55 Pg (IPCC, 2001), via 243 Pg (Rozanov et al., 1990) to 320 Pg (Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundThe New World of the Anthropocene
Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Steffen, W., & Crutzen, P. J. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es903118j · Cited by 898
Boivin, N. L., Zeder, M. A., Fuller, D. Q., Crowther, A., Larson, G., Erlandson, J. M., Denham, T., & Petraglia, M. D. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1525200113 · Cited by 837
Ellis, E. C., Kaplan, J. O., Fuller, D. Q., Vavrus, S., Klein Goldewijk, K., & Verburg, P. H. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1217241110 · Cited by 812
When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., Barnosky, A. D., Cearreta, A., Crutzen, P., Ellis, E., Ellis, M. A., Fairchild, I. J., Grinevald, J., et al. (2015) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.045 · Cited by 784
“…2014) and, partly related to this, a hypothesis that early agriculture altered carbon dioxide levels sufficiently (raising them from 260 to 280 ppm over several thousand years: Ruddiman, 2003, 2013) to maintain stable Holocene warmth and prevent or delay the transition into the next glacial phase.”
BackgroundAre we now living in the Anthropocene
Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Smith, A. Р., Barry, T. L., Coe, A. L., Bown, P. R., Brenchley, P., Cantrill, D. J., Gale, A. S., Gibbard, P. L., et al. (2008) · GSA Today · doi:10.1130/gsat01802a.1 · Cited by 765
“…from Greco-Roman times onward (Dunlap et al., 1999; Paula and Geraldes, 2003), and it has been argued that the early to mid-Holocene increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide from ~260–280 ppm, a factor in the climatic warmth of this interval, resulted from forest clearance by humans (Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialLaw Dome CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O ice core records extended to 2000 years BP
MacFarling Meure, C., Etheridge, D., Trudinger, C., Steele, P., Langenfelds, R., van Ommen, T., Smith, A., & Elkins, J. (2006) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2006gl026152 · Cited by 674
“[14] Previous studies have also shown that trace gas concentrations responded to changes in the climate system during the LPIH causing small climate feedbacks [Etheridge et al., 1996; Crowley, 2000; Bauer et al., 2003], rather than being a significant climate driver [Ruddiman, 2003].”
ResultHolocene carbon emissions as a result of anthropogenic land cover change
Kaplan, J. O., Krumhardt, K. M., Ellis, E. C., Ruddiman, W. F., Lemmen, C., & Goldewijk, K. K. (2011) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683610386983 · Cited by 659
“Regional historical observations from Europe and China support the theory that land cover change per capita fell sharply over at least the last 2000 years (Chao, 1986; Ellis and Wang, 1997; Ervynck et al., 2007; Hermy and Verheyen, 2007; Kaplan et al., 2009; McEvedy and Jones, 1978; Ruddiman, 2003; Ruddiman and Ellis,…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKlein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., & Janssen, P. (2010) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683609356587 · Cited by 633
“Although many studies emphasize the importance of long-term scientific analysis of the Earth’s system (e.g. Betts, 2006; Brovkin et al., 2006; Pongratz et al., 2008; Ruddiman, 2003), there are very few spatially explicit data sets for such efforts readily available.”
BackgroundClimate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Russell, G., & Kharecha, P. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0294 · Cited by 660
Jones, P. D., Briffa, K. R., Osborn, T. J., Lough, J., van Ommen, T. D., Vinther, B. M., Luterbacher, J., Wahl, E. R., Zwiers, F. W., MANN, M. E., et al. (2009) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683608098952 · Cited by 669
“Note, however, there may be a role for human activities even prior to the nineteenth century owing to early agricultural activity (Ruddiman, 2003; Goosse et al., 2006b).”
BackgroundThe Anthropocene: a new epoch of geological time?
Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Haywood, A., & Ellis, M. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0339 · Cited by 646
Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World
Dean, J. F., Middelburg, J. J., Röckmann, T., Aerts, R., Blauw, L. G., Egger, M., Jetten, M. S. M., de Jong, A. E. E., Meisel, O. H., Rasigraf, O., et al. (2018) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2017rg000559 · Cited by 675
“The 23,000 year orbital insolation cycle is more important from 400,000 to 5,000 years ago (Ruddiman, 2003).”
InfluentialSediment flux and the Anthropocene
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Fate of fossil fuel CO2 in geologic time
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Interglacials of the last 800,000 years
Past Interglacials Working Group of PAGES (2016) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2015rg000482 · Cited by 606
“insolation values at high latitudes and is often found to dominate low-latitude and local climatic processes [Kutzbach, 1981; Bender et al., 1994; Tzedakis et al., 1997; Clemens and Prell, 2003; Ruddiman, 2003; Tzedakis et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2008; Yin and Berger, 2012; Collins et al., 2014; Govin et al., 2014].”
BackgroundAnticipating the consequences of climate change for Canada’s boreal forest ecosystems
Price, D. T., Alfaro, R. I., Brown, K. J., Flannigan, M., Fleming, R. A., Hogg, E. H., Girardin, M. P., Lakusta, T., Johnston, M., McKenney, D. W., et al. (2013) · Environmental Reviews · doi:10.1139/er-2013-0042 · Cited by 660
SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADVANCE FOOD SECURITY
Lal, R., Follett, R. F., Stewart, B. A., & Kimble, J. M. (2007) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/ss.0b013e31815cc498 · Cited by 567
“Emission of CO2 from soil-related processes began with the onset of settled agriculture about 10,000 years ago, and that of CH4 with the cultivation of rice paddies and domestication of animals about 5000 years ago (Ruddiman, 2003; 2005).”
BackgroundMethodLal, R. (2010) · BioScience · doi:10.1525/bio.2010.60.9.8 · Cited by 574
“The terrestrial pools have been drastically altered by human activities (deforestation, biomass burning, soil cultivation, drainage of peatlands) since the dawn of settled agriculture about 10,000 years ago (Ruddiman 2003), with an estimated depletion of more than 320 Pg C.”
BackgroundSmith, B. D., & Zeder, M. A. (2013) · Anthropocene · doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2013.05.001 · Cited by 546
“They go on to conclude that this anthropogenic regional warming trend represents the onset of the Anthropocene: ‘‘Together, these results suggest that the human influence on climate began even earlier than previously believed (Ruddiman, 2003), and that the onset of the Anthropocene should be extended back many thousan…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation
Wilkinson, B. H., & McElroy, B. J. (2006) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b25899.1 · Cited by 524
The Working Group on the Anthropocene: Summary of evidence and interim recommendations
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Summerhayes, C. P., Wolfe, A. P., Barnosky, A. D., Cearreta, A., Crutzen, P., Ellis, E., Fairchild, I. J., Gałuszka, A., et al. (2017) · Anthropocene · doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2017.09.001 · Cited by 487
“…were diachronous: extinction pulses were separated by tens of thousands of years depending on the continent, as were physical transformations of the landscape associated with agriculture (which may also have caused a mild rise in CO2 and CH4 from the mid-Holocene onward, Ruddiman, 2003, 2013).”
BackgroundAtmospheric Methane and Nitrous Oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic Ice Cores
Spahni, R., Chappellaz, J., Stocker, T. F., Loulergue, L., Hausammann, G., Kawamura, K., Flückiger, J., Schwander, J., Raynaud, D., Masson‐Delmotte, V., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1120132 · Cited by 471
Sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in global carbon pools
Lal, R. (2008) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/b809492f · Cited by 492
Global biomass burning: a synthesis and review of Holocene paleofire records and their controls
Marlon, J. R., Bartlein, P. J., Daniau, A.-L., Harrison, S. P., Maezumi, S. Y., Power, M. J., Tinner, W., & Vanniére, B. (2013) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.029 · Cited by 438
“…clearance and changes in landuse, facilitated through extensive fire use, affected pre-industrial Holocene climate by altering atmospheric composition through the production and/or sequestration of greenhouse gases (Ruddiman, 2003; Ruddiman et al., 2008; Dull et al., 2010; Nevle et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRuddiman, W. F. (2013) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-123944 · Cited by 478
Self-citationClimate change and trace gases
Hansen, J. E., Sato, M., Kharecha, P. A., Russell, G. L., Lea, D. W., & Siddall, M. E. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2052 · Cited by 449
Rapid Early Development of Circumarctic Peatlands and Atmospheric CH 4 and CO 2 Variations
MacDonald, G. M. S. D., Beilman, D. W., Kremenetski, K. V., Sheng, Y., Smith, L. C., & Velichko, A. A. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1131722 · Cited by 393
The carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems
Lal, R., Smith, P., Jungkunst, H. F., Mitsch, W. J., Lehmann, J., Nair, P. K. R., McBratney, A. B., de Moraes Sá, J. C., Schneider, J., Zinn, Y. L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Soil and Water Conservation · doi:10.2489/jswc.73.6.145a · Cited by 394
“…of agriculture around The carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems 8000 BC presumably transformed these sinks into a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (Ruddiman 2003), mostly CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide (N2O), and depleted the terrestrial (soil, vegetation, and peatlands) C stocks.”
BackgroundTropical forests and the changing earth system
Lewis, S. L. (2005) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1711 · Cited by 405
“While human-induced changes to the Earth system may have been discernable for several thousand years (Ruddiman 2003), and have been clear for hundreds of years (Crutzen 2002), the past 50 years have seen humans move from influencing the Earth system, to dominating it (Crutzen & Steffen 2003; Reid…”
BackgroundHumans as geologic agents: A deep-time perspective
Wilkinson, B. H. (2005) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g21108.1 · Cited by 381
“…1994) are also somewhat biased because current sediment loads reflect both natural and anthropogenic processes, the latter of which have influenced drainage sediment yields for thousands of years (Ruddiman, 2003) and are also changing rapidly in response to societal evolution and population growth.”
BackgroundLong livestock farming history and human landscape shaping revealed by lake sediment DNA
Giguet‐Covex, C., Pansu, J., Arnaud, F., Rey, P.-J., Griggo, C., Gielly, L., Domaizon, I., Coissac, É., David, F., Choler, P., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4211 · Cited by 371
“Landscape shaping, which affects erosion, is most likely the oldest human-caused geological process 2,3 .”
Unruh, G. C., & Carrillo‐Hermosilla, J. (2004) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.10.013 · Cited by 374
Management to mitigate and adapt to climate change
Lal, R., Delgado, J. A., Groffman, P. M., Millar, N., Dell, C. J., & Rotz, A. C. (2011) · Journal of Soil and Water Conservation · doi:10.2489/jswc.66.4.276 · Cited by 359
“The terrestrial C pool has been a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) ever since the beginning of settled agriculture (Ruddiman 2003).”
BackgroundJI, J., SHEN, J., Balsam, W., CHEN, J., Liu, L., & LIU, X. (2005) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.025 · Cited by 353
“Further studies are needed to understand these interrelationships [38].”
BackgroundPrentice, I. C., Bondeau, A., Crämer, W., Harrison, S. P., Hickler, T., Lucht, W., Sitch, S. A., Smith, B., & Sykes, M. T. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32730-1_15 · Cited by 356
“Ruddiman (2003) on the other hand has ascribed the CO2 rise to deforestation.”
BackgroundWhitlock, C., Higuera, P. E., McWethy, D. B., & Briles, C. E. (2010) · The Open Ecology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874213001003020006 · Cited by 342
“…for thousands of years through their impacts on ignition rates, fuels, and land cover (Bowman 2009, Archibald et al. 2009, Nevle and Bird 2008, Storm and Shebitz 2006, Ferretti et al. 2005, Miller et al. 2005, Bond et al. 2005, Ruddiman 2003, Pyne 2001, Denevan, 1992, Parisien and Moritz 2009).”
BackgroundUnexpected Changes to the Global Methane Budget over the Past 2000 Years
Ferretti, D. F., Miller, J. B., White, J. W. C., Etheridge, D. M., Lassey, K. R., Lowe, D. C., Meure, C. M. M., Dreier, M. F., Trudinger, C. M., van Ommen, T. D., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1115193 · Cited by 335
Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period
Hawkins, E., Ortega, P., Suckling, E. B., Schurer, A., Hegerl, G. C., Jones, P. D., Joshi, M., Osborn, T. J., Masson‐Delmotte, V., Mignot, J., et al. (2017) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-16-0007.1 · Cited by 337
“Changes in land use and other human activities (e.g., biomass burning, deforestation) may have altered the composition of the atmosphere several millennia ago (Ruddiman 2003; Ruddiman et al. 2016).”
BackgroundA continental strategy for the National Ecological Observatory Network
Keller, M., SCHIMEL, D. S., Hargrove, W. W., & Hoffman, F. M. (2008) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2008)6[282:acsftn]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 328
“In the present Anthropocene Era (Crutzen and Steffen 2003; Ruddiman 2003), humanity is directly shaping the biosphere and physical environment, triggering potentially devastating and currently unpredictable consequences (Doney and Schimel 2007).”
BackgroundLarsen, C. S. (2006) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.01.004 · Cited by 326
A stratigraphical basis for the Anthropocene?
Waters, C. N., Zalasiewicz, J. A., Williams, M., Ellis, M. A., & Snelling, A. M. (2014) · Geological Society, London, Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp395.18 · Cited by 318
“More often it is evident through the initiation of agricultural practices, with forest clearances increasing atmospheric CO2 levels from 8 ka BP, and cultivation and irrigation techniques increasing atmospheric CH4 levels from about 5 ka BP (Ruddiman 2003, 2005) (Fig.”
BackgroundFire effects on soils: the human dimension
Santín, C., & Doerr, S. H. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0171 · Cited by 348
Holocene land-cover reconstructions for studies on land cover-climate feedbacks
Gaillard, M., Sugita, S., Mazier, F., Trondman, A., Broström, A., Hickler, T., Kaplan, J. O., Kjellström, E., Kokfelt, U., Kuneš, P., et al. (2010) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-6-483-2010 · Cited by 316
“…and Hickler (2008), agree in the suggestion that the magnitude of past changes in terrestrial carbon balance associated with human land-use are far too small to account for a major dampening (or enhancement) of global climate variations (e.g. the Ruddiman’s hypothe- sis; Ruddiman, 2003, 2005).”
BackgroundPrinciples of Glacier Mechanics
Hooke, R. L. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108698207 · Cited by 311
Clair, S. B. S., & Lynch, J. P. (2010) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0328-z · Cited by 301
“Estimates are that the world has lost 55–90 Pg of soil organic carbon (SOC) through land conversion from natural to agricultural ecosystems (Ruddiman 2003).”
BackgroundAn anthropogenic marker horizon in the future rock record
Corcoran, P. L., Moore, C. J., & Jazvac, K. (2014) · GSA Today · doi:10.1130/gsat-g198a.1 · Cited by 300
“Although other workers have considered the onset of this informal epoch to have occurred at slightly different times (Ruddiman, 2003; Doughty et al., 2010), researchers agree that the Anthropocene is a time span marked by human interaction with Earth’s biophysical system (Zalasiewicz et al., 2011;…”
BackgroundThe Palaeoanthropocene – The beginnings of anthropogenic environmental change
Foley, S., Gronenborn, D., Andreae, M. O., Kadereit, J. W., Esper, J., Scholz, D., Pöschl, U., Jacob, D. E., Schöne, B. R., Schreg, R., et al. (2013) · Anthropocene · doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2013.11.002 · Cited by 309
“…as suggested by Crutzen, or to include earlier anthropogenic effects on landscape, the environment (Ellis et al., 2013), and possibly climate (Ruddiman, 2003, 2013), thus backdating it to the Neolithic revolution and possibly beyond Pleistocene megafauna extinctions around 50,000 years ago…”
BackgroundThe role of soil in regulation of climate
Lal, R., Monger, C., Nave, L., & Smith, P. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0084 · Cited by 319
Beyond COP 21: Potential and challenges of the “4 per Thousand” initiative
Lal, R. (2016) · Journal of Soil and Water Conservation · doi:10.2489/jswc.71.1.20a · Cited by 288
“Historic emissions of C due to deforestation and land use conversion are estimated at 320 Gt (352.7 billion tn) since the begin- ning of agriculture circa 8000 BC to 1750 (Ruddiman 2003; Ruddiman et al. 2015) and 136 Gt (149.9 billion tn) from 1750 to 2010 (Houghton et al. 2012; IPCC 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialHolocene carbon flux histories of the world’s peatlands
Yu, Z. (2011) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683610386982 · Cited by 278
“…2001), coral reef build-up (Ridgwell et al., 2003), emissions from natural terrestrial sources (Brovkin et al., 2002; by Zicheng Yu on July 29, 2011hol.sagepub.comDownloaded from Indermühle et al., 1999; Joos et al., 2004) and releases from anthropogenic terrestrial sources (Ruddiman, 2003, 2007).”
BackgroundThe Concept of the Anthropocene
Malhi, Y. S. (2017) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060854 · Cited by 335
Critical insolation–CO2 relation for diagnosing past and future glacial inception
Ganopolski, A., Winkelmann, R., & Schellnhuber, H. J. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16494 · Cited by 280
Anthropogenic soils are the golden spikes for the Anthropocene
Certini, G., & Scalenghe, R. (2011) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683611408454 · Cited by 273
“This was explained by Ruddiman (2003) by forest clearance.”
Orbital insolation, ice volume, and greenhouse gases
Ruddiman, W. F. (2003) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(03)00087-8 · Cited by 267
“Evidence summarized by Roberts (1998) shows that humans began to cut forests for agriculture in Europe just as the anomalous CO2 increase began.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe geomorphology of the Anthropocene: emergence, status and implications
Brown, A. G., Tooth, S., Bullard, J. E., Thomas, D. S. G., Chiverrell, R. C., Plater, A. J., Murton, J. B., Thorndycraft, V. R., Tarolli, P., Rose, J., et al. (2016) · Earth Surface Processes and Landforms · doi:10.1002/esp.3943 · Cited by 263
The early anthropogenic hypothesis: Challenges and responses
Ruddiman, W. F. (2007) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2006rg000207 · Cited by 274
“[1] Ruddiman (2003) proposed that late Holocene anthropogenic intervention caused CH4 and CO2 increases that kept climate from cooling and that preindustrial pandemics caused CO2 decreases and a small cooling.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTinner, W., & Lotter, A. F. (2005) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.03.017 · Cited by 264
Joos, F., Gerber, S., Prentice, I. C., Otto‐Bliesner, B. L., & Valdes, P. J. (2004) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2003gb002156 · Cited by 263
“The land use scenario by [Ruddiman, 2003] is highly unlikely and not compatible with the ice core d(13)C record.”
MethodRuddiman, W. F., Ellis, E. C., Kaplan, J. O., & Fuller, D. Q. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa7297 · Cited by 261
Self-citationEffects of anthropogenic land cover change on the carbon cycle of the last millennium
Pongratz, J., Reick, C. H., Raddatz, T., & Claussen, M. A. (2009) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2009gb003488 · Cited by 255
“Our estimates are lower than the ones by Ruddiman [2003, 2007] , who, however, takes into account several additional emission processes including some unrelated to ALCC, such as coal burning in China.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVanwalleghem, T., Gómez, J. A., Infante‐Amate, J., de Molina, M. G., Vanderlinden, K., Guzmán, G., Laguna, A. M., & Cervera, J. V. G. (2017) · Anthropocene · doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2017.01.002 · Cited by 277
“, 2010) and possibly even atmospheric CH4 and CO2 concentrations (Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundCool Farming : Climate impacts of agriculture and mitigation potential
Bellarby, J., Foereid, B., Hastings, A., & Smith, P. (2008) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 253
How old is pastoralism in Tibet? An ecological approach to the making of a Tibetan landscape
Miehe, G., Miehe, S., Kaiser, K., Reudenbach, C., Behrendes, L., Duo, L., & Schlütz, F. (2009) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.03.005 · Cited by 244
Besset, M., Anthony, E. J., & Bouchette, F. (2019) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.018 · Cited by 255
Hosner, D., Wagner, M., Tarasov, P. E., Chen, X., & Leipe, C. (2016) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683616641743 · Cited by 246
“…era’ had already begun by 8000 years ago, as a result of forest clearance and agricultural land use, notably wet rice cultivation in China and associated high population densities, is used to explain the pre-industrial rise in greenhouse gas concentrations (Ruddiman, 2003; Ruddiman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBrovkin, V. A., Claussen, M. A., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, T., Kicklighter, D. W., Loutre, M., Matthews, H. D., Ramankutty, N., Schaeffer, M., & Sokolov, A. (2006) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-005-0092-6 · Cited by 239
Late Holocene climate: Natural or anthropogenic?
Ruddiman, W. F., Fuller, D. Q., Kutzbach, J. E., Tzedakis, P. C., Kaplan, J. O., Ellis, E. C., Vavrus, S. J., Roberts, N., Fyfe, R., He, F., et al. (2015) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2015rg000503 · Cited by 242
“The latter value is at the top of the 240 – 245ppm range estimated for a current world free of all anthropogenic gas emissions [ Ruddiman , 2003].”
InfluentialSelf-citationStable isotope constraints on Holocene carbon cycle changes from an Antarctic ice core
Elsig, J., Schmitt, J., Leuenberger, D., Schneider, R., Eyer, M., Leuenberger, M., Joos, F., Fischer, H., & Stocker, T. F. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08393 · Cited by 219
Contreras, D. A., & Meadows, J. (2014) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.030 · Cited by 239
Fuller, D. Q., van Etten, J., Manning, K., Castillo, C., Kingwell-Banham, E., Weisskopf, A., Qin, L., Sato, Y.-I., & Hijmans, R. J. (2011) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683611398052 · Cited by 235
“A methane contribution from Old World ruminant pastoralism: African and Asian expansions of the mid to late Holocene Rice cultivation is not the only source of methane from traditional agricultural practices: methane is a natural product of the ruminant digestive system and should be produced in varying quantities by…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Anthropocene as a Geological Time Unit
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Fairchild, I. J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359 · Cited by 348
Tzedakis, P. C., Raynaud, D., McManus, J. F., et al. (2009) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo660 · Cited by 229
Allegories of the Anthropocene
DeLoughrey, E. (2019) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478005582 · Cited by 244
Taylor, A. H., Trouet, V., Skinner, C. N., & Stephens, S. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1609775113 · Cited by 228
“Our results also run counter to Ruddiman’s (49,50) ‘early anthropocene’ hypothesis that widespread pandemics (including in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 CE) lead to reforestation of abandoned land, increased carbon sequestration in growing forests, and a short-term atmospheric CO 2 decrease of 4-10 ppm (51).”
ResultWilliams, M., Zalasiewicz, J., Haff, P., Schwägerl, C., Barnosky, A. D., & Ellis, E. C. (2015) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019615591020 · Cited by 226
Terminology as a key uncertainty in net land use and land cover change carbon flux estimates
Pongratz, J., Reick, C. H., Houghton, R. A., & House, J. I. (2014) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-5-177-2014 · Cited by 230
“Note that these simulations prescribe climate corresponding to the pre-industrial era (1700 or 800 AD), which is indeed largely undisturbed by human activity, although some effects of LULCC on environmental conditions may have occurred by this time (Ruddiman, 2003; Pongratz et al., 2009b).”
BackgroundThe Anthropo-scene: A guide for the perplexed
Lorimer, J. (2017) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312716671039 · Cited by 223
Lal, R. (2012) · Agricultural Research · doi:10.1007/s40003-012-0031-9 · Cited by 263
“Ruddiman [79, 80] argued that cyclic variations in CO2 and CH4 caused by Earth’s orbital changes caused decreases in atmospheric concentrations of these GHGs throughout the Holocene.”
BackgroundSoil carbon sequestration in sub-Saharan Africa: a review
Vågen, T., Lal, R., & Singh, B. R. (2005) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.644 · Cited by 221
“Recent studies suggest that cumulative pre-industrial anthropogenic CO2 emissions may have been far more significant than previously assumed, mainly as an effect of forest clearance, and may explain the rise in atmospheric CO2 between 8000 years BP and 1800 AD (Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundFire in the Air: Biomass Burning Impacts in a Changing Climate
Keywood, M., Kanakidou, M., Stohl, A., Dentener, F. J., Grassi, G., Meyer, C. P. M., Tørseth, K., Edwards, D. P., Thompson, A. M., Lohmann, U., et al. (2011) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2011.604248 · Cited by 225
“Hunter-gathers used fires to reduce fuel and manage wildlife and many of these practices continue today.[23] The indigenous people of Northern Australia used manwurrk (fire drives) to flush out game during hunting,[24] demonstrating the knowledge and skills indigenous people bring to fire management in fire-prone land…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ruddiman, W. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ruddiman, William F.
- Venue
- Climatic Change
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-293
- ISSN
- 0165-0009 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-1480
- OpenAlex
- W2139562946
- Semantic Scholar
- 83a526a6d579874795e7852a395c3e44637efead
- Cited by
- 1,658
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 39.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Climatic Change (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Keywords
- anthropogenic greenhouse effect, atmospheric CO2, methane, Holocene, ancient agriculture, forest clearing, rice irrigation, Little Ice Age, bubonic plague, farm abandonment, forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, orbital forcing, paleoclimate, Industrial Revolution, global warming
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