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Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale
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In the citing paper
“This measure has demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .93) and validity (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Difficulties in emotion regulation in treatment-seeking alcoholics with and without co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders. (2018) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation capability was assessed using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), a 36-item scale 40.”
In the citing paper
“Posing questions at a single time point about typical behavior does not give us strong purchase on the operation of dynamic concepts in varied contexts (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Palmieri, Boden, & Berenbaum, 2009; Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995).”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“This inconsistency in the findings could be due to the different scales used as the original study (Romero-Moreno et al., 2017) employed a measure of acceptance not specifically designed for dementia caregivers (i.e., the subscale of the Emotion Regulation Scale, Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Valued Living Questionnaire Adapted to Caregiving (2023) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“DERS scores have also been shown to have good test–retest reliability (ρI = 0.88, P < 0.01) [14].”
From Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Now, when it comes to assessing dysfunctional ER, in an integrative study on the so-called “Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale,” lack of emotional clarity and, even more seriously, the lack of emotional awareness has been suggested to be a crucial component (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Collaborative Irrationality, Akrasia, and Groupthink: Social Disruptions of Emotion Regulation (2017) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The DERS has also been reported to have adequate predictive and constructive validity [14], with scores being correlated with depression and anxiety symptoms [18].”
From Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“The DERS was developed to assess a range of emotion regulation difficulties associated with the development and maintenance of psychopathology using a single measure to reduce patient burden and clinical overlap which can occur when using multiple tools (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [138]
In the citing paper
“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“In Gratz and Roemer’s (5) definition of adaptive emotion regulation, awareness and acceptance of emotions, and the ability to modulate emotional responses are emphasized, together with controlling impulsive behaviors to act according to a long-term goal or value, despite the presence of negative emotions.”
From An emotion regulation skills training for adolescents and parents: perceptions and acceptability of methodological aspects (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“The conceptualization of emotion regulation in the current intervention is in line with the definition of emotion regulation by Gratz and Roemer (5), which emphasizes awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions.”
From An emotion regulation skills training for adolescents and parents: perceptions and acceptability of methodological aspects (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“This scale is a well-validated and widely used self-report measure with excellent psychometric properties (internal consistency α = 0.93).”
From Embodied Cognition in Meditation, Yoga, and Ethics—An Experimental Single-Case Study on the Differential Effects of Four Mind–Body Treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“DERS has good psychometric properties in the general population. Internal consistency is 0.93, test-retest reliability is adequate, and convergent and incremental validity are shown.”
From Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The authors found high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate construct and predictive validity.”
From Brief psychological intervention for distress tolerance in an adult secondary care community mental health service: an evaluation (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“An impaired awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions or few appropriate emotion regulation strategies [19] are related to interpersonal problems [20, 21].”
In the citing paper
“the multidimensional model of emotion dysregulation proposed by Gratz and Roemer (2004) has been widely adopted in the clinical literature in relation to its association with numerous psychological disorders.”
From An Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control (ERIC) Intervention for Vulnerable Young People: A Multi-Sectoral Pilot Study (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The eight domains are informed by Gratz and Roemer's (2004) model and target important processes or strategies to help young people regulate their emotions and control impulsive behaviors linked to negative emotion (i.e., urgency (Cyders and Smith, 2008; Weiss et al., 2013a).”
From An Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control (ERIC) Intervention for Vulnerable Young People: A Multi-Sectoral Pilot Study (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Based on Gratz and Roemer’s (2004) model of emotion regulation, the Difficulties in Emotions Regulation Scale (DERS) was developed accordingly for the measurement of the difficulties in emotion regulation.”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“DERS was more comprehensive to cover a wider range of emotion regulation strategies including the clarity of emotions, acceptance of emotional experience, impulsion control, goal-directed behavior and flexibility in strategies”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“This construct is not entirely equivalent to emotional dysregulation (operationalised by Maddox et al. with the Emotion Regulation Scale [75]), but encapsulates the latter in combination with difficulty identifying and understanding one’s emotions [76, 77].”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“The DERS has been shown to have high internal consistency (α = 0.93), good test-retest reliability (r = 0.88), and construct validity (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Preliminary data indicate high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate construct and predictive validity.”
From Dbt-enhanced cognitive-behavioral treatment for trichotillomania: A randomized controlled trial (2012) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The questionnaire also has adequate construct and predictive validity and good test-retest reliability.”
In the citing paper
“The internal consistency for the total scale as well as for the subscales appeared to be adequate (varying between a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80 and 0.93).”
In the citing paper
“The DERS has adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.93), test–retest reliability (r = 0.88), and construct and predictive validity among a college sample (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“McVey et al. (2021) provided preliminary evidence for the utility of the DERS in autistic adolescents and adults. Their results supported a 6-factor structure, similar to that found in the general population (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Research supports its reliability and validity. 30,31”
From Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training: A feasibility study with active duty military. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“Diagnoses were derived by the CIDI and validated by expert clinicians [33][34][35][36][37][38] .”
From Treating Treatment-Resistant Patients with Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Psychotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Switching Trial. (2015) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Some of these habitual affective/cognitive styles can be measured with self-report instruments (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Hayes et al., 2004; Hofmann & Kashdan, 2010; Meyer, Miller, Metzger, & Borkovec, 1990; Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003).”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Anxiety and depression were assessed using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Short Form 8a (Cronbach's α = 0.92) 74,75 and PROMIS Depression Short Form 8a (α = 0.97).”
From Mindfulness training enhances self-regulation and facilitates health behavior change for primary care patients: A randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“The second questionnaire was the Filipino version of the Emotion Regulation Scale (Gill and Lopez, 2018) adapted from DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The Filipino version of the Emotion Regulation Scale (Gill and Lopez, 2018) was adapted and translated for children from the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale or DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004). After translation of the original DERS, only 22 items were retained after exploring the validity and reliability of the translated version (Gill and Lopez, 2018).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The DERS has high internal consistency (α =.93) and good test-retest reliability (r=.74 −.78 for women).(54)”
In the citing paper
“Graz reported the validity of the questionnaire as 0.93 and its reliability was 0.80, using Cronbach’s alpha (9).”
From Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on interpersonal problems and difficulties in emotion regulation among university students (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“emotion regulation has been indicated as a moderator of anxiety and depressive symptoms [46]”
From Uptake and adherence to an online intervention for cancer-related distress: older age is not a barrier to adherence but may be a barrier to uptake (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“The test–retest reliability for the total score is good (r = 0.88; subscales 0.56 < r < 0.90).”
From The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The construct validity and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α > 0.80) is sufficient for all scales (Gratz and Roemer, 2004; Neumann et al., 2010).”
From The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
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Usubini, A. G., Cattivelli, R., Scarpa, A., Musetti, A., Varallo, G., Franceschini, C., & Castelnuovo, G. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100338 · Cited by 88
McKee, L. G., Zvolensky, M. J., Solomon, S. E., Bernstein, A., & Leen‐Feldner, E. W. (2007) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070601119314 · Cited by 77
Walpole, B., Dettmer, E. L., Morrongiello, B. A., McCrindle, B. W., & Hamilton, J. K. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-459 · Cited by 74
Emotion regulation profiles in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
Uliaszek, A. A., Prensky, E. H., & Baslet, G. C. (2012) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.01.009 · Cited by 74
Crowell, S. E., Puzia, M., & Yaptangco, M. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.023 · Cited by 84
“It can be defined as the absence of: first, understanding and awareness of emotions; second, acceptance of emotions; third, the ability to control impulsive behavior when upset; and fourth, the ability to apply regulation strategies to meet goals and demands [17].”
BackgroundFarmer, R. F., & Chapman, A. L. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11664-000 · Cited by 74
Time course of facial emotion processing in women with borderline personality disorder: an ERP study
Hidalgo, N. A. I., Oelkers‐Ax, R., Nagy, K., Mancke, F., Bohus, M., Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.140215 · Cited by 78
The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abbing, A., Baars, E. W., de Sonneville, L., Ponstein, A. S., & Swaab, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01203 · Cited by 73
Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Personality, and Problematic Smartphone Use
Horwood, S., & Anglim, J. (2021) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0328 · Cited by 70
Liese, B. S., Kim, H. S., & Hodgins, D. C. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106432 · Cited by 73
Bardeen, J. R., Tull, M. T., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Stevens, E. N., & Gratz, K. L. (2015) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9433-2 · Cited by 73
“…goals, difficulties controlling behaviors in the face of emotional distress, and deficits in the modulation of emotional arousal, including a lack of access to effective strategies for modulating the intensity or duration of emotions (for reviews, see Gratz and Roemer 2004; Gratz and Tull 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDifferential predictors of DSM-5 PTSD and ICD-11 complex PTSD among African American women
Powers, A. D., Fani, N., Carter, S. E., Cross, D., Cloître, M., & Bradley, B. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1338914 · Cited by 73
Emotion dysregulation, impulsivity and personality disorder traits: A community sample study
Garofalo, C., Velotti, P., Callea, A., Popolo, R., Salvatore, G., Cavallo, F., & Dimaggio, G. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.067 · Cited by 77
“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundRaabe, S., Ehring, T. W., Marquenie, L. A., Olff, M., & Kindt, M. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.013 · Cited by 72
Mindfulness Facets Predict Helping Behavior and Distinct Helping-Related Emotions
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Problem Gambling Family Impacts: Development of the Problem Gambling Family Impact Scale
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“…higher levels of emotion dysregulation and greater variability in emotion dysregulation compared to women in the original DERS validation sample (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), all of whom were undergraduate psychology students (M = 80.19, SD = 26.79 in the current sample, compared to M = 77.99, SD =…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAdrian, M., McCauley, E., Berk, M. S., Asarnow, J. R., Korslund, K., Avina, C., Gallop, R., & Linehan, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13099 · Cited by 68
“The Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) is a 36-item multidimensional self-report measure assessing individuals’ characteristic patterns of emotion dysregulation (e.g., “When I’m upset, I lose control over my behaviors.”).”
BackgroundGonzalez, A., Solomon, S. E., Zvolensky, M. J., & Miller, C. T. (2009) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309102193 · Cited by 68
Ibraheim, M., Kalpakci, A., & Sharp, C. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0052-x · Cited by 72
“We compared adolescent inpatients with BPD to non-BPD psychiatric controls and non-clinical adolescent healthy controls on total score of emotion dysregulation and the six aforementioned emotion dysregulation sub-factors proposed by Gratz and Roemer [9].”
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“This awareness in turn enables individuals to control impulsive behaviors and negative reactions in order to meet situational demands and achieve personal goals (Gratz and Roemer 2004).”
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“Defined as difficulties in changing one's emotion in order to maintain a preferred emotional state following a stressor,(5) extensive empirical testing has found difficulties in emotion regulation is composed of six distinct factors: lack of emotional awareness (“awareness”) which reflects whether one attends to and a…”
BackgroundInfluentialFazia, T., Bubbico, F., Nova, A., Buizza, C., Cela, H., Iozzi, D., Calgan, B., Maggi, F., Floris, V., Sutti, I., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35483-z · Cited by 88
EMOTION REGULATION IN MOTHERS AND YOUNG CHILDREN FACED WITH TRAUMA
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Criterion and incremental validity of the emotion regulation questionnaire
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“The majority of ER measures either assess generalized, strategy-independent ER (Gratz and Roemer, 2004), or are limited to examining regulatory strategies based on isolated elements of emotional arousal, such as cognition (e.g., Garnefski et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCerutti, R., Presaghi, F., Manca, M., & Gratz, K. L. (2012) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01169.x · Cited by 79
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A contextual model of self-regulation change mechanisms among individuals with addictive disorders
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“…skills, as measured by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; AC CE PT ED M AN US CR IP T CONTEXTUAL MODEL OF SELF-REGULATION CHANGE MECHANISMS 7 Gratz & Roemer, 2004), among women with substance use disorders and borderline personality disorder receiving dialectical behavior therapy.”
MethodBelleau, E. L., Chin, E. G., Wanklyn, S. G., Zambrano-Vazquez, L., Schumacher, J. A., & Coffey, S. F. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.011 · Cited by 71
“Difficulties in adaptively regulating emotions has been conceptualized by Gratz and Roemer (2004) as reflecting several dimensions, including a lack of emotional awareness, lack of emotional clarity, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors and engaging in goal directed behavior when…”
BackgroundEvren, B., Evren, C., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.112 · Cited by 72
Meta-emotions in daily life: Associations with emotional awareness and depression
Bailen, N. H., Wu, H., & Thompson, R. J. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000488 · Cited by 70
Gouveia, M. J., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1239-5 · Cited by 71
“…regulation is a multidimensional construct that can be broadly defined as an individual’s ability to identify, understand, and accept emotional experiences; control impulsive behaviors when distressed; and flexibly modulate emotional responses as situationally appropriate (Gratz and Roemer 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialCollege Students’ Perceptions of Barriers to Bystander Intervention
Yule, K., & Grych, J. H. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517706764 · Cited by 71
“Participants completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) to measure emotion regulation ability.”
MethodHughes, C. D., King, A. M., Kranzler, A., Fehling, K. B., Miller, A. L., Lindqvist, J., & Selby, E. A. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-09996-9 · Cited by 83
Hides, L. M., Dingle, G. A., Quinn, C. A., Stoyanov, S. R., Zelenko, O., Tjondronegoro, D., Johnson, D. M., Cockshaw, W. D., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/11482 · Cited by 77
“The DERS-SF has excellent reliability and validity and a similar factor structure to the original 36-item scale in adolescents and adults [54].”
MethodInfluentialMiller, A. E., & Racine, S. E. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1799804 · Cited by 71
“responses based on individual goals and situational demands.(21) Understanding which forms of emotion dysregulation relate to specific impulsive behaviors may allow for better prevention efforts at the university level as well as more targeted treatment of the behavioral consequences of impulsivity.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBaudinet, J., Eisler, I., Dawson, L., Simic, M., & Schmidt, U. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23616 · Cited by 72
Merwin, R. M., Moskovich, A. A., Wagner, H. R., Ritschel, L. A., Craighead, L. W., & Zucker, N. L. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.719003 · Cited by 73
“…(EDE; Cooper & Fairburn, 1987; Fairburn & Cooper, 1993) was used to quantify ED symptomatology, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) provided an index of emotion regulation difficulties, and the Sensory Profile (SP; Brown, Tollefson, Dunn, Cromwell, & Filion,…”
BackgroundMethodBornovalova, M. A., & Daughters, S. B. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.013 · Cited by 70
Matos, M., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Costa, V. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.786 · Cited by 86
“…which individuals modulate their emotions consciously and nonconsciously (Bargh & Williams, 2007; Rottenberg & Gross, 2003) to appropriately respond to environmental demands (Campbell-Sills & Barlow, 2007; Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004; Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gross, 1998; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
Gómez-Simón, I., Penelo, E., & de la Osa, N. (2014) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.324 · Cited by 87
“However , we decided to maintain them in their original factor ( Gratz & Roemer , 2004 ) , because they both also loaded above .”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Nature of Pain Offset Relief in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Franklin, J. C., Puzia, M., Lee, K. M., Lee, G. E., Hanna, E. K., Spring, V. L., & Prinstein, M. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702612474440 · Cited by 74
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) is a 41-item self-report questionnaire about emotion regulation (and dysregulation), with higher scores indicating poorer regulation.”
BackgroundEdwards, E. R., & Wupperman, P. (2016) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1241066 · Cited by 82
Terzi, L., Martino, F., Berardi, D., Bortolotti, B., Sasdelli, A., & Menchetti, M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.011 · Cited by 71
Background lead and mercury exposures: Psychological and behavioral problems in children
Gump, B. B., Dykas, M. J., MacKenzie, J. A., Dumas, A. K., Hruska, B. J., Ewart, C. K., Parsons, P. J., Palmer, C. D., & Bendinskas, K. G. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.033 · Cited by 77
Recent insights into the neurobiology of impulsivity
Mitchell, M. R., & Potenza, M. N. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0037-4 · Cited by 70
Putting emotion regulation in context
Aldao, A., & Tull, M. T. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.022 · Cited by 81
Navas-Casado, M. L., García-Sancho, E., & Salguero, J. M. (2023) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2023.101845 · Cited by 74
“…composed by abilities, exploring the different abilities implies in the process such as emotional awareness, impulse control, emotional clarity (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Hofmann & Kashdan, 2010) and the approach from the analysis of emotion regulation strategies in different steps of the process…”
Uhlig, S., Jansen, E., & Scherder, E. (2017) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735617719154 · Cited by 82
“Thus, based on our results, we challenge the suitability of these verbal questionnaires as qualitative adequate assessments of applied music interventions (Schellenberg, 2011) in relation to emotion regulation processes (Aldao, 2013; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundDialectical behaviour therapy v. mentalisation-based therapy for borderline personality disorder
Barnicot, K., & Crawford, M. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002878 · Cited by 86
“Emotional dysregulation The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz and Roemer, 2004), a 36-item self-report measure, was administered at baseline and at each 3-month follow-up.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCharak, R., Villarreal, L., Schmitz, R. M., Hirai, M., & Ford, J. D. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.007 · Cited by 71
Stressful Experiences, Emotion Dysregulation, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury among University Students
Ewing, L., Hamza, C. A., & Willoughby, T. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01025-y · Cited by 82
Hut, M., Minkler, T. O., Glass, C. R., Weppner, C. H., Thomas, H. M., & Flannery, C. B. (2021) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2021.1989521 · Cited by 84
“SDFS-2: Short Dispositional Flow Scale-2; CDFS-2: Core Dispositional Flow Scale-2; SAS-2¼ Sport Anxiety Scale-2; DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales-21; PHLMS: Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale; MIS: Mindfulness Inventory for Sport; DERS-SF: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form; BEAQ: Brief Experie…”
MethodInfluentialRacial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation: A systematic review
Weiss, N. H., Thomas, E. D., Schick, M. R., Reyes, M. E., & Contractor, A. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23284 · Cited by 79
Varchetta, M., Tagliaferri, G., Mari, E., Quaglieri, A., Cricenti, C., Giannini, A. M., & Vilar, M. M. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14101037 · Cited by 86
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), developed by Gratz and Roe-mer [47], is a self-report questionnaire designed to evaluate various aspects of difficulties in regulating emotions.”
BackgroundForkmann, T., Scherer, A., Böcker, M., Pawelzik, M. R., Gauggel, S., & Glaesmer, H. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12076 · Cited by 75
The Roles of Affect Dysregulation and Positive Affect in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
Jenkins, A. L., & Schmitz, M. F. (2012) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2012.695270 · Cited by 95
Messman‐Moore, T. L., Ward, R. M., Zerubavel, N., Chandley, R. B., & Barton, S. N. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514535259 · Cited by 70
“In fact, it may best be understood on a continuum from emotion dysregulation to healthy emotion regulation, and has been studied in adolescents and college students as well as in clinical populations (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSocial anxiety and coping motives for cannabis use: The impact of experiential avoidance.
Buckner, J. D., Zvolensky, M. J., Farris, S. G., & Hogan, J. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0034545 · Cited by 88
“The Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) is a 36-item assessment of emotion dysregulation.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEmotion dysregulation and sleep difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder
Tsypes, A., Aldao, A., & Mennin, D. S. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.01.008 · Cited by 76
Berg, C. A., Wiebe, D. J., Suchy, Y., Hughes, A. E., Anderson, J. H., Godbey, E., Butner, J., Tucker, C., Franchow, E. I., Pihlaskari, A. K., et al. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsu051 · Cited by 74
“This scale has excellent construct validity in adolescent (Weinberg & Klonsky, 2009) and adult samples (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
Parental self-regulation, emotional regulation and temperament: Implications for intervention
Barros, L., Goes, A. R., & Pereira, A. I. (2015) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/0103-166x2015000200013 · Cited by 87
“More than the specific strategy, it is the ability to use different ER strategies with flexibility that characterizes healthy adaptation (Cole, Michel, & Teti, 2004; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundDistinguishing subpopulations of marijuana users with latent profile analysis
Pearson, M. R., Bravo, A. J., & Conner, B. T. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.043 · Cited by 70
“Using the 36-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz and Roemer, 2004), we examined six facets of emotion regulation: nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulty engaging in goal-direct behavior, impulsive control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotion regulation s…”
BackgroundMethodCortisol responses enhance negative valence perception for ambiguous facial expressions
Brown, C., Raio, C. M., & Neta, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14846-3 · Cited by 71
Palagini, L., Cipollone, G., Masci, I., Caruso, D., Paolilli, F. L., Perugi, G., & Riemann, D. W. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.009 · Cited by 69
Pisetsky, E. M., Haynos, A. F., Lavender, J. M., Crow, S. J., & Peterson, C. B. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.012 · Cited by 69
Emotional Dysregulation and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Meta-Analytic Review
You, J., Ren, Y., Zhang, X., Wu, Z., Xu, S., & Lin, M. P. (2018) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.4172/neuropsychiatry.1000399 · Cited by 66
Zähringer, J., Ende, G., Santangelo, P., Kleindienst, N., Ruf, M., Bertsch, K., Bohus, M., Schmahl, C. G., & Paret, C. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102032 · Cited by 69
Koenig, J., Parzer, P., Haigis, N., Liebemann, J., Jung, T., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003490 · Cited by 69
de Silva, U., Glover, N., & Katona, C. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1013 · Cited by 78
Mansueto, G., Marino, C., Palmieri, S., Offredi, A., Sarracino, D., Sassaroli, S., Ruggiero, G. M., Spada, M. M., & Caselli, G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.086 · Cited by 73
Ruan, Q.-N., Chen, Y., & Yan, W. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00574-2 · Cited by 81
Duggan, J. M., Heath, N. L., & Hu, T. (2015) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0052-9 · Cited by 69
“Emotion regulation difficulties were assessed using three questions from the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) [39], a 36-item inventory designed to assess difficulties in emotion regulation.”
MethodInfluentialSpecificity of emotion regulation deficits in social anxiety: An internet study
Rusch, S., Westermann, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02029.x · Cited by 78
Pachankis, J. E., Rendina, H. J., Ventuneac, A., Grov, C., & Parsons, J. T. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0261-y · Cited by 70
“Participants completed the 36-item difficulties with emotion regulation scale (DERS) (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) that measures general problems regulating emotions as well as six specific domains of difficulty with emotion regulation.”
MethodGratz, K. L., Levy, R., & Tull, M. T. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.26.4.365 · Cited by 69
“…(c) flexible use of situationally appropriate strategies to modulate the intensity and/or duration of emotional responses rather than to eliminate emotions entirely; and (d) willingness to experience negative emotions as part of pursuing meaningful activities in life (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationTull, M., Bardeen, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T. L., & Gratz, K. L. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.003 · Cited by 85
“…goals, difficulties controlling behaviors in the face of emotional distress, and deficits in the modulation of emotional arousal, including a lack of access to effective strategies for modulating the intensity or duration of emotions (for reviews, see Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gratz & Tull, 2010).”
Self-citationMeta-Analysis of the Association Between Emotional Clarity and Attention to Emotions
Boden, M. T., & Thompson, R. J. (2016) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915610640 · Cited by 81
“Research generally demonstrates stronger associations between clarity and attention when assessed by the DERS versus the TMMS and TAS (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLattimore, P. J., Mead, B. R., Irwin, L., Grice, L., Carson, R., & Malinowski, P. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.022 · Cited by 78
Southward, M. W., & Cheavens, J. S. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618769560 · Cited by 68
“The DERS (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) is a 36-item self-report measure designed to assess difficulties regulating emotions in six domains: nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotion regulation str…”
BackgroundInfluentialMaffei, C., Cavicchioli, M., Movalli, M., Cavallaro, R., & Fossati, A. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1480035 · Cited by 76
“Description of treatment phases Psychiatric pre- treatment evaluation Intensive-phase (1 month) five times a week random weekly toxicological screening Post-intensive phase (2 months) twice a week SCID-II interview (N= 176) random weekly toxicological screening DERS t0 N= 244 DERS t1 N= 213 DERS t2 N= 157 Figure .”
InfluentialKrause-Utz, A., Erol, E., Brousianou, A. V., Cackowski, S., Paret, C., Ende, G., & Elzinga, B. M. (2019) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-019-0101-8 · Cited by 81
“a clear idea about how to effectively regulate them and how to successfully use effective and mature regulation strategies [25].”
BackgroundMethodCassiello-Robbins, C., Anand, D., McMahon, K., Guetta, R., Trumbull, J., Kelley, L., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00847 · Cited by 68
Grasso, D. J., Drury, S., Briggs-Gowan, M., Johnson, A., Ford, J., Lapidus, G., Scranton, V., Abreu, C., & Covault, J. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104604 · Cited by 65
Adolescents' addictive phone use: associations with eating behaviors and adiposity
Domoff, S. E., Sutherland, E. Q., Yokum, S., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082861 · Cited by 83
“90) which assesses adolescents’ perceptions of difficulties in regulating emotions [24].”
BackgroundSemplonius, T., Good, M., & Willoughby, T. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0200-1 · Cited by 75
Clinical outcomes of a stepped care program for borderline personality disorder
Laporte, L., Paris, J., Bergevin, T. A., Fraser, R., & Cardin, J. (2018) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1421 · Cited by 68
An examination of emotion dysregulation in maladaptive perfectionism
Malivoire, B. L., Kuo, J. R., & Antony, M. M. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.04.006 · Cited by 82
Predictors of Pornography Use: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Loneliness
Cardoso, J., Ramos, C., Brito, J., & Almeida, T. C. (2022) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.01.005 · Cited by 82
Fenske, S. C., Lis, S., Liebke, L., Niedtfeld, I., Kirsch, P., & Mier, D. U. (2015) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-015-0031-z · Cited by 78
“and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; [48]).”
BackgroundLinkages between cigarette smoking outcome expectancies and negative emotional vulnerability
Johnson, K. A., Zvolensky, M. J., Marshall, E. C., Gonzalez, A., Abrams, K. B., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.001 · Cited by 68
Han, Z. R., & Shaffer, A. E. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0353-7 · Cited by 68
Hien, D. A., Cohen, L. R., Caldeira, N. A., Flom, P. L., & Wasserman, G. A. (2010) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.05.006 · Cited by 68
Difficulties in emotion regulation in patients with eating disorders
Ruscitti, C., Rufino, K. A., Goodwin, N. P., & Wagner, R. (2016) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-016-0037-1 · Cited by 68
“[20] compared individuals with AN, BN, and BED using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; [11]), the ERQ [12], and the Inventory of Cognitive Affect Reappraisal Strategies (ICARUS; [21]).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialInterpersonal Threat Sensitivity in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Study
Bertsch, K., Krauch, M., Stopfer, K., Haeussler, K., Herpertz, S. C., & Gamer, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2017_31_273 · Cited by 68
Ellard, K. K., Bernstein, E. E., Hearing, C. M., Baek, J. H., Sylvia, L. G., Nierenberg, A. A., Barlow, D. H., & Deckersbach, T. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.011 · Cited by 75
How do I feel right now? Emotional awareness, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms in youth
Beveren, M. V., Goossens, L., Volkaert, B., Grassmann, C., Wante, L., Vandeweghe, L., Verbeken, S., & Braet, C. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1203-3 · Cited by 80
Weiss, N. H., Nelson, R. J., Contractor, A. A., & Sullivan, T. P. (2019) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1618842 · Cited by 67
“…strategies for modulating the duration and/or intensity of emotional responses in order to meet individual goals and situational demands; and (d) an unwillingness to experience emotional distress as part of pursuing meaningful activities in life (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gratz & Tull, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gratz, Kim L.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-54
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- OpenAlex
- W2017039362
- Cited by
- 8,942
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 849 · 2025: 928 · 2024: 828 · 2023: 808 · 2022: 723 · 2021: 730 · 2020: 646 · 2019: 591 · 2018: 546 · 2017: 460 · 2016: 394 · 2015: 339 · 2014: 316 · 2013: 213 · 2012: 171
- FWCI
- 13.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, factor structure, psychometric validation, emotional awareness, emotional acceptance, adults, questionnaire development
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