The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale
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In the citing paper
“This measure has demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .93) and validity (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Difficulties in emotion regulation in treatment-seeking alcoholics with and without co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders. (2018) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation capability was assessed using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), a 36-item scale 40.”
In the citing paper
“Posing questions at a single time point about typical behavior does not give us strong purchase on the operation of dynamic concepts in varied contexts (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Palmieri, Boden, & Berenbaum, 2009; Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995).”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“This inconsistency in the findings could be due to the different scales used as the original study (Romero-Moreno et al., 2017) employed a measure of acceptance not specifically designed for dementia caregivers (i.e., the subscale of the Emotion Regulation Scale, Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Valued Living Questionnaire Adapted to Caregiving (2023) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“DERS scores have also been shown to have good test–retest reliability (ρI = 0.88, P < 0.01) [14].”
From Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Now, when it comes to assessing dysfunctional ER, in an integrative study on the so-called “Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale,” lack of emotional clarity and, even more seriously, the lack of emotional awareness has been suggested to be a crucial component (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Collaborative Irrationality, Akrasia, and Groupthink: Social Disruptions of Emotion Regulation (2017) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The DERS has also been reported to have adequate predictive and constructive validity [14], with scores being correlated with depression and anxiety symptoms [18].”
From Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“The DERS was developed to assess a range of emotion regulation difficulties associated with the development and maintenance of psychopathology using a single measure to reduce patient burden and clinical overlap which can occur when using multiple tools (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [138]
In the citing paper
“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“In Gratz and Roemer’s (5) definition of adaptive emotion regulation, awareness and acceptance of emotions, and the ability to modulate emotional responses are emphasized, together with controlling impulsive behaviors to act according to a long-term goal or value, despite the presence of negative emotions.”
From An emotion regulation skills training for adolescents and parents: perceptions and acceptability of methodological aspects (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“The conceptualization of emotion regulation in the current intervention is in line with the definition of emotion regulation by Gratz and Roemer (5), which emphasizes awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions.”
From An emotion regulation skills training for adolescents and parents: perceptions and acceptability of methodological aspects (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“This scale is a well-validated and widely used self-report measure with excellent psychometric properties (internal consistency α = 0.93).”
From Embodied Cognition in Meditation, Yoga, and Ethics—An Experimental Single-Case Study on the Differential Effects of Four Mind–Body Treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“DERS has good psychometric properties in the general population. Internal consistency is 0.93, test-retest reliability is adequate, and convergent and incremental validity are shown.”
From Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The authors found high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate construct and predictive validity.”
From Brief psychological intervention for distress tolerance in an adult secondary care community mental health service: an evaluation (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“An impaired awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions or few appropriate emotion regulation strategies [19] are related to interpersonal problems [20, 21].”
In the citing paper
“the multidimensional model of emotion dysregulation proposed by Gratz and Roemer (2004) has been widely adopted in the clinical literature in relation to its association with numerous psychological disorders.”
From An Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control (ERIC) Intervention for Vulnerable Young People: A Multi-Sectoral Pilot Study (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The eight domains are informed by Gratz and Roemer's (2004) model and target important processes or strategies to help young people regulate their emotions and control impulsive behaviors linked to negative emotion (i.e., urgency (Cyders and Smith, 2008; Weiss et al., 2013a).”
From An Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control (ERIC) Intervention for Vulnerable Young People: A Multi-Sectoral Pilot Study (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Based on Gratz and Roemer’s (2004) model of emotion regulation, the Difficulties in Emotions Regulation Scale (DERS) was developed accordingly for the measurement of the difficulties in emotion regulation.”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“DERS was more comprehensive to cover a wider range of emotion regulation strategies including the clarity of emotions, acceptance of emotional experience, impulsion control, goal-directed behavior and flexibility in strategies”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“This construct is not entirely equivalent to emotional dysregulation (operationalised by Maddox et al. with the Emotion Regulation Scale [75]), but encapsulates the latter in combination with difficulty identifying and understanding one’s emotions [76, 77].”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“The DERS has been shown to have high internal consistency (α = 0.93), good test-retest reliability (r = 0.88), and construct validity (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Preliminary data indicate high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate construct and predictive validity.”
From Dbt-enhanced cognitive-behavioral treatment for trichotillomania: A randomized controlled trial (2012) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The questionnaire also has adequate construct and predictive validity and good test-retest reliability.”
In the citing paper
“The internal consistency for the total scale as well as for the subscales appeared to be adequate (varying between a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80 and 0.93).”
In the citing paper
“The DERS has adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.93), test–retest reliability (r = 0.88), and construct and predictive validity among a college sample (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“McVey et al. (2021) provided preliminary evidence for the utility of the DERS in autistic adolescents and adults. Their results supported a 6-factor structure, similar to that found in the general population (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Research supports its reliability and validity. 30,31”
From Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training: A feasibility study with active duty military. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“Diagnoses were derived by the CIDI and validated by expert clinicians [33][34][35][36][37][38] .”
From Treating Treatment-Resistant Patients with Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Psychotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Switching Trial. (2015) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Some of these habitual affective/cognitive styles can be measured with self-report instruments (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Hayes et al., 2004; Hofmann & Kashdan, 2010; Meyer, Miller, Metzger, & Borkovec, 1990; Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003).”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Anxiety and depression were assessed using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Short Form 8a (Cronbach's α = 0.92) 74,75 and PROMIS Depression Short Form 8a (α = 0.97).”
From Mindfulness training enhances self-regulation and facilitates health behavior change for primary care patients: A randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“The second questionnaire was the Filipino version of the Emotion Regulation Scale (Gill and Lopez, 2018) adapted from DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The Filipino version of the Emotion Regulation Scale (Gill and Lopez, 2018) was adapted and translated for children from the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale or DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004). After translation of the original DERS, only 22 items were retained after exploring the validity and reliability of the translated version (Gill and Lopez, 2018).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The DERS has high internal consistency (α =.93) and good test-retest reliability (r=.74 −.78 for women).(54)”
In the citing paper
“Graz reported the validity of the questionnaire as 0.93 and its reliability was 0.80, using Cronbach’s alpha (9).”
From Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on interpersonal problems and difficulties in emotion regulation among university students (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“emotion regulation has been indicated as a moderator of anxiety and depressive symptoms [46]”
From Uptake and adherence to an online intervention for cancer-related distress: older age is not a barrier to adherence but may be a barrier to uptake (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“The test–retest reliability for the total score is good (r = 0.88; subscales 0.56 < r < 0.90).”
From The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The construct validity and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α > 0.80) is sufficient for all scales (Gratz and Roemer, 2004; Neumann et al., 2010).”
From The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,100 of 1,355
Emotion Regulation and Mentalization in People at Risk for Food Addiction
Innamorati, M., Imperatori, C., Harnic, D., Erbuto, D., Patitucci, E., Janiri, L., Lamis, D. A., Pompili, M., Tamburello, S., & Fabbricatore, M. (2015) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2015.1036831 · Cited by 62
“80).(48) The instrument also revealed an adequate concurrent validity with measures of emotion dysregulation and emotional avoidance, as well as a good predictive validity with behaviors associated with emotion dysregulation, such as self-harm and marital violence.”
BackgroundEmotion regulation difficulties in anorexia nervosa before and after inpatient weight restoration
Haynos, A. F., Roberto, C. A., Martinez, M. A., Attia, E., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2014) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22265 · Cited by 62
Scott, L. N., Kim, Y., Nolf, K. A., Hallquist, M. N., Wright, A. G. C., Stepp, S. D., Morse, J. Q., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2013_27_099 · Cited by 71
“The DERS (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) contains 36 items and produces six subscales: lack of emotional clarity, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, lack of emotional awareness, impulse control difficulties, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior, and nonacceptance of emotional responses.”
InfluentialDialectical behavior therapy and domains of functioning over two years
Wilks, C. R., Korslund, K., Harned, M., & Linehan, M. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.013 · Cited by 56
“(DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
Drinking motives mediate emotion regulation difficulties and problem drinking in college students
Aurora, P., & Klanecky, A. K. (2016) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2015.1133633 · Cited by 76
Gratz, K. L., Moore, K. E., & Tull, M. T. (2016) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000198 · Cited by 74
Self-citationTransdiagnostic perspective on psychological inflexibility and emotional dysregulation
Faustino, B. (2021) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000600 · Cited by 62
“When these capacities are not possessed, difficulties arise in emotional regulation (Gratz and Roemer, 2004; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion Regulation as a Mediator of Self-Compassion and Depressive Symptoms in Recurrent Depression
Bakker, A. M., Cox, D. W., Hubley, A. M., & Owens, R. L. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1072-3 · Cited by 61
Schnabel, K., Petzke, T. M., & Witthöft, M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102196 · Cited by 61
Boerner, M., Joseph, S., & Murphy, D. (2017) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2017.1310504 · Cited by 60
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS: Gratz and Roemer, 2004) was used to assess problems in regulating emotions.”
MethodExamining trait mindfulness, emotion dysregulation, and quality of life in multiple sclerosis.
Schirda, B., Nicholas, J. A., & Prakash, R. S. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000215 · Cited by 58
Grisham, J. R., Martyn, C., Kerin, F., Baldwin, P. A., & Norberg, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.12.001 · Cited by 60
Attentional biases in problem and non-problem gamblers
Ciccarelli, M., Nigro, G., Griffiths, M. D., Cosenza, M., & D’Olimpio, F. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.009 · Cited by 56
“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz and Roemer, 2004; Italian validation by Sighinolfi et al., 2010).”
BackgroundGiromini, L., Ales, F., de Campora, G., Zennaro, A., & Pignolo, C. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9611-0 · Cited by 56
“Nonacceptance Adj:T Score ¼ Raw Nonacceptance Value− 14:528− Age :060ð Þ− Gender :100ð Þð Þ4:756 10þ 50 Goals Adj:T Score ¼ Raw Goals Value− 16:448− Age :096ð Þþ Gender :293ð Þð Þ4:207 10þ 50 Impulse Adj:T Score ¼ Raw Impulse Value− 13:506− Age :057ð Þþ Gender :351ð Þð Þ4:588 10þ 50 Awareness Adj:T Score ¼ Raw Awarene…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-injurious behaviors in posttraumatic stress disorder: An examination of potential moderators
Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.033 · Cited by 59
“As defined here, emotion dysregulation is a multidimensional construct involving a lack of awareness, clarity or acceptance of emotions, difficulties controlling behaviors when distressed, limited access to effective emotion modulation strategies, and an unwillingness to experience distress in order to pursue meaningf…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDuggan, J. M., Toste, J. R., & Heath, N. L. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.016 · Cited by 59
“…models have been substantiated by empirical studies identifying emotion regulation as a central risk factor for NSSI among both clinical and community samples of young adults (Gratz, 2003; Gratz and Roemer, 2004; Gratz, 2007; Klonsky and Muehlenkamp, 2007; Yates, 2009; Claes et al., 2010a, 2010b).”
BackgroundInfluentialDevelopment and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16
Rogers, H. T., Shires, A. G., & Cayoun, B. A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01503-6 · Cited by 60
Charak, R., Byllesby, B. M., Fowler, J. C., Sharp, C., Elhai, J. D., & Frueh, B. C. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.04.010 · Cited by 61
Caldwell, J. G., & Shaver, P. R. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0298-y · Cited by 59
“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) is a 36-item measure that assesses the degree to which respondents have difficulties regulating their emotions (e.g., “When I’m upset, I lose control over my behaviors”).”
Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Ayduk, Ö., & John, O. P. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000103 · Cited by 58
“Emotion regulation selfefficacy was assessed with the 36-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; see Gratz & Roemer, 2004 for scale items).”
MethodMeasuring clarity of and attention to emotions
Palmieri, P. A., Boden, M. T., & Berenbaum, H. (2009) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890903228539 · Cited by 71
Van Dam, N. T., Hobkirk, A. L., Sheppard, S. C., Aviles-Andrews, R., & Earleywine, M. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0229-3 · Cited by 59
“CESD-R Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression—Revised; PSQ-R Perceived Stress Questionnaire—Revised (Worries=Worries subscale; Tension=Tension subscale); STICSA State Trait Inventory of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (Cognitive=Cognitive subscale; Somatic=Somatic subscale); DERS Difficulties in Emotion Regulation…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBecker, S. P., Duraccio, K. M., Sidol, C. A., Fershtman, C. E. M., Byars, K. C., & Harvey, A. G. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547211056965 · Cited by 58
“Adolescents and parents completed the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
MethodBerk, M. S., Starace, N. K., Black, V. P., & Avina, C. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1509750 · Cited by 57
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) was used to assess clinically relevant difficulties in emotion regulation.”
MethodBjureberg, J., Ojala, O., Hesser, H., Häbel, H., Sahlin, H., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Claesdotter Knutsson, E., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Ljótsson, B., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.22069 · Cited by 59
Emotion Regulation and Loss of Control Eating in Community-Based Adolescents
Goldschmidt, A. B., Lavender, J. M., Hipwell, A. E., Stepp, S. D., & Keenan, K. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0152-x · Cited by 57
“Lack of emotional awareness and limited access to adaptive emotion regulation skills were measured at ages 17 and 18 years using two subscales of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz and Roemer 2004): awareness and strategies, respectively.”
Chugani, C. D., Ghali, M. N., & Brunner, J. (2013) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2013.824337 · Cited by 58
“The DERS (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) is a 36-item self-report inventory designed to assess emotion dysregulation.”
BackgroundWilens, T. E., Martelon, M., Anderson, J. P., Shelley-Abrahamson, R., & Biederman, J. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.015 · Cited by 58
“Since DESR represents an indicator of very high affective reactivity that is variably related to BD,(Althoff et al., 2010a; Biederman et al., 1995; Gratz and Roemer, 2004; Holtmann et al., 2011) it may represent an important dimensional construct that may also be related to a higher risk or…”
BackgroundInfluentialAcculturative stress, emotion regulation, and affective symptomology among Latino/a college students
Mayorga, N. A., Jardin, C., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Cardoso, J. B., & Zvolensky, M. (2018) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000263 · Cited by 57
“…across various demographic samples, difficulties in emotion regulation are implicated in the development of mental health problems, including depression (Joormann & Stanton, 2016; Tully et al., 2016; Van Beveren et al., 2016), suicidality (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), and anxiety (Sippel et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMaladaptive daydreaming and emotional regulation difficulties: a network analysis
Greene, T., West, M., & Somer, E. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112799 · Cited by 58
Schramm, A. T., Venta, A., & Sharp, C. (2013) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0031389 · Cited by 55
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) is a self- T hi s do cu m en t is co py ri gh te d by th e A m er ic an Ps yc ho lo gi ca l A ss oc ia tio n or on e of its al lie d pu bl is he rs .”
MethodResultInfluentialPaulus, D. J., Gallagher, M. W., Bartlett, B. A., Tran, J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.03.012 · Cited by 55
Milojevich, H. M., Machlin, L., & Sheridan, M. A. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001273 · Cited by 56
“Parent Total DERS reflects parents ’ total score on the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodBlack, D. S., & Amaro, H. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103437 · Cited by 54
Sanilevici, M., Reuveni, O., Lev-Ari, S., Golland, Y., & Levit-Binnun, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720965 · Cited by 54
“Based on the present study’s and others’ findings, it is expected that neural mechanisms would be associated with emotion control and regulation (Grueschow et al., 2020, 2021; Kaldewaij et al., 2021) as well as overlapping the neural mechanisms underlying face-to-face MBIs (e.g., Farb et al.,…”
BackgroundRandomized Clinical Trial of Mindfulness Skills Augmentation in Parent Training
Gershy, N., Meehan, K. B., Omer, H., Papouchis, N., & Schorr Sapir, I. (2017) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-017-9411-4 · Cited by 54
Varkovitzky, R. L., Sherrill, A. M., & Reger, G. M. (2018) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445517724539 · Cited by 55
“…and acceptance of emotions, the ability to inhibit impulses while engaging in goal-driven behavior in the presence of emotional distress, and the flexible and situationally appropriate use of strategies to modulate the course (i.e., intensity and duration) of emotions (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBehavioral evidence of emotion dysregulation in binge eaters
Eichen, D. M., Chen, E., Boutelle, K. N., & McCloskey, M. S. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.021 · Cited by 53
Khakpoor, S., Saed, O., & Armani Kian, A. (2019) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0074 · Cited by 53
Meaney, R., Hasking, P., & Reupert, A. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157294 · Cited by 53
“Other measures of emotion regulation such as the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) [59], tap a wider range of constructs such as emotional awareness, acceptance of emotions, presence of goal directed behavior, and access to effective regulatory strategies and could fruitfully be used in future.”
MethodFarris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9705-5 · Cited by 52
“Emotion regulation is often broadly understood as adaptive responding to emotional distress (i.e., that makes it easier for individuals to behave in socio-emotionally appropriate ways; John and Eng 2014) versus efforts to control/suppress emotional arousal (Gratz and Roemer 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNielsen, E., Sayal, K., & Townsend, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159854 · Cited by 53
“Given the established literature linking self-harm to difficulties in emotion regulation [53] such explanations could explain the pattern of results observed; specifically, why our results indicate that emotion regulation coping was lower in those with a lifetime history of self-harm and also why increased emotion reg…”
ResultDerks, Y. P., Klaassen, R., Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Noordzij, M. L. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/13479 · Cited by 45
“Patients with BPD seem to especially have less focus on the level of emotional arousal than controls [12].”
BackgroundInfluentialBeauchaine, T. P., Sauder, C. L., Derbidge, C. M., & Uyeji, L. L. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000822 · Cited by 49
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) was also administered.”
MethodMaldonado, R. C., DiLillo, D., & Hoffman, L. (2015) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0035454 · Cited by 52
Functional connectivity and cannabis use in high-risk adolescents
Houck, J. M., Bryan, A. D., & Feldstein Ewing, S. W. (2013) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2013.837914 · Cited by 50
“ImpSS¼ Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking, DERS¼Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, WAIS¼Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, WISC¼Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, framewise displacement¼mean head motion in mm. to Talairach space and smoothing with a 6-mm full-width half-maximum Gaussian kernel.”
Tsaousides, T., D'Antonio, E., Varbanova, V., & Spielman, L. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.907186 · Cited by 49
“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodRizvi, S. L., Hughes, C. D., Hittman, A. D., & Vieira Oliveira, P. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22467 · Cited by 50
Parsons, J. T., Rendina, H. J., Moody, R. L., Gurung, S., Starks, T. J., & Pachankis, J. E. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1533-4 · Cited by 51
“The 36-item DERS [61] was used to assess symptoms of emotion dysregulation.”
Quattrini, G., Pini, L., Pievani, M., Magni, L. R., Lanfredi, M., Ferrari, C., Boccardi, M., Bignotti, S., Magnaldi, S., Cobelli, M., et al. (2019) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.12.010 · Cited by 48
Sahlin, H., Bjureberg, J., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Bjärehed, J., Jokinen, J., Lundh, L.-G., Ljótsson, B., & Hellner, C. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016220 · Cited by 50
Self-citationYang, H., Wang, Z., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00038 · Cited by 50
Huntjens, A., van den Bosch, L. M. C. W., Sizoo, B., Kerkhof, A., Huibers, M. J. H., & van der Gaag, M. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02531-1 · Cited by 50
GRATZ, K. L., LACROCE, D. M., & GUNDERSON, J. G. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200605000-00004 · Cited by 50
Self-citationLeme, A. C., Haines, J., Tang, L., Dunker, K., Tucunduva Philippi, S., Fisberg, M., Ferrari, G. L., & Fisberg, R. M. (2020) · doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0299.v1 · Cited by 49
Bradizza, C. M., Brown, W. C., Ruszczyk, M. U., Dermen, K. H., Lucke, J. F., & Stasiewicz, P. R. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.033 · Cited by 53
Self-help for stress and burnout without therapist contact: An online randomised controlled trial
Hofer, P. D., Waadt, M., Aschwanden, R., Milidou, M., Acker, J., Meyer, A. H., Lieb, R., & Gloster, A. T. (2018) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2017.1402389 · Cited by 48
“The impact of difficult emotions on an individuals daily life are measured with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodExperiential avoidance, self-compassion, self-judgment and coping styles in infertility
Cunha, M., Galhardo, A., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2016) · Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2016.04.001 · Cited by 48
“Furthermore it can include the capacity to respond adequately to others’ emotions [16].”
BackgroundLandes, S. J., Chalker, S. A., & Comtois, K. A. (2016) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-016-0043-3 · Cited by 48
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) [50] is a 36-item self-report questionnaire designed to”
MethodInfluentialCavicchioli, M., Movalli, M., & Maffei, C. (2019) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1511724 · Cited by 47
Cai, R. Y., Hardan, A. Y., Phillips, J. M., Frazier, T. W., & Uljarević, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.693570 · Cited by 46
Are attitudes towards emotions associated with depression? A conceptual and meta-analytic review
Yoon, S., Dang, V., Mertz, J., & Rottenberg, J. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.009 · Cited by 46
Hoarding disorder and difficulties in emotion regulation
Tolin, D. F., Levy, H. C., Wootton, B. M., Hallion, L. S., & Stevens, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.01.006 · Cited by 47
“Self-reported trait-level ER difficulties were assessed using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodDispositional mindfulness and rejection sensitivity: The critical role of nonjudgment
Peters, J. R., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., & Smart, L. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.029 · Cited by 48
“2010; 10(1):83–91.10.1037/a0018441 [PubMed: 20141305] Gratz K, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale.”
MethodInfluentialMindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders.
Roemer, L., Williston, S. K., Eustis, E. H., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0410-3 · Cited by 46
Self-citationBeatty, L., Kemp, E., Binnion, C., Turner, J., Milne, D., Butow, P., Lambert, S., Yates, P., Yip, D., & Koczwara, B. (2017) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-017-3591-1 · Cited by 46
Gibson, J., Booth, R., Davenport, J., Keogh, K., & Owens, T. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.06.007 · Cited by 46
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Goldstein, T. R., Merranko, J., Rode, N., Sylvester, R., Hotkowski, N., Fersch-Podrat, R., Hafeman, D. M., Diler, R., Sakolsky, D., Franzen, P., et al. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.3399 · Cited by 48
Hazzard, V. M., Crosby, R. D., Crow, S. J., Engel, S. G., Schaefer, L. M., Brewerton, T. D., Castellini, G., Trottier, K., Peterson, C. B., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2021) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2823 · Cited by 44
McDonald, H. M., Sherman, K. A., Petocz, P., Kangas, M., Grant, K.-A., & Kasparian, N. A. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0517-9 · Cited by 45
“There is some evidence of the distinct roles of emotion regulation (Gratz and Roemer 2004) and attachment security (Lancioni et al. 2006) in the relationship between mindfulness and indices of psychological stress and distress; however, uncertainty regarding the causal direction of this…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNaragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Park, J. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000371 · Cited by 42
“Ability models center around dispositional skills that are thought to facilitate adaptive emotion regulation, such as those embodied in the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) and the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (Berking et al., 2008).”
BackgroundRad, H. F., Bordbar, S., Bahmaei, J., Vejdani, M., & Yusefi, A. R. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87664-7 · Cited by 47
Emotion dysregulation acts in the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and suicidal ideation
Ponzoni, S., Beomonte Zobel, S., Rogier, G., & Velotti, P. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12730 · Cited by 44
“Emotion dysregulation has been evaluated through the use of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – DERS (Giromini, Velotti, de Campora, Bonalume & Cesare Zavattini, 2012; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
MethodGoldberg, S. B., Davis, J. M., & Hoyt, W. T. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21973 · Cited by 42
“The DERS has shown good test-retest reliability (α = .88; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
Holmqvist Larsson, K., Andersson, G., Stern, H., & Zetterqvist, M. (2020) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104519869782 · Cited by 43
“Adaptive emotion regulation is a process that involves awareness and acceptance of emotions and the ability to modulate emotional responses, as well as controlling impulsive behaviours to act according to a long-term goal or value despite the presence of negative emotions (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodSnoek, A., Beekman, A. T. F., Dekker, J., Aarts, I., van Grootheest, G., Blankers, M., Vriend, C., van den Heuvel, O., & Thomaes, K. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02713-x · Cited by 44
Validation of the Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS) among treatment-seeking smokers.
Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., DiBello, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000059 · Cited by 43
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) is a 36-item self-report measure that assesses the degree to which respondents experience dysregulated emotional states.”
Lavi, I., Ozer, E. J., Katz, L. F., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102099 · Cited by 43
Childhood trauma and disordered eating: Exploring the role of alexithymia and beliefs about emotions
Strodl, E., & Wylie, L. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104802 · Cited by 42
McLaughlin, L. E., Luberto, C. M., O'Bryan, E. M., Kraemer, K. M., & McLeish, A. C. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.020 · Cited by 42
Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation
Boehme, S., Biehl, S. C., & Mühlberger, A. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9090225 · Cited by 42
“, [30]), with the term “acceptance” describing a non-elaborative, non-judgmental, presence-centered awareness in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are accepted as they occur [31,32].”
BackgroundAssessing psychological flexibility: Validation of the Open and Engaged State Questionnaire
Benoy, C., Knitter, B., Knellwolf, L., Doering, S., Klotsche, J., & Gloster, A. T. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.08.005 · Cited by 48
Murfield, J., Moyle, W., O’Donovan, A., & Ware, R. S. (2024) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2020.1846650 · Cited by 43
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) (Curran, West, & Finch, 1996).”
BackgroundDialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) for forensic psychiatric patients: An Italian pilot study
Bianchini, V., Cofini, V., Curto, M., Lagrotteria, B., Manzi, A., Navari, S., Ortenzi, R., Paoletti, G., Pompili, E., Pompili, P. M., et al. (2019) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.2102 · Cited by 41
Daniels, J. K., Frewen, P., Theberge, J., & Lanius, R. A. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12464 · Cited by 40
Oussi, A., Hamid, K., & Bouvet, C. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101835 · Cited by 40
Bornovalova, M. A., Matusiewicz, A., & Rojas, E. (2011) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.11.005 · Cited by 39
“…[36]and Gratz et al., [33] reported that the relationship between affect intensity and BPD symptoms was fully accounted for by (respectively) thought suppression and emotion dysregulation– that is, variables that encompass tolerance and acceptance of emotional distress in their definition [37].”
Demers, L. A., Schreiner, M. W., Hunt, R. H., Mueller, B. A., Klimes-Dougan, B., Thomas, K. M., & Cullen, K. R. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.038 · Cited by 38
“Importantly, the DERS has demonstrated good validity and reliability (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) and, therefore providing reliable information about EOT via the Awareness subscale.”
BackgroundGaggero, G., Bonassi, A., Dellantonio, S., Pastore, L., Aryadoust, V., & Esposito, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.611489 · Cited by 40
Brown, R. J., Burton, A. L., & Abbott, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23370 · Cited by 39
Buffering against Maladaptive Perfectionism in Bipolar Disorder: The Role of Self-Compassion
Fletcher, K., Yang, Y., Johnson, S. L., Berk, M., Perich, T., Cotton, S., Jones, S., Lapsley, S., Michalak, E., & Murray, G. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.003 · Cited by 40
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) is a widely-used 36-item multidimensional self-report measure of emotion regulation difficulties.”
MethodInfluentialLafrance, A., Strahan, E., Bird, B. M., St. Pierre, M., & Walsh, Z. (2021) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678211048049 · Cited by 40
“The DERS is a 36-item self-report measure designed to evaluate patterns of emotion regulation (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
MethodPerceived emotional invalidation and borderline personality disorder features: A test of theory
Sturrock, B., & Mellor, D. (2014) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1249 · Cited by 40
Baljé, A., Greeven, A., van Giezen, A., Korrelboom, K., Arntz, A., & Spinhoven, P. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1605-9 · Cited by 39
Worry, anhedonic depression, and emotional styles
Berenbaum, H., Bredemeier, K., Thompson, R. J., & Boden, M. T. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9329-8 · Cited by 39
Predicting symptoms of depression from social anhedonia and emotion regulation
Atherton, B. D., Nevels, R. M., & Moore, M. T. (2015) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000262 · Cited by 39
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz and Roemer, 2004) is a 36-item, self-report measure that provides a comprehensive assessment of overall emotion regulation difficulties using six specific dimensions: nonacceptance of negative emotions (nonacceptance), difficulties engaging…”
InfluentialPsychometric properties of the Valued Living Questionnaire Adapted to Dementia Caregiving
Romero-Moreno, R., Gallego-Alberto, L., Márquez-González, M., & Losada, A. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1191055 · Cited by 42
“Emotional acceptance was measured with the Spanish version (Herv as & J odar, 2008) of the emotional acceptance of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
MethodPaz, R., Zvielli, A., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.017 · Cited by 39
Rogante, E., Cifrodelli, M., Sarubbi, S., Costanza, A., Erbuto, D., Berardelli, I., & Pompili, M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12020169 · Cited by 39
“An individual experiences difficulties in emotional regulation when one or more of these skills are absent [2], as measured by the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS) [2].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHenschel, S., Doba, K., & Nandrino, J.-L. (2019) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2018.1502714 · Cited by 39
“CM can contribute to the development and maintenance of ERD, which correspond to problems in monitoring, evaluating, and modulating emotional experiences according to the requests of a specific situation or set of aims (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gross, 1998).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gratz, Kim L.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-54
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- OpenAlex
- W2017039362
- Cited by
- 8,942
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 849 · 2025: 928 · 2024: 828 · 2023: 808 · 2022: 723 · 2021: 730 · 2020: 646 · 2019: 591 · 2018: 546 · 2017: 460 · 2016: 394 · 2015: 339 · 2014: 316 · 2013: 213 · 2012: 171
- FWCI
- 13.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, factor structure, psychometric validation, emotional awareness, emotional acceptance, adults, questionnaire development
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