The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale
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In the citing paper
“This measure has demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .93) and validity (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Difficulties in emotion regulation in treatment-seeking alcoholics with and without co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders. (2018) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation capability was assessed using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), a 36-item scale 40.”
In the citing paper
“Posing questions at a single time point about typical behavior does not give us strong purchase on the operation of dynamic concepts in varied contexts (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Palmieri, Boden, & Berenbaum, 2009; Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995).”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“This inconsistency in the findings could be due to the different scales used as the original study (Romero-Moreno et al., 2017) employed a measure of acceptance not specifically designed for dementia caregivers (i.e., the subscale of the Emotion Regulation Scale, Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Valued Living Questionnaire Adapted to Caregiving (2023) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“DERS scores have also been shown to have good test–retest reliability (ρI = 0.88, P < 0.01) [14].”
From Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Now, when it comes to assessing dysfunctional ER, in an integrative study on the so-called “Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale,” lack of emotional clarity and, even more seriously, the lack of emotional awareness has been suggested to be a crucial component (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Collaborative Irrationality, Akrasia, and Groupthink: Social Disruptions of Emotion Regulation (2017) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The DERS has also been reported to have adequate predictive and constructive validity [14], with scores being correlated with depression and anxiety symptoms [18].”
From Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“The DERS was developed to assess a range of emotion regulation difficulties associated with the development and maintenance of psychopathology using a single measure to reduce patient burden and clinical overlap which can occur when using multiple tools (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [138]
In the citing paper
“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“In Gratz and Roemer’s (5) definition of adaptive emotion regulation, awareness and acceptance of emotions, and the ability to modulate emotional responses are emphasized, together with controlling impulsive behaviors to act according to a long-term goal or value, despite the presence of negative emotions.”
From An emotion regulation skills training for adolescents and parents: perceptions and acceptability of methodological aspects (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“The conceptualization of emotion regulation in the current intervention is in line with the definition of emotion regulation by Gratz and Roemer (5), which emphasizes awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions.”
From An emotion regulation skills training for adolescents and parents: perceptions and acceptability of methodological aspects (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“This scale is a well-validated and widely used self-report measure with excellent psychometric properties (internal consistency α = 0.93).”
From Embodied Cognition in Meditation, Yoga, and Ethics—An Experimental Single-Case Study on the Differential Effects of Four Mind–Body Treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“DERS has good psychometric properties in the general population. Internal consistency is 0.93, test-retest reliability is adequate, and convergent and incremental validity are shown.”
From Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The authors found high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate construct and predictive validity.”
From Brief psychological intervention for distress tolerance in an adult secondary care community mental health service: an evaluation (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“An impaired awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions or few appropriate emotion regulation strategies [19] are related to interpersonal problems [20, 21].”
In the citing paper
“the multidimensional model of emotion dysregulation proposed by Gratz and Roemer (2004) has been widely adopted in the clinical literature in relation to its association with numerous psychological disorders.”
From An Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control (ERIC) Intervention for Vulnerable Young People: A Multi-Sectoral Pilot Study (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The eight domains are informed by Gratz and Roemer's (2004) model and target important processes or strategies to help young people regulate their emotions and control impulsive behaviors linked to negative emotion (i.e., urgency (Cyders and Smith, 2008; Weiss et al., 2013a).”
From An Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control (ERIC) Intervention for Vulnerable Young People: A Multi-Sectoral Pilot Study (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Based on Gratz and Roemer’s (2004) model of emotion regulation, the Difficulties in Emotions Regulation Scale (DERS) was developed accordingly for the measurement of the difficulties in emotion regulation.”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“DERS was more comprehensive to cover a wider range of emotion regulation strategies including the clarity of emotions, acceptance of emotional experience, impulsion control, goal-directed behavior and flexibility in strategies”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“This construct is not entirely equivalent to emotional dysregulation (operationalised by Maddox et al. with the Emotion Regulation Scale [75]), but encapsulates the latter in combination with difficulty identifying and understanding one’s emotions [76, 77].”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“The DERS has been shown to have high internal consistency (α = 0.93), good test-retest reliability (r = 0.88), and construct validity (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Preliminary data indicate high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate construct and predictive validity.”
From Dbt-enhanced cognitive-behavioral treatment for trichotillomania: A randomized controlled trial (2012) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The questionnaire also has adequate construct and predictive validity and good test-retest reliability.”
In the citing paper
“The internal consistency for the total scale as well as for the subscales appeared to be adequate (varying between a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80 and 0.93).”
In the citing paper
“The DERS has adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.93), test–retest reliability (r = 0.88), and construct and predictive validity among a college sample (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“McVey et al. (2021) provided preliminary evidence for the utility of the DERS in autistic adolescents and adults. Their results supported a 6-factor structure, similar to that found in the general population (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Research supports its reliability and validity. 30,31”
From Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training: A feasibility study with active duty military. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“Diagnoses were derived by the CIDI and validated by expert clinicians [33][34][35][36][37][38] .”
From Treating Treatment-Resistant Patients with Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Psychotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Switching Trial. (2015) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Some of these habitual affective/cognitive styles can be measured with self-report instruments (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Hayes et al., 2004; Hofmann & Kashdan, 2010; Meyer, Miller, Metzger, & Borkovec, 1990; Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003).”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“Anxiety and depression were assessed using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Short Form 8a (Cronbach's α = 0.92) 74,75 and PROMIS Depression Short Form 8a (α = 0.97).”
From Mindfulness training enhances self-regulation and facilitates health behavior change for primary care patients: A randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“The second questionnaire was the Filipino version of the Emotion Regulation Scale (Gill and Lopez, 2018) adapted from DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The Filipino version of the Emotion Regulation Scale (Gill and Lopez, 2018) was adapted and translated for children from the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale or DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004). After translation of the original DERS, only 22 items were retained after exploring the validity and reliability of the translated version (Gill and Lopez, 2018).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The DERS has high internal consistency (α =.93) and good test-retest reliability (r=.74 −.78 for women).(54)”
In the citing paper
“Graz reported the validity of the questionnaire as 0.93 and its reliability was 0.80, using Cronbach’s alpha (9).”
From Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on interpersonal problems and difficulties in emotion regulation among university students (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“emotion regulation has been indicated as a moderator of anxiety and depressive symptoms [46]”
From Uptake and adherence to an online intervention for cancer-related distress: older age is not a barrier to adherence but may be a barrier to uptake (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“The test–retest reliability for the total score is good (r = 0.88; subscales 0.56 < r < 0.90).”
From The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
In the citing paper
“The construct validity and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α > 0.80) is sufficient for all scales (Gratz and Roemer, 2004; Neumann et al., 2010).”
From The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
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“The DERS-16 is a 16-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess emotion regulation difficulties.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssociation between pathological narcissism and emotion regulation: The role of self-mentalizing
Blay, M., Bouteloup, M., Duarte, M., Hasler, R., Pham, E., Nicastro, R., Jan, M., Debbané, M., & Perroud, N. (2024) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1613 · Cited by 10
“Indeed, all the aforementioned studies used the DERS to assess difficulties in emotion dysregulation (i.e, the intensity of emotional difficulties), but this scale does not encompass another important aspect of emotion dysregulation: the type of strategies used to manage these emotions.”
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“N/A N/A Range of scores is 20–80, higher score indicating greater anxiety DERS This 36-item survey assesses a broad range of emotion regulation strategies (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundDiaz-Sanahuja, L., Campos, D., Mira, A., Castilla, D., García-Palacios, A., & Bretón-López, J. M. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100466 · Cited by 10
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“The DERS is a valid and reliable measure of emotion dysregulation (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) and the impulse control difficulties subscale demonstrated acceptable internal consistency in this study (a ¼ .72).”
MethodInfluentialCano-Crespo, A., Moreno-García, I., Servera, M., & Morales-Ortiz, M. (2024) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2024.26 · Cited by 8
“On the other hand, emotional regulation problems are characterized by problems in understanding and properly managing one ’ s own emotions and their intensity or duration (Gratz & Gunderson, 2006; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
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“This relationship is so important so that a person who cannot recognize his emotions and describe them, has difficulty in regulating his emotions [33].”
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“Thus, the parallels between dispositional mindfulness and ER include the ability to monitor, accept, and understand emotions while ER extends further to encompass the expression of emotions (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
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“…Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7; Spitzer et al., 2006), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004); the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21;…”
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“…avoidance can be understood as a maladaptive strategy used by individuals to avoid or alter private experiences, emotion dysregulation is defined as the ability to monitor, evaluate, and modulate emotional reactions, especially in the context of goal-related behavior (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
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“This inconsistency in the findings could be due to the different scales used as the original study (Romero-Moreno et al., 2017) employed a measure of acceptance not specifically designed for dementia caregivers (i.e., the subscale of the Emotion Regulation Scale, Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
Bennett, M. P., Knight, R. C., Dunning, D., Archer-Boyd, A., Blakemore, S.-J., Dalmaijer, E., Ford, T., Williams, J. M. G., Clegg, H., Kuyken, W., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056864 · Cited by 4
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“ER difficulties were assessed using the six subscales of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) administered during the intermediate assessment.”
InfluentialAcceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Problematic Anger: A Case Study
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“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) is a 36-item measure assessing emotion regulation and dysregulation.”
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“Second, G-ERP comprises many cognitive and affective components (e.g., lack of emotional clarity; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), whereas DS-ERP is consistent with major behavioral conceptualizations of SUDs (e.g., behavioral economics; Bickel et al., 2014; Field et al., 2020; Dennhardt et al., 2019).”
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Bock, R. C., Baker, L. D., Kalantar, E. A., Berghoff, C. R., Stroman, J. C., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2024) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12523 · Cited by 2
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Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training: A feasibility study with active duty military.
Jewer, C., & Forsyth, A. (2022) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2022-0010 · Cited by 2
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“Here, we are interested in DERS construct validity , which understands how it relates to other theoretically relevant variables in predictable ways that relate to the original Gratz and Roemer ( 2004 ) model as well as the broader concep - tualization of emotion dysregulation.”
InfluentialHogue, A., Bobek, M., Porter, N. P., MacLean, A., Henderson, C. E., Jensen-Doss, A., Diamond, G. M., Southam-Gerow, M. A., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/64332 · Cited by 2
To, M. N., & Schuman-Olivier, Z. (2024) · Psychiatry Research Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.psycr.2024.100218 · Cited by 2
“Participants completed assessments at baseline, 8-weeks, and 24-weeks, including the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz and Roemer, 2004), with lower scores indicating fewer difficulties in emotion regulation; the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA)…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHashemi, M. S., Zargarinejad, G., Zahedi Tajrishi, K., & Asgharnejad Farid, A. (2026) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2025.2493891 · Cited by 1
“Similarly, individuals with high levels of ED typically struggle to access effective emotion regulation strategies (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
InfluentialKim, Y.-R., An, Z., Han, S. W., Ko, J. K., & Hwa Kwag, K. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.647 · Cited by 1
Martínez-Borba, V., Martínez-García, L., Peris-Baquero, Ó., Osma, J., & del Corral-Beamonte, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1160692 · Cited by 1
Boily, L.-A., & Belleville, G. (2018) · Journal de Therapie Comportementale et Cognitive · doi:10.1016/j.jtcc.2018.06.001 · Cited by 2
Boyd-Rogers, C. C., Crasta, D., Forkus, S. R., Hall, E. G., Noblejas Guloy, R. A., McCallus, R. S., & Flanagan, J. C. (2026) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2026.2670612
“In addition, future research should also explore other aspects of emotion regulation such as broader emotion regulation capabilities (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
Ng, M. C. Y., Wang, I. Y., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241292561
“The 36-item Dif fi culties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) was used to measure participants ’ dif fi culties in emotion regulation on a 5-point scale from 1 ( almost never ) to 5 ( almost always ).”
Barrett, M. E., & Welsh, D. P. (2025) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/15346501251368809 · Cited by 1
“The Dif fi culties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a 36-item self-report measure that assesses the intensity of emotion dysregulation (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
Evaluating a psychology clinic in a community weight management service.
McCallum, M., Campbell, F., Schwertzel, C., & Robertson, S. (2023) · British Journal of Cardiac Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjca.2023.0025
Department of Psychology, F. O. E. A. P., Hajloo, N., Pourabdol, S., Department of Psychology, F. O. H., Sobhi Gharamaleki, N., Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, F. O. P. E. A. S. S., Beyki, M., & Department of Psychology, F. O. H. (2022) · Qom Univ Med Sci J · doi:10.32598/qums.15.11.2542
Ng, H.-Y. H., Hsu, A.-L., Wu, C. W., Huang, C.-M., Chao, Y.-P., Jung, T.-P., & Chuang, C.-H. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02734-1
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a measure of emotion regulation with 36 items (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gratz, Kim L.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-54
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- OpenAlex
- W2017039362
- Cited by
- 8,942
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 849 · 2025: 928 · 2024: 828 · 2023: 808 · 2022: 723 · 2021: 730 · 2020: 646 · 2019: 591 · 2018: 546 · 2017: 460 · 2016: 394 · 2015: 339 · 2014: 316 · 2013: 213 · 2012: 171
- FWCI
- 13.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, factor structure, psychometric validation, emotional awareness, emotional acceptance, adults, questionnaire development
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