Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research.

Colquitt, Jason A.; Conlon, Donald E.; Wesson, Michael J.; Porter, Christopher O. L. H.; Ng, K. Yee

doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425

Cited by 5,942Job Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorEmployee Performance and ManagementSocial and Intergroup Psychology

Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research.

Colquitt, Jason A., Conlon, Donald E., Wesson, Michael J., Porter, Christopher O. L. H., Ng, K. Yee·2001·Journal of Applied Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425

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Abstract

The field of organizational justice continues to be marked by several important research questions, including the size of relationships among justice dimensions, the relative importance of different justice criteria, and the unique effects of justice dimensions on key outcomes. To address such questions, the authors conducted a meta-analytic review of 183 justice studies. The results suggest that although different justice dimensions are moderately to highly related, they contribute incremental variance explained in fairness perceptions. The results also illustrate the overall and unique relationships among distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice and several organizational outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, organizational commitment, evaluation of authority, organizational citizenship behavior, withdrawal, performance). These findings are reviewed in terms of their implications for future research on organizational justice.

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The organisational justice literature suggests that compliance-based security culture models generate predictable failure modes: employees disengage from security perceived as externally imposed and disconnected from welfare, and perceived injustice correlates with withdrawal, deviance, and counterproductive behaviour.
“The organisational justice literature suggests this model generates predictable failure modes: employees disengage from security perceived as externally imposed and disconnected from welfare, and perceived injustice correlates with withdrawal, deviance, and counterproductive behaviour [12].”
From Geopolitical competition, online radicalisation, and organisational culture as vectors of the evolving insider threat (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Organisational justice theory demonstrates that perceptions of procedural and interpersonal fairness significantly influence commitment and reduce counterproductive behaviour.
“Organisational justice theory demonstrates that perceptions of procedural and interpersonal fairness significantly influence commitment and reduce counterproductive behaviour [12].”
From Geopolitical competition, online radicalisation, and organisational culture as vectors of the evolving insider threat (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
These aspects of justice are distinct but correlated.
“These aspects of justice are distinct but correlated [10].”
From 'It's Reducing a Human Being to a Percentage': Perceptions of Justice in Algorithmic Decisions (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Receiving a thorough explanation (informational justice) is important in helping people assess whether the decision-making procedure is just (procedural justice).
“Receiving a thorough explanation (informational justice) is important in helping people to assess whether the decision-making procedure is just (procedural justice) [10].”
From 'It's Reducing a Human Being to a Percentage': Perceptions of Justice in Algorithmic Decisions (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Justice perceptions can be broken down into procedural, distributive, interactional, and informational aspects.
“According to Colquitt and others, justice perceptions can be broken down into several aspects or antecedents [10].”
From 'It's Reducing a Human Being to a Percentage': Perceptions of Justice in Algorithmic Decisions (2018) · cites this paper as [10]

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Northcraft, G. B., & Carroll, J. S. (1991) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393435 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions
Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J., & Scheck, C. L. (1997) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199707)18:4 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
JUST AND UNJUST PUNISHMENT: INFLUENCES ON SUBORDINATE PERFORMANCE AND CITIZENSHIP.
Ball, G. A., Treviño, L. K., & Sims, H. P. (1994) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256831 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Effects of "voice" and peer opinions on responses to inequity.
Folger, R. G., Rosenfield, D., Grove, J., & Corkran, L. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.12.2253 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Procedural and distributive justice are more similar than you think: A monistic perspective and a research agenda.
Cropanzano, R., & Ambrose, M. L. (2001) · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Managerial responsibilities and procedural justice
Folger, R. G., & Bies, R. J. (1989) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01384939 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Causal Accounts and Managing Organizational Conflict
Bies, R. J., Shapiro, D. L., & Cummings, L. L. (1988) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365088015004003 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
The Influence of Perceived Injustice on the Endorsement of Political Leaders 1
Tyler, T. R., Rasinski, K. A., & McGraw, K. M. (1985) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb02269.x · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Leadership and Empowerment: A Social Exchange Perspective
Hansbrough, T. K., & Dansereau, F. (1995) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679504800202 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
LEADERSHIP TRAINING IN ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE TO INCREASE CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR WITHIN A LABOR UNION: A REPLICATION
Skarlicki, D. P., & Latham, G. P. (1997) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb00707.x · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Individual and group determinants of employee absenteeism: Test of a causal model
Gellatly, I. R. (1995) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030160507 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
When it is especially important to explain why: Factors affecting the relationship between managers' explanations of a layoff and survivors' reactions to the layoff
Brockner, J., DeWitt, R.-L., Grover, S. L., & Reed, T. F. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(90)90065-t · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The Role of Justice Judgments in Explaining the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment
Martin, C. L., & Bennett, N. (1996) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601196211005 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Relative deprivation and referent cognitions: Distributive and procedural justice effects
Folger, R. G., & Martin, C. L. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(86)90049-1 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Procedural context and culture: Variation in the antecedents of procedural justice judgments.
Lind, E. A., Tyler, T. R., & Huo, Y. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.767 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: The role of inequity and social support.
van Dierendonck, D., Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (1998) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.392 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
The Self-Relevant Implications of the Group-Value Model: Group Membership, Self-Worth, and Treatment Quality
Smith, H. J., Tyler, T. R., Huo, Y. J., Ortiz, D. J., & Lind, E. A. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1360 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
INTEGRATING JUSTICE CONSTRUCTS INTO THE TURNOVER PROCESS: A TEST OF A REFERENT COGNITIONS MODEL.
Aquino, K. F., Griffeth, R. W., Allen, D. G., & Hom, P. W. (1997) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256933 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Customer Perceptions of Corporate Responses to Product Complaints: The Role of Explanations
Conlon, D. E., & Murray, N. M. (1996) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256723 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citation
THE EFFECTS OF APPLICANTs' REACTIONS TO COGNITIVE ABILITY TESTS AND AN ASSESSMENT CENTER
Macan, T. H., Avedon, M. J., Paese, M. J., & SMITH, D. E. (1994) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01573.x · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The Perceptions of Fair Interpersonal Treatment scale: Development and validation of a measure of interpersonal treatment in the workplace.
Donovan, M. A., Drasgow, F., & Munson, L. J. (1998) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.5.683 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
EMPLOYEE VOICE AND EMPLOYEE RETENTION.
Spencer, D. G. (1986) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256220 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Just and Unjust Punishment: Influences on Subordinate Performance and Citizenship
Ball, G. A., Treviño, L. K., & Sims, H. P. (1994) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256831 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Procedural justice explanations and employee reactions to economic hardship: A field experiment.
Schaubroeck, J. M., May, D. R., & Brown, F. W. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.455 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The Effects of Explanations on Negative Reactions to Deceit
Shapiro, D. L. (1991) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393276 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Interactional, Formal, and Distributive Justice in the Workplace: An Exploratory Study
Barling, J. I., & Phillips, M. (1993) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1993.9914904 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Job behavior, performance, and effectiveness.
Borman, W. C. (1991) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Developing and testing a model of survivor responses to layoffs
Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J., & Scheck, C. L. (1991) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/0001-8791(91)90032-h · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Procedural justice and participation in task selection: The role of control in mediating justice judgments.
Earley, P. C., & Lind, E. A. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1148 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Decision Frame, Procedural Justice, and Survivors′ Reactions to Job Layoffs
Brockner, J., Wiesenfeld, B. M., & Martin, C. L. (1995) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1995.1061 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Organizational equity perceptions, employee job satisfaction, and departmental absence and turnover rates
Dittrich, J. E., & Carrell, M. R. (1979) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(79)90013-8 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
THE EFFECT OF ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS ON PERCEPTIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE.
Schminke, M. J., Ambrose, M. L., & Noel, T. W. (1997) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256932 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The role of fairness in implementing large‐scale change: Employee evaluations of process and outcome in seven facility relocations
Daly, J. P., & Geyer, P. D. (1994) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030150706 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Support for affirmative action, justice perceptions, and work attitudes: A study of gender and racial-ethnic group differences.
Parker, C. P., Baltes, B. B., & Christiansen, N. D. (1997) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.376 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Comparing three processes underlying judgments of procedural justice: A field study of mediation and arbitration.
Shapiro, D. L., & Brett, J. M. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1167 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
A test and refinement of the equity sensitivity construct
King, W. C., Miles, E. W., & Day, D. D. (1993) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030140403 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Absenteeism when workers have a voice: The case of employee ownership.
Hammer, T. H., Landau, J. C., & Stern, R. N. (1981) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.66.5.561 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
WHEN TOUGH TIMES MAKE TOUGH BOSSES: MANAGERIAL DISTANCING AS A FUNCTION OF LAYOFF BLAME.
Folger, R. G., & Skarlicki, D. P. (1998) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256899 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
WORKPLACE JUSTICE AND JOB SATISFACTION AS PREDICTORS OF SATISFACTION WITH UNION AND MANAGEMENT.
Fryxell, G. E., & GORDON, M. E. (1989) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256571 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Distributive and procedural justice in the workplace
Folger, R. (1987) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf01048013 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Applicants' reactions to the fairness of selection procedures: The effects of positive rule violations and time of measurement.
Ployhart, R. E., & Ryan, A. M. (1998) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.3 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Mentoring and Organizational Justice: An Empirical Investigation
Scandura, T. A. (1997) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.1997.1588 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Justice and organizational citizenship behavior: What is the relationship?
Tansky, J. W. (1993) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01419444 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Gainsharing And Mutual Monitoring: A Combined Agency-Organizational Justice Interpretation
Welbourne, T. M., Balkin, D. B., & Gómez‐Mejía, L. R. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256750 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Toward an Explanation of Applicant Reactions: An Examination of Organizational Justice and Attribution Frameworks
Ployhart, R. E., & Ryan, A. M. (1997) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1997.2742 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Applied Social Psychology and Organizational Settings
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Third-party perceptions of a layoff: Procedural, derogation, and retributive aspects of justice.
Skarlicki, D. P., Ellard, J. H., & Kelln, B. R. C. (1998) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.119 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The role of judgment calls in meta-analysis.
Wanous, J. P., Sullivan, S. E., & Malinak, J. (1989) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.2.259 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Justice and power: when will justice concerns encourage the advantaged to support policies which redistribute economic resources and the disadvantaged to willingly obey the law?
Smith, H. J., & Tyler, T. R. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199603)26:2 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
A field study of distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction and organizational commitment
Lowe, R. H., & Vodanovich, S. J. (1995) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02249273 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Explanations for selection decisions : Applicants' reactions to informational and sensitivity features of explanations
Ployhart, R. E., Ryan, A., & Bennett, M. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.1.87 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Individual differences in Sensitivity to Befallen Injustice (SBI)
Schmitt, M. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00028-1 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Role of Human Resource Management Practices in Predicting Organizational Commitment
Ogilvie, J. R. (1986) · Group & Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0364108286114003 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
GAINSHARING AND MUTUAL MONITORING: A COMBINED AGENCY-ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE INTERPRETATION.
Welbourne, T. M., Balkin, D. B., & Gómez‐Mejía, L. R. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256750 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Internal standards revisited: Effects of social comparisons and expectancies on judgments of fairness and satisfaction
Austin, W., McGinn, N. C., & Susmilch, C. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(80)90049-9 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Just laid off, but still a ?good citizen?? only if the process is fair
Bies, R. J., Martin, C. L., & Brockner, J. (1993) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01419446 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Comparing three processes underlying judgments of procedural justice: A field study of mediation and arbitration.
Shapiro, D. L., & Brett, J. M. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.6.1167 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The Effects of Procedures, Social Accounts, and Benefits Level on Victims' Layoff Reactions
Konovsky, M. A., & Folger, R. G. (1991) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00540.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
HEARING IT THROUGH THE GRAPEVINE: THE INFLUENCE OF SOURCE, LEADER‐RELATIONS, AND LEGITIMACY ON SURVIVORS' FAIRNESS PERCEPTIONS
Mansour-Cole, D., & Scott, S. G. (1998) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00715.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
MANAGERS HANDLING DISPUTES: THIRD-PARTY ROLES AND PERCEPTIONS OF FAIRNESS.
Karambayya, R., & Brett, J. (1989) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256564 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Fairness and participation in evaluation procedures: Effects on task attitudes and performance
Kanfer, R., Sawyer, J. E., Earley, P. C., & Lind, E. A. (1987) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf01048018 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
THE ROLE OF INFLUENCE TACTICS IN PERCEPTIONS OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS' FAIRNESS.
Dulebohn, J. H., & Ferris, G. R. (1999) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256920 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Procedural Justice and Managers' In-Role and Extra-Role Behavior: The Case of the Multinational
Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. A. (1996) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.42.4.499 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The consistency rule and the voice effect: the influence of expectations on procedural fairness judgements and performance
van den Bos, K., Vermunt, R. C., & Wilke, H. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199605)26:3 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Relative effects of procedural and distributive justice on employee attitudes.
Konovsky, M. A., Folger, R. G., Unlverslty, T., & Cropanzano, R. (1987) · Cited by 134 · see citing works
TWO-TIER WAGE STRUCTURES: IMPLICATIONS FOR EQUITY THEORY.
Martin, J. E., & Peterson, M. M. (1987) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256275 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Decision Control and Process Control Effects on Procedural Fairness Judgments1
Lind, E. A., Lissak, R. I., & Conlon, D. E. (1983) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb01744.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citation
Explaining Injustice: The Interactive Effect of Explanation and Outcome on Fairness Perceptions and Task Motivation
Colquitt, J. A., & Chertkoff, J. M. (2002) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(02)00157-5 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citation
What motivates fairness? The role of subordinate assertive behavior on manager's interactional fairness.
Korsgaard, M. A., Roberson, L., & Rymph, R. D. (1998) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.5.731 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Coping with a Layoff: A Longitudinal Study of Victims
Bennett, N., Martin, C. L., Bies, R. J., & Brockner, J. (1995) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639502100601 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Employee Perceptions of the Fairness of Work Group Incentive Pay Plans
Dulebohn, J. H., & Martocchio, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639802400401 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Determinations of participant and observer satisfaction with adversary and inquisitorial modes of adjudication.
LaTour, S. A. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.12.1531 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The Measurement of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Are We Assuming Too Much?
Pond, S. B., Nacoste, R. W., Mohr, M. F., & Rodriguez, C. M. (1997) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01611.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
PERCEIVED FAIRNESS OF LAYOFFS AMONG INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE BEEN LAID OFF: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Wanberg, C. R., Gavin, M. B., & Bunce, L. W. (1999) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb01813.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The intellectual adolescence of organizational justice: You've come a long way, maybe
Greenberg, J. (1993) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf01048736 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The Predictive Utility of the Vertical Dyad Linkage Approach
Vecchio, R. P., Griffeth, R. W., & Hom, P. W. (1986) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1986.9713634 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Relationships among pay inequity, perceptions of procedural justice, and organizational citizenship
Aquino, K. F. (1995) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/bf02621253 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Inconsistent Role of Comparison Others and Procedural Justice in Reactions to Hypothetical Job Descriptions: Implications for Job Acceptance Decisions
Bazerman, M. H., Schroth, H. A., Shah, P. P., Diekmann, K. A., & Tenbrunsel, A. E. (1994) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1994.1088 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Interactive effect of job content and context on the reactions of layoff survivors.
Brockner, J., Wiesenfeld, B. M., Reed, T. F., Grover, S. L., & Martin, C. L. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.187 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Applicant reactions to test scores banding in entry-level and promotional contexts.
Truxillo, D. M., & Bauer, T. N. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.322 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Beyond "voice": The influence of decision-maker justification and sincerity on procedural fairness judgments.
Bies, R. J. (1987) · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Predictors of coping behavior after a layoff
Leana, C. R., Feldman, D. C., & Tan, G. Y. W. (1998) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199801)19:1 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Distributive justice and pay satisfaction: A field test of an equity theory prediction
Sweeney, P. D. (1990) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf01125243 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
SOME TESTS OF THE SELF-INTEREST AND GROUP-VALUE MODELS OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE: EVIDENCE FROM AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPEAL PROCEDURE.
Conlon, D. E. (1993) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256648 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effect of Gender and Organizational Level on How Survivors Appraise and Cope with Organizational Downsizing
Armstrong‐Stassen, M. (1998) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886398342001 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Delay of Gratification as a Moderator of the Procedural Justice Distributive Justice Relationship
Joy, V. L., & Witt, L. A. (1992) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601192173008 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
In Search of Adams' Other: Reexamination of Referents Used in the Evaluation of Pay
Summers, T. P., & DeNisi, A. S. (1990) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679004300601 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Sex-based promotion decisions and interactional fairness: Investigating the influence of managerial accounts.
Bobocel, D. R., & Farrell, A. C. (1996) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.1.22 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Influence of social comparisons of outcomes and procedures on fairness judgments.
Grienberger, I. V., Rutte, C. G., & van Knippenberg, A. F. M. (1997) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.913 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Predicting the decision to confront or report sexual harassment
Adams-Roy, J., & Barling, J. I. (1998) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199807)19:4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Procedural fairness in performance appraisal: Beyond the review session
Giles, W. F., Findley, H. M., & Feild, H. S. (1997) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02195894 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Test of a Justice-Based Model of Subordinates' Resistance to Downward Influence Attempts
Tepper, B. J., Eisenbach, R. J., Kirby, S. L., & Potter, P. W. (1998) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601198232004 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
INFLUENCE OF SPEED OF THIRD-PARTY INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME ON NEGOTIATOR AND CONSTITUENT FAIRNESS JUDGMENT.
Conlon, D. E., & Fasolo, P. (1990) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256293 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychological mechanisms of process-control effects.
Leung, K., & Li, W.-K. (1990) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.613 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A Study of the Determinants and of the Impact of Flexibility on Employee Benefit Satisfaction
Tremblay, M., Sire, B., & Pelchat, A. (1998) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679805100505 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Employee Reactions to Electronic Control Systems
Kidwell, R. E., & Bennett, N. J. (1994) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601194192006 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Explaining Changes to Employees: The Influence of Justifications and Change Outcomes on Employees' Fairness Judgments
Daly, J. P. (1995) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886395314002 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Effects of Leader Fairness and Pay Outcomes on Superior/Subordinate Relations1
Cobb, A. T., & Frey, F. M. (1996) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb00078.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works

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On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.386 · Cited by 5,989 · see citing works
Self-citation
Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement
Saks, A. M. (2006) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940610690169 · Cited by 5,577 · see citing works
Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002 · Cited by 5,435 · see citing works
Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity.
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755 · Cited by 4,464 · see citing works
The Role of Justice in Organizations: A Meta-Analysis
Cohen‐Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2958 · Cited by 3,565 · see citing works
Putting the S back in corporate social responsibility: A multilevel theory of social change in organizations
Aguilera, R. V., Rupp, D. E., Williams, C. A., & Ganapathi, J. (2007) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2007.25275678 · Cited by 3,452 · see citing works
Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice.
Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.611 · Cited by 3,550 · see citing works
Psychological Perspectives on Legitimacy and Legitimation
Tyler, T. R. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190038 · Cited by 2,381 · see citing works
Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: test of a social exchange model
Aryee, S., Budhwar, P. S., & Chen, Z. X. (2002) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.138 · Cited by 1,722 · see citing works
Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: A meta-analytic review.
Seibert, S. E., Wang, G., & Courtright, S. H. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022676 · Cited by 1,558 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Counterproductive Work Behavior.
Dalal, R. S. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1241 · Cited by 1,463 · see citing works
Justice at the millennium, a decade later: A meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives.
Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Rodell, J. B., Long, D. M., Zapata, C. P., Conlon, D. E., & Wesson, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031757 · Cited by 1,462 · see citing works
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Authors: Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H., & Ng, K. Y.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
ORCID: Colquitt, Jason A.
Porter, Christopher O. L. H.
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001-06
Volume: 86
Issue: 3
Pages: 425-445
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425
OpenAlex: W2096320953
Cited by: 5,942
References: 243
Citations by year: 2026: 396 · 2025: 273 · 2024: 259 · 2023: 237 · 2022: 244 · 2021: 295 · 2020: 312 · 2019: 314 · 2018: 279 · 2017: 325 · 2016: 282 · 2015: 337 · 2014: 365 · 2013: 278 · 2012: 311
FWCI: 7.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Employee Performance and Management
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: organizational justice, distributive justice, procedural justice, interpersonal justice, informational justice, perceived fairness, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, withdrawal behavior, employee performance
MeSH terms: Decision Making, Humans, Internal-External Control, Job Satisfaction, Personnel Management, Research Design, Social Justice, Organizational Culture, Endpoint Determination

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Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research.

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