Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis
Abstract
We investigated the hypothesis that people's facial activity influences their affective responses. Two studies were designed to both eliminate methodological problems of earlier experiments and clarify theoretical ambiguities. This was achieved by having subjects hold a pen in their mouth in ways that either inhibited or facilitated the muscles typically associated with smiling without requiring subjects to pose in a smiling face. Study 1's results demonstrated the effectiveness of the procedure. Subjects reported more intense humor responses when cartoons were presented under facilitating conditions than under inhibiting conditions that precluded labeling of the facial expression in emotion categories. Study 2 served to further validate the methodology and to answer additional theoretical questions. The results replicated Study 1's findings and also showed that facial feedback operates on the affective but not on the cognitive component of the humor response. Finally, the results suggested that both inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms may have contributed to the observed affective responses.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Facial activity influences emotional responses.
“A classical study by Strack et al. (1988) supports the facial feedback hypothesis by showing that peoples' facial activity influenced their emotional responses.”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Strack et al., 1988
Prior work suggests that voluntary reproduction of physiological states associated with emotions, such as breathing patterns or facial expressions, induces subjective feelings of the corresponding emotion.
“Prior work suggests that voluntary reproduction of physiological states associated with emotions, such as breathing patterns (20) or facial expressions (21), induces subjective feelings of the corresponding emotion.”
From Bodily maps of emotions (2014) · cites this paper as [21]
Cites
James, W. (1891) · Henry Holt and Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,799 · see citing works
The expression of the emotions in man and animals.
Darwin, C. D. (1872) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.1037/10001-000 · Cited by 12,120 · see citing works
Bower, G. H. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.36.2.129 · Cited by 5,798 · see citing works
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513 · Cited by 4,952 · see citing works
Orne, M. T. (1962) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0043424 · Cited by 4,041 · see citing works
Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.
Bem, D. J. (1967) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0024835 · Cited by 2,959 · see citing works
Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions
Ekman, P., Levenson, R. W., & Friesen, W. V. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6612338 · Cited by 2,692 · see citing works
Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1660 · Cited by 1,529 · see citing works
Category accessibility and impression formation
Higgins, E. T., Rholes, W. S., & Jones, C. R. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(77)80007-3 · Cited by 1,502 · see citing works
(1972) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-02458-9 · Cited by 1,455 · see citing works
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
Darwin, C. D. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139833813 · Cited by 1,351 · see citing works
Hastorf, A. H., & Isen, A. M. (1982) · Elsevier eBooks · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Psychological Foundations of Attitudes
Greenwald, A. G., Brock, T. C., & Ostrom, T. M. (1968) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-12318-5 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
The relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy.
Leventhal, H., & Scherer, K. (1987) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938708408361 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
Happiness and reminiscing: The role of time perspective, affect, and mode of thinking.
Strack, F., Schwarz, N., & Gschneidinger, E. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.6.1460 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Self-citationLaird, J. D. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036125 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Emotional Imagery: Conceptual Structure and Pattern of Somato‐Visceral Response
Lang, P. J., Kozak, M. J., Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N., & McLean, A. (1980) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00133.x · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Script theory: differential magnification of affects.
Tomkins, S. S. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Morris, P. E., & Hampson, P. J. (1983) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Methods of research in social psychology
Carlsmith, M. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Nonverbal behavior and the theory of emotion: the facial feedback hypothesis
Buck, R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.811 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
The role of facial response in the experience of emotion.
Tourangeau, R., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.9.1519 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Effects of nonverbal dissimulation on emotional experience and autonomic arousal.
Lanzetta, J. T., Cartwright-Smith, J., & Eleck, R. E. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.33.3.354 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Laird, J. D. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.4.909 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Effects of being observed on expressive, subjective, and physiological responses to painful stimuli.
Kleck, R. E., Vaughan, R. C., Cartwright-Smith, J., Vaughan, K. B., Colby, C. Z., & Lanzetta, J. T. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.34.6.1211 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Remembering what you feel: Effects of emotion on memory.
Laird, J. D., Wagener, J. J., Halal, M., & Szegda, M. J. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.646 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Psychological Perspective and Attitude Change
Ostrom, T. M., & Upshaw, H. S. (1968) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3071-9.50015-5 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Zuckerman, M., Klorman, R., Larrance, D. T., & Spiegel, N. H. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.41.5.929 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Social presence, facial feedback, and emotion.
Kraut, R. E. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.5.853 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The effect of laughter on evaluation of a slapstick movie 1
Leventhal, H., & Mace, W. M. (1970) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00634.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Responding during Anger and Fear Imagery
Roberts, R. J., & Weerts, T. C. (1982) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1982.50.1.219 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The role of facial response in self-reports of emotion: A critique of Laird.
Winton, W. M. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.808 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Izard, C. E. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.350 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Gavanski, I. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.209 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Voluntary expressive changes and emotion.
McCaul, K. D., Holmes, D. S., & Solomon, S. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.145 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A Process Model of Humor Judgment
Leventhal, H., & Cupchik, G. C. (1976) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01923.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929 · see citing works
Barsalou, L. W. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639 · Cited by 5,936 · see citing works
Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects
Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781 · Cited by 5,229 · see citing works
Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Gross, J. J. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577201393198 · Cited by 4,890 · see citing works
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984 · see citing works
Self-citationMood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM).
Forgas, J. P. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.39 · Cited by 3,470 · see citing works
Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.95 · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works
Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion
Niedenthal, P. M., Barsalou, L. W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_1 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025002007 · Cited by 1,473 · see citing works
Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion.
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.1.95 · Cited by 1,843 · see citing works
The social consequences of expressive suppression
Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wlhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48 · Cited by 1,400 · see citing works
Niedenthal, P. M. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1136930 · Cited by 1,406 · see citing works
Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience.
Davidson, R. J., Jackson, D. C., & Kalin, N. H. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.890 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works
Mood and emotions in small groups and work teams
Kelly, J. R., & Barsade, S. G. (2001) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2974 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Nummenmaa, L., Glerean, E., Hari, R., & Hietanen, J. K. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321664111 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., Priester, J. R., & Berntson, G. G. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.5 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Replicability, Robustness, and Reproducibility in Psychological Science
Nosek, B. A., Hardwicke, T. E., Moshontz, H., Allard, A., Corker, K. S., Dreber, A., Fidler, F., Hilgard, J., Kline Struhl, M., Nuijten, M. B., et al. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-114157 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Compassion in Organizational Life
Kanov, J. M., Maitlis, S., Worline, M. C., Dutton, J. E., Frost, P. J., & Lilius, J. M. (2004) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764203260211 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Quoidbach, J., Berry, E. V., Hansenne, M., & Mikolajczak, M. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.048 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy: theoretical and empirical observations
Lynch, T. R., Chapman, A. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Kuo, J. R., & Linehan, M. M. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20243 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Nelson, L. D., Simmons, J., & Simonsohn, U. (2018) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011836 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Expressing fear enhances sensory acquisition.
Susskind, J. M., Lee, D. H., Cusi, A., Feiman, R., Grabski, W., & Anderson, A. K. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2138 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Guendelman, S., Medeiros, S., & Rampes, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00220 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
“Also, it is known that bodily movements can actively influence emotions (Strack et al., 1988; Niedenthal et al., 2005), the manipulation of body posture can alter the regulation of mood (Veenstra et al., 2016), and intentional movement can regulate emotional states (Shafir et al., 2013).”
BackgroundGiving in to Feel Good: The Place of Emotion Regulation in the Context of General Self-Control
Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1103_03 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Positive interventions: An emotion regulation perspective.
Quoidbach, J., Mikolajczak, M., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038648 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
The social costs of emotional suppression: a prospective study of the transition to college
Srivastava, S., Tamir, M., McGonigal, K. M., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014755 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Face to face: blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of emotional expressions
Oberman, L. M., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2007) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910701391943 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Wild, B., Erb, M., & Bartels, M. (2001) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00225-6 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Get mad and get more than even: When and why anger expression is effective in negotiations
Sinaceur, M., & Tiedens, L. Z. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.05.002 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Registered Replication Report: Strack, Martin, & Stepper (1988)
Wagenmakers, E.-J., Beek, T., Dijkhoff, L., Gronau, Q. F., Acosta, A., Adams, R. B., Albohn, D. N., Allard, E. S., Benning, S. D., Blouin-Hudon, E.-M., et al. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616674458 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion
Prochazkova, E., & Kret, M. E. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
“A classical study by Strack et al. (1988) supports the facial feedback hypothesis by showing that peoples’ facial activity influenced their emotional responses.”
Emotion Regulation Questionnaire – Eine deutschsprachige Fassung des ERQ von Gross und John
Abler, B., & Kessler, H. (2009) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924.55.3.144 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Niedenthal, P. M., Brauer, M., Halberstadt, J. B., & Innes-Ker, Å. H. (2001) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000194 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
reconstructing the past: a century of ideas about emotion in psychology
Gendron, M., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2009) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073909338877 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Fear from the heart: sensitivity to fear stimuli depends on individual heartbeats
Garfinkel, S. N., Minati, L., Gray, M. A., Seth, A. K., Dolan, R. J., & Critchley, H. D. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3507-13.2014 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Get excited: reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement.
Brooks, A. W. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0035325 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
A Conceptual Introduction to Bayesian Model Averaging
Hinne, M., Gronau, Q. F., van den Bergh, D., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2020) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245919898657 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Horberg, E. J., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073911402384 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Does savoring increase happiness? A daily diary study
Jose, P. E., Lim, B. T., & Bryant, F. B. (2012) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.671345 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Social psychophysiology and embodiment
Blascovich, J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001006 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
The Effects of BOTOX Injections on Emotional Experience
Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., Brandt, F., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018690 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Coherence between emotional experience and physiology: Does body awareness training have an impact?
Sze, J. A., Gyurak, A., Yuan, J. W., & Levenson, R. W. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020146 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Feelings and the body: the Jamesian perspective on autonomic specificity of emotion
Friedman, B. H. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.006 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
A socio-relational framework of sex differences in the expression of emotion
Vigil, J. M. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09991075 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Emotional appraisal is influenced by cardiac afferent information
Gray, M. A., Beacher, F. D., Minati, L., Nagai, Y., Kemp, A. H., Harrison, N. A., & Critchley, H. D. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0025083 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Emotion and regulation are one!
Kappas, A. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380971 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Eldor, L. (2018) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mux028 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Informed Bayesian <i>t</i> -Tests
Gronau, Q. F., Ly, A., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2020) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2018.1562983 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The influence of motor processes on attitudes toward novel versus familiar semantic stimuli
Priester, J. R., Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167296225002 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Cleeremans, A., Achoui, D., Beauny, A., Keuninckx, L., Martin, J.-R., Muñoz-Moldes, S., Vuillaume, L., & de Heering, A. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.11.011 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Gender, Emotion, and Socialization
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2010) · Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1465-1_21 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Grounding Language in Bodily States: The Case for Emotion
Glenberg, A. M., Havas, D., Becker, R., & Rinck, M. (2005) · Grounding Cognition · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499968.006 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
To empathise or not to empathise? Empathy and its limits in design
Heylighen, A., & Dong, A. (2019) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2019.10.007 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The deliberate control of emotional experience through control of expressions
Duclos, S. E., & Laird, J. D. (2001) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930126057 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Leadership and affect: moving the hearts and minds of followers
van Knippenberg, D., & van Kleef, G. A. (2016) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2016.1160515 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
van der Weiden, A., Prikken, M., & van Haren, N. E. M. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.004 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Chwilla, D. J., Virgillito, D., & Vissers, C. T. W. M. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21578 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The temporal dynamics of emotional acceptance: Experience, expression, and physiology
Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.005 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Mendes, W. B. (2010) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910364149 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
How Emotions Are Shaped by Bodily States
Critchley, H. D., & Nagai, Y. (2012) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073911430132 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
There’s Nothing Social about Social Priming: Derailing the “Train Wreck”
Sherman, J. W., & Rivers, A. M. (2021) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2021.1889312 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
N. McIntosh R. B. Zajonc Peter S. V, D. (1997) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999397379980 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Osypiuk, K., Thompson, E., & Wayne, P. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00174 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sociality and intergenerational transfer of older adults' nostalgia
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Robertson, S. (2018) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2018.1470645 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Demaree, H. A., Robinson, J. L., Pu, J., & Allen, J. J. B. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500405303 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
A model of dance/movement therapy for resilience-building in people living with chronic pain
Shim, M., Johnson, R. B., Gasson, S., Goodill, S., Jermyn, R., & Bradt, J. (2017) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2017.01.011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dynamics of social coordination: The synchronization of internal states in close relationships
Vallacher, R. R., Nowak, A., & Zochowski, M. (2005) · Interaction Studies. Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.6.1.04val · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Reflection and Impulse as Determinants of Conscious and Unconscious Motivation
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Social Motivation · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511735066.008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationChange is in the eye of the beholder
Yu, A. J. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3150 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Self-regulation in competitive sports,”
Beckmann, J., Beckmann-Waldenmayer, D., & Wolf, S. A. (2023) · Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-03921-8_20 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Mannheim (DE)
- ORCID
- Strack, Fritz
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1988
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 768-777
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2169284121
- Cited by
- 1,898
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 200 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 90 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 5.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (3f32mh009194-01s1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32 MH-09194)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Humor Studies and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- facial feedback hypothesis, smiling, facial expressions, emotional responses, emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Facial Expression, Facial Muscles, Feedback, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Smiling, Wit and Humor as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
