Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Facing DSM-V
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These results support the notion that an individual's narcissism presentation may fluctuate over time and that vulnerable and grandiose presentations are inter-related and oscillating.
“As such, these results support the notion that an individual’s narcissism presentation may fluctuate over time [20, 21] and that vulnerable and grandiose presentations are inter-related and oscillating [9, 19].”
From Living with pathological narcissism: a qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism may reflect both sides of a narcissistic 'coin' that may be regularly oscillating, inter-related and state dependent.
“While the differences in presentation between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism appear manifest, it has been argued that they reflect both sides of a narcissistic ‘coin’ [9] that may be regularly oscillating, inter-related and state dependent [6, 18–22].”
From Living with pathological narcissism: a qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
The study found many grandiose features that have been validated through empirical research.
“We found many grandiose features that have been validated through empirical research [2, 3, 19].”
From Living with pathological narcissism: a qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
Several scholars published reviews documenting their support for continued inclusion of NPD in the DSM.
“Notably, in the buildup to the release of DSM-5, several scholars published reviews of the state of the literature on narcissism and NPD and documented their support for its continued inclusion in the DSM (e.g., Levy et al. 2007;Pincus & Lukowitsky 2010;Ronningstam 2009Ronningstam , 2011)).”
From Controversies in Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Ronningstam 2009
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Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder
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“Notably, in the buildup to the release of DSM-5, several scholars published reviews of the state of the literature on narcissism and NPD and documented their support for its continued inclusion in the DSM (e.g., Levy et al. 2007; Pincus & Lukowitsky 2010; Ronningstam 2009, 2011).”
BackgroundSkodol, A. E., Clark, L. A., Bender, D. S., Krueger, R. F., Morey, L. C., Verheul, R., Alarcon, R. D., Bell, C. C., Siever, L. J., & Oldham, J. M. (2011) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0021891 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
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BackgroundNarcissistic Personality Disorder: Diagnostic and clinical challenges
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InfluentialPersonality Disorder Types Proposed for DSM-5
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“In addition to the range of phenotypic expression and the relative lack of symptom specificity, because functioning, self-concept, and capacity for empathy are thought to fluctuate in NPD (Ronningstam, 2009), in the proposed changes for PDs posted on the APA Website, pathological narcissism is represented in Levels of…”
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“…unrestrained anger toward those responsible for exposing flaws in their narcissistically perceived reality, resulting in “narcissistic rage” that fuels aggression (Alexander, 1938; American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Jacobson, 1964; Kernberg, 1975; Kohut, 1972; Ronningstam, 2009; Saul, 1947).”
BackgroundNarcissistic personality disorder and the DSM-V.
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“…vulnerably narcissistic traits as he or she experiences more failure and impairment across the life span (see A. L. Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010, and Ronningstam, 2009, for a more detailed discussion of this idea). identified a host of " phenotypical labels " (p. 641) used by various PD theorists…”
BackgroundInfluentialOrth, U., Robins, R. W., Meier, L. L., & Conger, R. D. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000038 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“Moreover, narcissistic individuals may oscillate between feelings of grandiosity versus feelings of vulnerability, self-doubt, and shame (Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010; Ronningstam, 2009), and the resulting affective variability might contribute to depression (Thompson, Berenbaum, & Bredemeier, 2011; Thompson et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialNarcissistic Grandiosity and Narcissistic Vulnerability
Pincus, A. L., & Roche, M. J. (2011) · The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch4 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Development of a brief version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory.
Schoenleber, M. L., Roche, M. J., Wetzel, E., Pincus, A. L., & Roberts, B. W. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000158 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism
Rohmann, E., Neumann, E., Herner, M. J., & Bierhoff, H. (2011) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000100 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Narcissistic personality disorder: a current review.
Ronningstam, E. (2010) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0084-z · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationFluctuation between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.
Gore, W. L., & Widiger, T. A. (2016) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000181 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism and the<i>DSM–5</i>Pathological Personality Trait Model
Miller, J. D., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., & Campbell, W. K. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.685907 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“…scholars on narcissism argue that narcissistic vulnerability is a fundamental part of the disorder (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001; Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010; Ronningstam, 2009), and (b) data exist to suggest that a fragile or vulnerable “cluster” of individuals with NPD can be found (i.e., Russ, Shedler,…”
BackgroundEllison, W. D., Levy, K. N., Cain, N. M., Ansell, E. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.742904 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“…findings lend support to the argument that a revised and broadened view of pathological narcissism would be a clinically useful and broadly relevant construct for inclusion in a comprehensive nosological system of personality pathology (Miller et al., 2010; Pincus, 2011; Ronningstam, 2009, 2011).”
Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: From clinical and empirical perspectives.
Baskin-Sommers, A., Krusemark, E., & Ronningstam, E. (2014) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000061 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“On the one hand, narcissistic people may be able to appropriately empathize when feeling in control, that is when their self-esteem is enhanced and when displaying empathy is in their best self-interest (Ronningstam, 2009).”
Self-citationThoma, P., Friedmann, C., & Suchan, B. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.024 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
An Integrative Approach to the Assessment of Narcissism
Roche, M. J., Pincus, A. L., Lukowitsky, M. R., Ménard, K. S., & Conroy, D. E. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.770400 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“…related to narcissistic vulnerability, a central aspect of pathological narcissism in contemporary clinical theory and research (Cain et al., 2008; Levy et al., 2009; Miller, Widiger, & Campbell, 2010; Pincus, 2013; Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010; Pincus & Roche, 2011; Ronningstam, 2009, 2011a, 2011b).”
BackgroundNarcissistic Personality Disorder in DSM-V—In Support of Retaining a Significant Diagnosis
Ronningstam, E. (2011) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.2.248 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Such features attend to self-esteem regulation and the associated variability, vulnerability, reactivity, and internal painful feelings and experiences, as well as the various efforts to protect, serve and enhance internal control and self-esteem (Ronningstam , 2009; see Table 1).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPincus, A. L. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0021191 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“…et al., 2009; Tritt, Ryder, Ring, & Pincus, 2010; Wright, Lukowitsky, Pincus, & Conroy, 2010), and the lack of sufficient vulnerable DSM–IV NPD criteria is now a common criticism in the recent literature (Cain et al., 2008; Gabbard, 2009; Miller, Widiger, & Campbell, 2010; Ronningstam, 2009).”
BackgroundExploring the relationship between two forms of narcissism and competitiveness
Luchner, A. F., Houston, J. M., Walker, C., & Houston, M. A. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.033 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“However, overt narcissism is typically displayed through externalizing behaviors, arrogance, inflated self-esteem, aggressiveness and grandiosity (Ronningstam, 2009), whereas covert narcissism tends to manifest itself through internalizing behaviors, vulnerability, deflated selfesteem and hypersensitivity (Gabbard, 20…”
BackgroundInfluentialConceptions of Narcissism and the <i>DSM-5</i> Pathological Personality Traits
Wright, A. G. C., Pincus, A. L., Thomas, K. M., Hopwood, C. J., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113486692 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“A number of theorists have noted that for many individuals, narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability are likely wax and wane in complex dynamic processes (Pincus, 2011; Ronningstam, 2009), and emerging research suggests that this may indeed be the case (Roche, Pincus, Conroy, et al.”
BackgroundResultChristensen, T. B., Eikenæs, I. U.-M., Hummelen, B., Pedersen, G., Nysæter, T. E., Bender, D. S., Skodol, A. E., & Selvik, S. G. (2019) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000352 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“In alignment with previous reports (Bender & Skodol, 2007; Kernberg & Caligor, 1996; Ronningstam, 2009), this suggested that disturbance in perspectives on self and others constituted core features of all PDs.”
ResultWeiss, B., & Miller, J. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_1 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Pathological Narcissism Inventory.
Pincus, A. L. (2013) · Understanding and treating pathological narcissism. · doi:10.1037/14041-006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Subtypes, Dimensions, Levels, and Mental States in Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Levy, K. N. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21893 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Disturbed emotion recognition in patients with narcissistic personality disorder
Marissen, M. A. E., Deen, M. L., & Franken, I. H. A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.042 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Conceivably, this social desirability bias is particularly pertinent in personality disorder patients such as those with NPD, who might respond in a way that makes them look as good as possible (Ronningstam, 2009).”
BackgroundRonningstam, E. F. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0060-y · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationDimaggio, G., Popolo, R., Montano, A., Velotti, P., Perrini, F., Buonocore, L., Garofalo, C., D’Aguanno, M., & Salvatore, G. (2017) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12126 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Veiled and Vulnerable: The Other Side of Grandiose Narcissism
Kealy, D., & Rasmussen, B. (2011) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-011-0370-1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“In this way, a degree of expressive fluctuation between grandiosity and vulnerability is likely for most narcissistic patients (Ronningstam 2009).”
BackgroundFossati, A., Feeney, J., Pincus, A., Borroni, S., & Maffei, C. (2015) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037175 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Can neuroscience help to understand narcissism? A systematic review of an emerging field
Jauk, E., & Kanske, P. (2021) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2021.1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…primarily maladaptive, pathological aspects of narcissism (such as the PNI; Pincus et al., 2009), and vulnerable self-states can be observed in NPD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Ronningstam, 2009), a personality disorder characterized by extreme grandiosity (Miller et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHyatt, C. S., Sleep, C. E., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12325 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Eleven Deaths of Mr. K.—Contributing Factors to Suicide in Narcissistic Personalities
Ronningstam, E. F., Weinberg, I., & Maltsberger, J. T. (2008) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.169 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationRogoza, R., Cieciuch, J., & Strus, W. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104167 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Jauk, E., Ulbrich, L., Jorschick, P., Höfler, M., Kaufman, S. B., & Kanske, P. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12692 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Similarly, Ronningstam (2009) notes that “the narcissistic individual may fluctuate between assertive grandiosity and vulnerability” (p. 113).”
BackgroundInfluentialGrandiose and vulnerable narcissistic states in interpersonal situations
Edershile, E. A., & Wright, A. G. C. (2019) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2019.1627241 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Clinical theory suggests that individuals fluctuate in their levels of grandiosity and vulnerability (Kernberg, 1975; Pincus et al., 2014; Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010; Ronningstam, 2009, 2011; Wright, 2014).”
Wang, Z., Yuan, R., Luo, J., Liu, M. J., & Yannopoulou, N. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114070 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Pincus, A. L., Dowgwillo, E. A., & Greenberg, L. S. (2016) · Practice Innovations · doi:10.1037/pri0000025 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Female Narcissism: Assessment, Aetiology, and Behavioural Manifestations
Green, A., MacLean, R., & Charles, K. E. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211027322 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Indeed, the criteria of NPD in the DSM-5 have been challenged on conceptual, clinical and empirical grounds, the most common criticism pertaining to the evident lack of narcissistic vulnerability (Cain et al., 2008; Dimaggio, 2012; Kealy & Rasmussen, 2012; Levy et al., 2011; Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010; Reidy et al., 20…”
BackgroundAlliance Building and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Ronningstam, E. F. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21898 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the Measure and Mismeasure of Narcissism
Wright, A. G. C. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115599054 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…Kernberg, 1975; Kohut, 1971; Ronningstam, 2005) and how it commonly manifests in clinical treatment settings (e.g., Pincus, Cain, & Wright, 2014; Ronningstam, 2009, 2011; Russ, Shedler, Bradley, & Westen, 2008), which goes beyond the features of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) in the…”
BackgroundA Multivariate Analysis of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory’s Nomological Network
Edershile, E. A., Simms, L. J., & Wright, A. G. C. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191118766412 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dos and Don'ts in Treatments of Patients With Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Weinberg, I., & Ronningstam, E. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.122 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationGrandiose and entitled, but still fragile: A network analysis of pathological narcissistic traits
Pierro, R. D., Costantini, G., Benzi, I. M. A., Madeddu, F., & Preti, E. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Recognition and Treatment
Ronningstam, E., & Weinberg, I. (2013) · Focus · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.167 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationDimaggio, G., & Attinà, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21896 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“In addition, those with NPD often experience anger, triggered by feelings of being slighted, socially rejected, or hampered when pursuing their goals; their tendency is to derogate others who give them negative feedback or impede their actions (Ronningstam, 2009; Twenge & Campbell, 2003).”
BackgroundLiving with pathological narcissism: a qualitative study
Day, N. J. S., Townsend, M. L., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2020) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-020-00132-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“As such, these results support the notion that an individual’s narcissism presentation may fluctuate over time [20, 21] and that vulnerable and grandiose presentations are inter-related and oscillating [9, 19].”
BackgroundResultThe Association Between Vulnerable/Grandiose Narcissism and Emotion Regulation
Loeffler, L. A. K., Huebben, A. K., Radke, S., Habel, U., & Derntl, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.519330 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“In line, Ronningstam (2009) highlights an oscillation between grandiose and vulnerable states and further proposes that narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by “a pervasive pattern of fluctuating and vulnerable self-esteem ranging from grandiosity and assertiveness to inferiority or…”
BackgroundGrandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism in Borderline Personality Disorder
Euler, S., Stöbi, D., Sowislo, J., Ritzler, F., Huber, C. G., Lang, U. E., Wrege, J., & Walter, M. (2018) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000486601 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ronningstam, E., & Baskin-Sommers, A. R. (2013) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2013.15.2/eronningstam · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Research on empathy and empathic functioning has already proven such a link to be most constructive and informative for NPD,(27-29) contributing to a significant change in identifying empathy, not as absent or present, but as a multifactorial and fluctuating capability.(30) This research has also influenced the discus…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHochwarter, W. A., Summers, J. K., Thompson, K. W., Perrewé, P. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2010) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020523 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Overparenting and Narcissism in Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Psychological Control
Winner, N. A., & Nicholson, B. C. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1176-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Alternately, this finding is also likely attributable to the strong relationship and co-occurrence observed between vulnerable and grandiose narcissistic phenotypes (Pincus, 2013; Ronningstam 2009).”
BackgroundThe associations between two facets of narcissism and eating disorder symptoms
Gordon, K. H., & Dombeck, J. (2010) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.08.004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Vulnerable narcissism is characterized by hypersensitivity to the opinions of others, insecurity, an intense desire for approval, and poor self-image (Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010; Ronningstam, 2009).”
BackgroundKampe, L., Bohn, J., Remmers, C., & Hörz‐Sagstetter, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.661948 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Edershile, E. A., & Wright, A. G. C. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12649 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Neufeld, D. C., & Johnson, E. A. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12192 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“They are prone to feeling inferior (Ronningstam, 2009) and hostile (Miller, Gentile, Wilson, & Campbell, 2013; Miller, Price, Gentile, Lynam, & Campbell, 2012), both of which are central components of envy.”
BackgroundJakšić, N., Marčinko, D., Hanžek, M. S., Rebernjak, B., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22472 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“One of the core issues underlying pathological narcissism-related suicidal ideation and behaviors that is discussed in theoretical and clinical literatures is the experience of shame (Baumeister, 1990; Links, 2013; Ronningstam, 2009).”
BackgroundTanzilli, A., & Gualco, I. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.42 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ahn, H., Kwolek, E. A., & Bowman, N. D. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.032 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Vulnerable narcissists are fearful or suspicious of interdependency, thus they have been described as ‘hypersensitive’ or ‘hypervigilant’ (Ronningstam, 2009).”
BackgroundHummelen, B., Braeken, J., Christensen, T. B., Nysæter, T. E., Selvik, S. G., Walther, K., Pedersen, G., Eikenæs, I. U.-M., & Paap, M. C. S. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120967972 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Patients with narcissistic PD, however, are not necessarily characterized by functional disability in work and social situations, though their personality functioning might be severely impaired (Ronningstam, 2009). Thus, from an empirical perspective, it is not obvious that the SCID-5-AMPD-I levels should indicate inc…”
BackgroundMethodHörz-Sagstetter, S., Diamond, D., Clarkin, J. F., Levy, K. N., Rentrop, M., Fischer-Kern, M., Cain, N. M., & Doering, S. (2018) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2017_31_306 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Caligor, E., & Stern, B. L. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.104 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fossati, A., Somma, A., Borroni, S., Pincus, A. L., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000348 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ronningstam, E. (2014) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000034 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationVater, A., Ritter, K., Strunz, S., Ronningstam, E. F., Renneberg, B., & Roepke, S. (2014) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000058 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationKrusemark, E. A., Lee, C. W., & Newman, J. P. (2014) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000087 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Feeling good about oneself heightens, not hinders, the goodness in narcissism
Hart, W., Tortoriello, G. K., & Richardson, K. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9993-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…positions highlight how feelings of inadequacy can produce anger and resentment toward others that deter from a prosocial existence (Kernberg 1975; Ronningstam 2009; Tracy and Robins 2003); still other positions highlight how feelings of inadequacy can create pathological levels of negative…”
BackgroundInfluentialNew directions for an old construct: Depressive personality research in the DSM‐5 era
Huprich, S. K. (2012) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1217 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fossati, A., Somma, A., Borroni, S., & Miller, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1324457 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…Inventory (PNI; Pincus et al., 2009) was developed with the goal of capturing narcissism as construed in clinical theory (e.g., Kernberg, 1975; Kohut, 1971; Ronningstam, 2005) and how it commonly manifests in clinical treatment settings (e.g., Pincus, Cain, & Wright, 2014; Ronningstam, 2009).”
BackgroundGroningen, A. J. V., Grawitch, M. J., Lavigne, K. N., & Palmer, S. N. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110549 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Stone, B. M., & Bartholomay, E. M. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01088-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Researchers have found evidence that selfcenteredness may be a part of overt narcissism (Ronningstam 2011; 2009; Philipson 1985).”
BackgroundAre malignant self‐regard and vulnerable narcissism different constructs?
Huprich, S. K., Nelson, S. M., Sohnleitner, A., Lengu, K. J., Shankar, S., & Rexer, K. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22599 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Narcissistic personality disorder
Ronningstam, E. F. (2011) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.172 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationRecognising Narcissistic Abuse and the Implications for Mental Health Nursing Practice
Howard, V. (2019) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2019.1590485 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Like other disorders, narcissism is identified as occurring on a spectrum and at the most severe end of the spectrum is malignant narcissism that can co-occur with anti-social behaviour and psychopathy (Hart & Hare, 1998; Kernberg, 1998; Ronningstam, 2009).”
BackgroundRishede, M., Juul, S., Bo, S., Gondan, M., Møeller, S. B., & Simonsen, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634332 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tanzilli, A., Giovanardi, G., Patriarca, E., Lingiardi, V., & Williams, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910127 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Expanding the utility of the malignant self-regard construct
Lengu, K. J., Evich, C. D., Nelson, S. M., & Huprich, S. K. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.087 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…narcissism in its descriptions of personality disorders, interest in these types of personality pathology remains high (Caligor et al., 2007; Huprich, 2009; Pincus et al., 2009; Ronningstam, 2009; Miller and Maples, 2011; Tritt et al., 2010; McWilliams, 2011; Huprich, 2012; Huprich et al., 2012).”
Hart, W., Richardson, K., & Tortoriello, G. K. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518777551 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Moreover, from a clinical perspective (Kernberg, 1975; Rogers, 1961; Ronningstam, 2009), narcissists’ concerns about inadequacy (i.”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychodynamic Psychotherapy for Narcissistic Personality
Diamond, D., Yeomans, F., & Levy, K. N. (2011) · The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch38 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Comorbidity Between Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Axis I Diagnoses
Simonsen, S., & Simonsen, E. H. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch21 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-regulatory and narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability: Common and discriminant relations
Boldero, J., Higgins, E. T., & Hulbert, C. A. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.019 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…December 2014 Keywords: Narcissism Grandiosity Vulnerability Promotion Prevention Assessment Locomotion Self-esteem In three studies we examined the unique relations of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability with the self-regulatory factors of promotion, prevention, assessment, and locomotion.”
BackgroundEmotional Characteristics of Narcissists with Grandiosity and Vulnerability
Yang, J.-W., & Kwon, S. (2016) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2016.35.1.011 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Manley, H., Roberts, R., Beattie, S., & Woodman, T. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.024 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Christensen, T. B., Hummelen, B., Paap, M. C. S., Eikenæs, I. U.-M., Selvik, S. G., Kvarstein, E. H., Pedersen, G., Bender, D. S., Skodol, A. E., & Nysæter, T. E. (2019) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_455 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The second part, however, is indicative of narcissism, focusing on self-enhancing interpersonal striving (Ronningstam, 2009) rather than on the detached pattern of interpersonal interaction characteristic of AVPD (Lampe & Malhi, 2018).”
BackgroundPsychoanalytic Theories on Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality
Ronningstam, E. F. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationNarcissistic personality disorder and pathological narcissism
Bliton, C. F., Halberstadt, A. L., Asan, A. E., & Pincus, A. L. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00238-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jornkokgoud, K., Baggio, T., Bakiaj, R., Wongupparaj, P., Job, R., & Grecucci, A. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16345 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In the general population, narcissistic traits prevalence estimates range from 0% to 5.3% (Ronningstam, 2009) and can reach up to 18.1% (Pourramzani & Monajemi, 2021), whereas NPD is believed to affect approximately 1% to 15% of the US population in the clinical context (Mitra & Fluyau, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn update on narcissistic personality disorder
Ronningstam, E. F. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328359979c · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationWright, A. G. C., Stepp, S. D., Scott, L. N., Hallquist, M. N., Beeney, J. E., Lazarus, S. A., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/e2nuz · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Boursier, V., & Gioia, F. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20200304 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…stated, despite narcissism globally refers to grandiose fantasies and a sense of entitlement, two subtypes of narcissism probably co-exist, characterizing distinct and separate, or fluctuating and co-occurrent, personality traits (Gore & Widiger, 2016; Miller et al., 2017; Ronningstam, 2009).”
BackgroundDebates on the Narcissism Conundrum
Alarcón, R. D., & Sarabia, S. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31823e6795 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Two comprehensive reviews of NPD (Ronningstam, 2009, 2011b) focus on ‘‘the range of empathic functioning’’ as a central feature in the delineation of narcissism and its levels of severity.”
BackgroundDimaggio, G., & Lysaker, P. H. (2018) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2018.32.3.311 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Henttonen, P., Salmi, J., Peräkylä, A., & Krusemark, E. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.993663 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Finally, our examination using the g-FLUX offered additional information with respect to the construct validity of this measure in comparison to other narcissism measures and contributes to the theoretical literature on the narcissism fluctuation hypothesis (Ronningstam, 2009; Kernberg and Yeomans, 2013).”
BackgroundResultDimaggio, G., Valeri, S., Salvatore, G., Popolo, R., Montano, A., & Ottavi, P. (2013) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-013-9254-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Processes of Change in Psychotherapy for Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Maillard, P., Berthoud, L., Kolly, S., Sachse, R., & Kramer, U. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.63 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Prevalence of NPD in the clinical population and in outpatient private practices is high (up to 20%, Ronningstam, 2009) and present general clinical issues in treatment such as the construction of a trusting therapeutic relationship or the management of in-session avoidance, as the focus…”
Background
- Authors
- Ronningstam, E.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ronningstam, Elsa
- ORCID
- Ronningstam, Elsa
- Venue
- Psychiatric Annals
- Publisher
- SLACK, Inc.
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 111-121
- ISSN
- 0048-5713 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2456
- OpenAlex
- W2037689350
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 15.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Annals (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- narcissistic personality disorder, DSM-5, personality disorders, diagnostic criteria, personality disorder classification
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