The DOI matches its Crossref record; 126 of the 126 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Arousal and physiological toughness: implications for mental and physical health
Abstract
From W.B. Cannon's identification of adrenaline with "fight or flight" to modern views of stress, negative views of peripheral physiological arousal predominate. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) arousal is associated with anxiety, neuroticism, the Type A personality, cardiovascular disease, and immune system suppression; illness susceptibility is associated with life events requiring adjustments. "Stress control" has become almost synonymous with arousal reduction. A contrary positive view of peripheral arousal follows from studies of subjects exposed to intermittent stressors. Such exposure leads to low SNS arousal base rates, but to strong and responsive challenge- or stress-induced SNS-adrenal-medullary arousal, with resistance to brain catecholamine depletion and with suppression of pituitary adrenal-cortical responses. That pattern of arousal defines physiological toughness and, in interaction with psychological coping, corresponds with positive performance in even complex tasks, with emotional stability, and with immune system enhancement. The toughness concept suggests an opposition between effective short- and long-term coping, with implications for effective therapies and stress-inoculating life-styles.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, in some contexts, SNS activation is greater in challenge than threat states, consistent with Dienstbier’s idea of physiological toughness, which suggests that larger increases in SNS activation to novel situations is related to effective coping and better performance (see also Jamieson et al., 2010).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Dienstbier, 1989
In the citing paper
“Indeed, consistent with the challenge and threat framework, the greater the SNS increase the better the math performance (see also Dienstbier, 1989, for additional examples).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Dienstbier, 1989
In the citing paper
“Indeed, Dientsbier in reviewing decades of arousal and cognitive performance (test-taking) data concluded “despite the high difficulty level…these data indicate no curvilinear relations; naturally evoked peripheral catecholamines never seem to be too high for optimal performance” (page 86).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Dienstbier, 1989
In the citing paper
“When responding to a novel event, a typical psychological and physiologic response would include an initial strong activation that coordinates metabolic systems to contend with the task at hand, and also fairly quick habituation (represented by the blue line), which has been labeled a “physiologically tough” response (Dienstbier, 1989).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Dienstbier, 1989
Citations
Cites
The social readjustment rating scale
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4 · Cited by 11,565
Selye, H. (1956) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,224
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150 · Cited by 4,845
Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity
Fairlamb, H. L., & Bateson, G. (1979) · MLN · doi:10.2307/2906578 · Cited by 3,980
Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis.
Folkman, S. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.839 · Cited by 1,936
Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear, and Rage.
Washburn, M. F., & Cannon, W. B. (1917) · The Journal of Philosophy Psychology and Scientific Methods · doi:10.2307/2013624 · Cited by 1,912
Live Events, Stress, and Illness
Rabkin, J. G., & Struening, E. L. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.790570 · Cited by 1,321
Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding.
Overmier, J. B., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1967) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024166 · Cited by 1,200
Mind and nature : a necessary unity
Bateson, G. (1988) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1,136
Stress, Coping, and Development in Children
Garmezy, N. (1988) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.56021/9780801836510 · Cited by 934
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990) · Imagination, Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/dugg-p24e-52wk-6cdg · Cited by 10,484
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects
Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781 · Cited by 5,229
Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response
Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z · Cited by 4,964
Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320 · Cited by 3,947
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671
Health promotion from the perspective of Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura, A. (1998) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870449808407422 · Cited by 3,087
The Contours of Positive Human Health
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1 · Cited by 2,658
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25 · Cited by 2,467
A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition.
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.529 · Cited by 2,270
The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders
Heim, C., Ehlert, U., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2000) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00035-9 · Cited by 1,688
Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review
Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009 · Cited by 1,624
The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment.
Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.3 · Cited by 1,382
The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions
Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1010796329158 · Cited by 1,290
The Psychobiology of Depression and Resilience to Stress: Implications for Prevention and Treatment
Southwick, S. M., Vythilingam, M., & Charney, D. S. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143948 · Cited by 1,160
More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,077
“Indeed, consistent with the challenge and threat framework, the greater the SNS increase the better the math performance (see also Dienstbier, 1989, for additional examples).”
BackgroundInfluentialGender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183 · Cited by 1,058
Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition
Tomporowski, P. D. (2003) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(02)00134-8 · Cited by 1,030
The cognitive activation theory of stress.
Ursin, H., & Eriksen, H. R. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(03)00091-x · Cited by 1,004
Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response.
Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031201 · Cited by 979
Whatever does not kill us: cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability, and resilience
Seery, M. D., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021344 · Cited by 954
Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A., Kiyonaga, A., Wong, L., & Gelfand, L. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018438 · Cited by 906
Petruzzello, S. J., Landers, D. M., Hatfield, B. D., Kubitz, K. A., & Salazar, W. (1991) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199111030-00002 · Cited by 908
Positive health: connecting well–being with biology
Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Dienberg Love, G. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1521 · Cited by 916
Browning, M. H. E. M., Larson, L. R., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L., Cloutier, S., Vu, T. M., Thomsen, J., Reigner, N., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245327 · Cited by 888
Emotional regulation and emotional development
Thompson, R. A. (1991) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01319934 · Cited by 641
Positive social interactions and the human body at work: Linking organizations and physiology
Heaphy, E. D., & Dutton, J. E. (2008) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2008.27749365 · Cited by 578
Affirmation of personal values buffers neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses
Creswell, J. D., Welch, W. T., Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Gruenewald, T. L., & Mann, T. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01624.x · Cited by 482
Mind over matter: reappraising arousal improves cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress
Jamieson, J. P., Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0025719 · Cited by 444
Crum, A. J., Akinola, M., Martin, A., & Fath, S. (2017) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1275585 · Cited by 446
Chronic burnout, somatic arousal and elevated salivary cortisol levels
Melamed, S., Ugarten, U., Shirom, A., Kahana, L., Lerman, Y., & Froom, P. (1999) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00007-0 · Cited by 436
Biological mechanisms underlying the role of physical fitness in health and resilience
Silverman, M. N., & Deuster, P. A. (2014) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2014.0040 · Cited by 416
Socioeconomic Status and Health: Mediating and Moderating Factors
Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185634 · Cited by 402
Volunteerism and Mortality among the Community-dwelling Elderly
Oman, D., Thoresen, C. E., & Mcmahon, K. (1999) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910539900400301 · Cited by 401
Turning the knots in your stomach into bows: reappraising arousal improves performance on the GRE
Jamieson, J. P., Mendes, W. B., Blackstock, E., & Schmader, T. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.015 · Cited by 376
“Unlike threat, challenge is also characterized by performance improvement, which is consistent with the strong linear relationship noted between catecholamine levels and cognitive performance (see Dienstbier, 1989).”
BackgroundResultCan Meditation Slow Rate of Cellular Aging? Cognitive Stress, Mindfulness, and Telomeres
Epel, E., Daubenmier, J., Moskowitz, J. T., Folkman, S., & Blackburn, E. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04414.x · Cited by 324
Wright, R. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2001) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(01)80007-1 · Cited by 313
Improving Acute Stress Responses: The Power of Reappraisal
Jamieson, J. P., Mendes, W. B., & Nock, M. K. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412461500 · Cited by 273
Optimizing stress responses with reappraisal and mindset interventions: an integrated model
Jamieson, J. P., Crum, A. J., Goyer, J. P., Marotta, M. E., & Akinola, M. (2018) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1442615 · Cited by 265
Social psychophysiology and embodiment
Blascovich, J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001006 · Cited by 274
Impact of perceived self-efficacy in coping with stressors on components of the immune system.
Wiedenfeld, S. A., O'Leary, A., Bandura, A., Brown, S., Levine, S., & Raska, K. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.1082 · Cited by 262
Embodying Psychological Thriving: Physical Thriving in Response to Stress
Epel, E. S., McEwen, B. S., & Ickovics, J. R. (1998) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01220.x · Cited by 259
Resilience in Adulthood and Later Life
Ryff, C. D., Love, G. D., Essex, M. J., & Singer, B. (1998) · Handbook of Aging and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0098-2_4 · Cited by 246
Powers, S. I., Pietromonaco, P. R., Gunlicks, M., & Sayer, A. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.613 · Cited by 237
Seery, M. D., Leo, R. J., Lupien, S. P., Kondrak, C. L., & Almonte, J. L. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612469210 · Cited by 222
Reeve, J., & Tseng, C.-M. (2011) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9204-2 · Cited by 223
Thompson, R. A. (2014) · The Future of Children · doi:10.1353/foc.2014.0004 · Cited by 213
Inoculation stress hypothesis of environmental enrichment.
Crofton, E. J., Zhang, Y., & Green, T. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.017 · Cited by 206
Optimizing stress: An integrated intervention for regulating stress responses.
Crum, A. J., Jamieson, J. P., & Akinola, M. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000670 · Cited by 190
Prospective investigation of stress inoculation in young monkeys
Parker, K. J., Buckmaster, C. L., Schatzberg, A. F., & Lyons, D. M. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.933 · Cited by 185
Stroud, L. R., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Wilfley, D. E., & Salovey, P. (2000) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02895115 · Cited by 184
Decisions Under Distress: Stress Profiles Influence Anchoring and Adjustment
Kassam, K. S., Koslov, K., & Mendes, W. B. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02455.x · Cited by 175
Davies, P. T., Sturge-Apple, M. L., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.918 · Cited by 171
A General Enhancement of Autonomic and Cortisol Responses During Social Evaluative Threat
Bosch, J. A., de Geus, E. J. C., Carroll, D., Goedhart, A. D., Anane, L. A., Veldhuizen van Zanten, J. J., Helmerhorst, E. J., & Edwards, K. M. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181baef05 · Cited by 164
Developmental cascades linking stress inoculation, arousal regulation, and resilience
Lyons, D. (2009) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.08.032.2009 · Cited by 163
Variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity among bullied and non-bullied children
Vaillancourt, T., Duku, E., Decatanzaro, D., Macmillan, H., Muir, C., & Schmidt, L. A. (2008) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20240 · Cited by 158
Is low cortisol release an indicator of positive health?
Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2002) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.942 · Cited by 153
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Alves, S., & Mendes, W. B. (2014) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000098 · Cited by 149
A heartfelt response: oxytocin effects on response to social stress in men and women
Kubzansky, L. D., Mendes, W. B., Appleton, A. A., Block, J., & Adler, G. K. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.010 · Cited by 142
Seery, M. D., Blascovich, J., Weisbuch, M., & Vick, S. B. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.133 · Cited by 144
Dooley, L. N., Slavich, G. M., Moreno, P. I., & Bower, J. E. (2017) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2739 · Cited by 132
Heart rate variability during adolescent and adult social interactions: A meta-analysis
Shahrestani, S., Stewart, E. M., Quintana, D. S., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.12.012 · Cited by 126
Sex differences in neonatal stress reactivity
Davis, M., & Emory, E. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00852.x · Cited by 138
Self-Affirmation Improves Problem-Solving under Stress
Creswell, J. D., Dutcher, J. M., Klein, W. M. P., Harris, P. R., & Levine, J. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062593 · Cited by 121
The ???Yips??? in Golf: A Continuum Between a Focal Dystonia and Choking
Smith, A. M., Adler, C. H., Crews, D., Wharen, R. E., Laskowski, E. R., Barnes, K., Valone Bell, C., Pelz, D., Brennan, R. D., Smith, J., et al. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333010-00002 · Cited by 112
Liu, R. T. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000043 · Cited by 113
Capitalizing on Appraisal Processes to Improve Affective Responses to Social Stress
Jamieson, J. P., Hangen, E. J., Lee, H. Y., & Yeager, D. S. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917693085 · Cited by 111
Bevans, K., Cerbone, A., & Overstreet, S. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000126 · Cited by 110
The Role of Adult Attachment Style in Forgiveness Following an Interpersonal Offense
Lawler‐Row, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., & Jones, W. H. (2006) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00434.x · Cited by 98
Scheepers, D., de Wit, F., Ellemers, N., & Sassenberg, K. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.06.014 · Cited by 95
Asymmetry in resting intracortical activity as a buffer to social threat
Koslov, K., Mendes, W. B., Pajtas, P. E., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611403156 · Cited by 80
Parent conflict predicts infants' vagal regulation in social interaction
Moore, G. A. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940999023x · Cited by 72
A psychometric perspective on psychophysiological measures
Tomarken, A. J. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.387 · Cited by 54
Individual differences in negative affect repair.
Hemenover, S. H., Augustine, A. A., Shulman, T., Tran, T. Q., & Barlett, C. P. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.4.468 · Cited by 46
Neuroticism, cognitive ability, and the metabolic syndrome: The Vietnam Experience Study
Phillips, A. C., Batty, G. D., Weiss, A., Deary, I., Gale, C. R., Thomas, G. N., & Carroll, D. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.01.016 · Cited by 45
Luis, E., Bermejo-Martins, E., Martinez, M., Sarrionandia, A., Cortes, C., Oliveros, E. Y., Garces, M. S., Oron, J. V., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048469 · Cited by 45
Stress hormones and vascular function in firefighters during concurrent challenges
Webb, H. E., Garten, R. S., McMinn, D. R., Beckman, J. L., Kamimori, G. H., & Acevedo, E. O. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.02.024 · Cited by 43
Ennis, M., Kelly, K. S., & Lambert, P. L. (2001) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.904 · Cited by 37
Low lifetime stress exposure is associated with reduced stimulus-response memory
Goldfarb, E. V., Shields, G. S., Daw, N. D., Slavich, G. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2017) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.045179.117 · Cited by 30
Daubenmier, J., Epel, E. S., Moran, P. J., Thompson, J., Mason, A. E., Acree, M., Goldman, V., Kristeller, J., Hecht, F. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01232-5 · Cited by 27
Khalaf, A., Nabian, M., Fan, M., Yin, Y., Wormwood, J., Siegel, E., Quigley, K. S., Barrett, L. F., Akcakaya, M., Chou, C.-A., et al. (2020) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2019.112890 · Cited by 25
Adaptation to stressors: Hormesis as a framework for human performance
Hill, Y., Kiefer, A. W., Oudejans, R. R. D., Baetzner, A. S., & Den Hartigh, R. J. R. (2024) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101073 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Dienstbier, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dienstbier, Richard A.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1989
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-100
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2015107972
- Semantic Scholar
- 26d83a4f9e1414887b7df117f6ad1f9b2ca99287
- Cited by
- 909
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 4.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- physiological arousal, sympathetic nervous system, stress, stress inoculation training, coping, catecholamines, immune enhancement, emotional stability, performance, cardiovascular disease, anxiety, neuroticism, Type A behavior pattern, stress management
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Medulla, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Arousal, Disease Susceptibility, Epinephrine, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Norepinephrine, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Sympathetic Nervous System
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
