Overlapping activity in anterior insula during interoception and emotional experience
Open accessAbstract
Classic theories of emotion posit that awareness of one’s internal bodily states (interoception) is a key component of emotional experience. This view has been indirectly supported by data demonstrating similar patterns of brain activity—most importantly, in the anterior insula—across both interoception and emotion elicitation. However, no study has directly compared these two phenomena within participants, leaving it unclear whether interoception and emotional experience truly share the same functional neural architecture. The current study addressed this gap in knowledge by examining the neural convergence of these two phenomena within the same population. In one task, participants monitored their own heartbeat; in another task they watched emotional video clips and rated their own emotional responses to the videos. Consistent with prior research, heartbeat monitoring engaged a circumscribed area spanning insular cortex and adjacent inferior frontal operculum. Critically, this interoception-related cluster also was engaged when participants rated their own emotion, and activity here correlated with the trial-by-trial intensity of participants’ emotional experience. These findings held across both group-level and individual participant-level approaches to localizing interoceptive cortex. Together, these data further clarify the functional role of the anterior insula and provide novel insights about the connection between bodily awareness and emotion.
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The anterior insula plays a pivotal role in appraising an interoceptive inference based on incoming raw interoceptive and exteroceptive input.
“As part of the viscerosensory cortex, the anterior insula plays a pivotal role in appraising an interoceptive inference based on incoming raw interoceptive and exteroceptive input (Seeley et al., 2007; Menon and Uddin, 2010; Zaki et al., 2012; Wager et al., 2015).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Zaki et al., 2012
The Discussion (page not provided) says the right anterior insula may help process visceral information and evaluate the subjective relevance of bodily states. The Results report overlapping anterior-insula activity during heartbeat monitoring and emotional self-rating. These passages support a role in interoception, but do not establish that the insula appraises an interoceptive inference from raw interoceptive and exteroceptive input. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredData based on fMRI and EEG show similar patterns of brain activity during both interoceptive tasks and emotion elicitation.
“On the one hand, data based on fMRI and EEG analysis show similar patterns of brain activity during both interoceptive tasks and emotion elicitation [5,38,39,40].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
The Results (Neuroimaging results; page unavailable) report overlapping anterior insula activity during heartbeat monitoring and emotional experience, supporting the fMRI part of the claim. The Methods (Imaging acquisition and analysis; page unavailable) describe MRI acquisition, but our copy provides no EEG analysis to support attributing that part to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe insular cortex is implicated in normal affective processing and emotional symptomatology in psychiatric disorders, notably anxiety.
“The region is also implicated in normal affective processing48–51, and emotional symptomatology in psychiatric disorders52–54, notably anxiety55–57.”
From Beyond bendy joints: number of variant connective tissue features predicts neurodivergent characteristics in hypermobile individuals with anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as [51]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe interoceptive network is not only engaged in interoceptive processing but also highly engaged in emotional processing; emotional experience is intimately tied to information about internal bodily states.
“Zaki et al. (2012) demonstrate that the interoceptive network is not only engaged in interoceptive processing but also highly engaged in emotional processing and that “emotional experience is intimately tied to information about internal bodily states” (p. 498).”
From Mindfulness, Interoception, and the Body: A Contemporary Perspective (2019) · cites this paper as Zaki et al., 2012
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“The region is also implicated in normal affective processing 48 – 51 , and emotional symptomatology in psychiatric disorders 52 – 54 , notably anxiety 55 – 57 .”
- Authors
- Zaki, J., Davis, J. I., & Ochsner, K. N.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zaki, Jamil
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 493-499
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6558972
- OpenAlex
- W2107790366
- Semantic Scholar
- 037e97f35db0d3a4730ece11a9078a1f9ee2c913
- Cited by
- 462
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 20.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks Grant (4787)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant (1R01DA022541-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- anterior insula, interoception, emotional experience, insula, heart rate monitoring, emotional video, emotional intensity, body awareness, neural convergence
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Cerebral Cortex, Emotions, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Sensation, Young Adult
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