Neuropeptide, Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide in the gut-brain axis
Open accessAbstract
The gut-brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Four information carriers (vagal and spinal afferent neurons, immune mediators such as cytokines, gut hormones and gut microbiota-derived signalling molecules) transmit information from the gut to the brain, while autonomic neurons and neuroendocrine factors carry outputs from the brain to the gut. The members of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family of biologically active peptides, NPY, peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP), are expressed by cell systems at distinct levels of the gut-brain axis. PYY and PP are exclusively expressed by endocrine cells of the digestive system, whereas NPY is found at all levels of the gut-brain and brain-gut axis. The major systems expressing NPY comprise enteric neurons, primary afferent neurons, several neuronal pathways throughout the brain and sympathetic neurons. In the digestive tract, NPY and PYY inhibit gastrointestinal motility and electrolyte secretion and in this way modify the input to the brain. PYY is also influenced by the intestinal microbiota, and NPY exerts, via stimulation of Y1 receptors, a proinflammatory action. Furthermore, the NPY system protects against distinct behavioural disturbances caused by peripheral immune challenge, ameliorating the acute sickness response and preventing long-term depression. At the level of the afferent system, NPY inhibits nociceptive input from the periphery to the spinal cord and brainstem. In the brain, NPY and its receptors (Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5) play important roles in regulating food intake, energy homeostasis, anxiety, mood and stress resilience. In addition, PP and PYY signal to the brain to attenuate food intake, anxiety and depression-related behaviour. These findings underscore the important role of the NPY-Y receptor system at several levels of the gut-brain axis in which NPY, PYY and PP operate both as neural and endocrine messengers.
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Several of the same peptides and their receptors that are released into the gut are also widely expressed in the brain or signal to the brain, where these peptides play well-established roles in the neurobiology of anxiety and depression.
“Of note, several of the same peptides and their receptors that are released into the gut are also widely expressed in the brain or signal to the brain, where these peptides play well-established roles in the neurobiology of anxiety and depression (for review, see [23,24]).”
From Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
The gut-brain axis is a bi-directional communication system connected via neural, hormonal, and immunological pathways, initially recognized for regulating digestive function and food intake.
“The gut–brain axis, connected via neural, hormonal, and immunological pathways, is a bi-directional communication system that is initially recognized for its role in regulating digestive function and food intake [33,34].”
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Süyen, G. G., Işbil-Büyükcoşkun, N., & Kahveci, N. (2010) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2010.02.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Taché, Y., & Bernstein, C. N. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.032 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Painsipp, E., Herzog, H., & Holzer, P. D. (2009) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881109348171 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Yang, H., Kawakubo, K., & Taché, Y. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.3.g555 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Shibata, M., Hisajima, T., Nakano, M., Goris, R. C., & Funakoshi, K. (2007) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.013 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The therapeutic potential of gut hormone peptide YY3-36 in the treatment of obesity
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Plasma Hormones Facilitated the Hypermotility of the Colon in a Chronic Stress Rat Model
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Gakis, G., Mueller, M. H., Hahn, J., Glatzle, J., Grundy, D., & Kreis, M. E. (2009) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2009.03.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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The colonic microflora and probiotic therapy in health and disease
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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) enhances proliferation of human colonic lamina propria lymphocytes
Elitsur, Y., Luk, G. D., Colberg, M., et al. (1994) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/0143-4179(94)90113-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Minireview: Gut microbiota: The neglected endocrine organ
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“which the brain regulates the activity of the gut and vice versa and is critical for homeostasis of the host system (De Vadder et al., 2014; Dinan and Cryan, 2017; Holzer et al., 2012; Montiel-Castro et al., 2013; Rhee et al., 2009; Sherwin et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMicrobiota regulation of the mammalian gut-brain axis
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Repeated predictable stress causes resilience against colitis-induced behavioral changes in mice
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- Authors
- Holzer, P., Reichmann, F., & Farzi, A.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Holzer, Peter
- Venue
- Neuropeptides
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 261-274
- ISSN
- 0143-4179 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3516703
- OpenAlex
- W1966217983
- Cited by
- 501
- References
- 219
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 13
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropeptides (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Austrian Science Fund (P 23097)
- Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung (GZ 80.104/2-BrGT/2007)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, gut-brain axis, NPY receptors, gastrointestinal hormones, enteric neurons, primary afferent neurons, gut microbiota, gastrointestinal motility, food intake regulation, energy homeostasis, anxiety, depression, stress resilience, sickness behavior, nociception, proinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Homeostasis, Humans, Immune System, Neuropeptide Y, Pancreatic Polypeptide, Signal Transduction, Peptide YY, Gastrointestinal Tract
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