Fasting biases brain reward systems towards high‐calorie foods
Abstract
Nutritional state (e.g. fasted vs. fed) and different food stimuli (e.g. high‐calorie vs. low‐calorie, or appetizing vs. bland foods) are both recognized to change activity in brain reward systems. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we have studied the interaction between nutritional state and different food stimuli on brain food reward systems. We examined how blood oxygen level‐dependent activity within a priori regions of interest varied while viewing pictures of high‐calorie and low‐calorie foods. Pictures of non‐food household objects were included as control stimuli. During scanning, subjects rated the appeal of each picture. Twenty non‐obese healthy adults [body mass index 22.1 ± 0.5 kg/m 2 (mean ± SEM), age range 19–35 years, 10 male] were scanned on two separate mornings between 11:00 and 12:00 h, once after eating a filling breakfast (‘fed’: 1.6 ± 0.1 h since breakfast), and once after an overnight fast but skipping breakfast (‘fasted’: 15.9 ± 0.3 h since supper) in a randomized cross‐over design. Fasting selectively increased activation to pictures of high‐calorie over low‐calorie foods in the ventral striatum, amygdala, anterior insula, and medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Furthermore, fasting enhanced the subjective appeal of high‐calorie more than low‐calorie foods, and the change in appeal bias towards high‐calorie foods was positively correlated with medial and lateral OFC activation. These results demonstrate an interaction between homeostatic and hedonic aspects of feeding behaviour, with fasting biasing brain reward systems towards high‐calorie foods.
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The targeted effect size was chosen based on findings from studies employing CIC paradigms for drug craving, food cravings, and internet gaming craving, which report medium-to-large effect sizes in cue reactivity.
“The targeted-effect size was chosen based on findings from studies employing CIC paradigms for drug craving52, food cravings25,37,53,54 and internet gaming craving27, which report medium-to-large effect sizes in cue reactivity52.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
Caloric deprivation increases the reward value of high-calorie foods more than low-calorie foods.
“suggesting that caloric deprivation increases the reward value of high-calorie foods more than low-calorie foods.”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Goldstone et al., 2009
One experiment found greater response in attention and reward regions to pictures of high-calorie versus low-calorie foods after caloric deprivation versus a non-deprivation condition.
“One experiment found a greater response in attention (posterior cingulate cortex) and reward (amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex [OFC], insula, and striatum) regions to pictures of high-calorie versus low-calorie foods after a period of caloric deprivation versus a non-deprivation condition”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Goldstone et al., 2009
The evidence that elective caloric restriction in the present studies was associated with greater responsivity of attention and reward regions to palatable food images, anticipated receipt of palatable food, and receipt of palatable food extends findings from caloric deprivation experiments.
“The evidence that elective caloric restriction in the present studies was associated with greater responsivity of attention and reward regions to palatable food images, anticipated receipt of palatable food, and receipt of palatable food more broadly extend findings from caloric deprivation experiments.”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Goldstone et al., 2009
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Stice, E., Burger, K., & Yokum, S. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.028 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Dimitropoulos, A., Tkach, J., Ho, A., & Kennedy, J. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.014 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The importance of nutrition in aiding recovery from substance use disorders: a review
Jeynes, K. D., & Gibson, E. L. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.006 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery changes food reward in rats
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Anorexia nervosa and the insula
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Neural Responsivity to Food Cues in Fasted and Fed States Pre and Post Gastric Bypass Surgery
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Altered food-cue processing in chronically ill and recovered women with anorexia nervosa
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Control of protein and energy intake - brain mechanisms
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- Authors
- Goldstone, A. P., Prechtl de Hernandez, C. G., Beaver, J. D., Muhammed, K., Croese, C., Bell, G., Durighel, G., Hughes, E., Waldman, A. D., Frost, G., & Bell, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Hammersmith Hospital (GB)
- GlaxoSmithKline (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (GB)
- Venue
- European Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1625-1635
- ISSN
- 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9568
- OpenAlex
- W1968750483
- Cited by
- 356
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 9.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0508-10112)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- fasting, food reward, high-calorie foods, nutritional status, brain reward system, ventral striatum, amygdala, anterior insula, orbitofrontal cortex, food appeal
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Fasting, Female, Food, Food Preferences, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Pain Measurement, Photic Stimulation, Reward, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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