A dual operator view of habitual behavior reflecting cortical and striatal dynamics
Open accessAbstract
Habits are notoriously difficult to break and, if broken, are usually replaced by new routines. To examine the neural basis of these characteristics, we recorded spike activity in cortical and striatal habit sites as rats learned maze tasks. Overtraining induced a shift from purposeful to habitual behavior. This shift coincided with the activation of neuronal ensembles in the infralimbic neocortex and the sensorimotor striatum, which became engaged simultaneously but developed changes in spike activity with distinct time courses and stability. The striatum rapidly acquired an action-bracketing activity pattern insensitive to reward devaluation but sensitive to running automaticity. A similar pattern developed in the upper layers of the infralimbic cortex, but it formed only late during overtraining and closely tracked habit states. Selective optogenetic disruption of infralimbic activity during overtraining prevented habit formation. We suggest that learning-related spiking dynamics of both striatum and neocortex are necessary, as dual operators, for habit crystallization.
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The fast and involuntary character of habits renders them relatively impervious to cognitive and inhibitory control.
“The fast and involuntary character of habits, which require limited thought to be performed, renders them relatively impervious to cognitive and inhibitory control [10 -15].”
From Habit as a therapeutic component in psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomised controlled feasibility study. (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
The Introduction says fixed routines free attention and decision-making resources and that habits can be difficult to break. The Discussion links habitual performance to low deliberation and automatic execution. Our copy does not establish that habits are fast or involuntary, or that those characteristics make them resistant to cognitive and inhibitory control. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredModulation of infralimbic cortex and sensorimotor striatum circuits may serve as a targeted treatment for disorders with excessive habit formation.
“suggest that modulation of these circuits may serve as a targeted treatment for disorders with excessive habit formation 106,107.”
From DISSECTING OCD CIRCUITS: FROM ANIMAL MODELS TO TARGETED TREATMENTS: Review: Dissecting OCD Circuits: Animals to Treatments (2015) · cites this paper as [106]
Optogenetic studies implicate the infralimbic cortex and sensorimotor striatum in the development of habitual behavior.
“these studies implicate the infralimbic cortex and the sensorimotor striatum in the development of habitual behavior”
From DISSECTING OCD CIRCUITS: FROM ANIMAL MODELS TO TARGETED TREATMENTS: Review: Dissecting OCD Circuits: Animals to Treatments (2015) · cites this paper as [106]
In rodent-based learning paradigms, goal-directed behaviors are thought to become habitual upon overtraining.
“In rodent-based learning paradigms, goal-directed behaviors are thought to become habitual upon overtraining48–50.”
From Revealing abrupt transitions from goal-directed to habitual behavior (2026) · cites this paper as [48]
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- Authors
- Smith, K. S., & Graybiel, A. M.
- Affiliations
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Kyle S.
- Graybiel, Ann M.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 361-374
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3951965
- OpenAlex
- W2123053862
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 14.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2013-08-07)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH085454, R01MH060379)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- habit formation, habitual behavior, infralimbic cortex, sensorimotor striatum, overtraining, neuronal ensembles, reward devaluation, rats
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Cerebral Cortex, Corpus Striatum, Habits, Maze Learning, Rats
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