Cited by 279Marine Invertebrate Physiology and EcologyDevelopmental Biology and Gene RegulationNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms

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From nerve net to nerve ring, nerve cord and brain — evolution of the nervous system

Arendt, Detlev, Tosches, Maria Antonietta, Marlow, Heather·2016·Nature Reviews Neuroscience

DOI 10.1038/nrn.2015.15

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Abstract

The puzzle of how complex nervous systems emerged remains unsolved. Comparative studies of neurodevelopment in cnidarians and bilaterians suggest that this process began with distinct integration centres that evolved on opposite ends of an initial nerve net. The 'apical nervous system' controlled general body physiology, and the 'blastoporal nervous system' coordinated feeding movements and locomotion. We propose that expansion, integration and fusion of these centres gave rise to the bilaterian nerve cord and brain.

Integrity signals

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Authors: Arendt, D., Tosches, M. A., & Marlow, H.
Affiliations: European Molecular Biology Laboratory (DE)
Max Planck Institute for Brain Research (DE)
Institut Pasteur (FR)
Corresponding author: Arendt, Detlev
ORCID: Arendt, Detlev
Tosches, Maria Antonietta
Marlow, Heather
Venue: Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-12-17
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 61-72
ISSN: 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
1471-0048
DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2015.15
OpenAlex: W2219074388
Semantic Scholar: 2fbc72eec919edc88420c319071f50b0f6a4536d
Cited by: 279
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 2.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Keywords: nervous system evolution, nerve net, nerve ring, nerve cord, brain evolution, gene expression comparison
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Biological Evolution, Humans, Nerve Net, Nervous System, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Neurons

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From nerve net to nerve ring, nerve cord and brain — evolution of the nervous system

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