Shortwave infrared fluorescence imaging with the clinically approved near-infrared dye indocyanine green
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Abstract
Significance: Imaging in the shortwave IR (SWIR) spectral window allows the observation of processes deep within living animals. Recent studies have shown that SWIR imaging enables unprecedented imaging opportunities, including contact-free monitoring of vital signs, generation of microvasculature blood flow maps, real-time metabolic imaging, and molecularly targeted imaging. Yet, whereas bright SWIR fluorophores have been developed for preclinical research settings, applications in the clinic have been held back by the conventional belief that no clinically approved fluorophore is available. Here, we show that indocyanine green, a clinically approved near-IR dye, exhibits a remarkable amount of SWIR emission, which enables state-of-the-art SWIR imaging with direct translation potential into clinical settings, and even outperforms other commercially available SWIR emitters.
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The common issue of low chemical stability and reduced fluorescence intensity of polymethines in an aqueous environment can be overcome by proper charge balancing and the introduction of steric shielding.
“The common issue of low chemical stability and reduced fluorescence intensity of polymethines in an aqueous environment can be overcome by proper charge balancing and the introduction of steric shielding.29,32,33”
From The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
The “NIR Dye Emission Detected with InGaAs” section (page unavailable) reports that ICG fluorescence is quenched in water and that binding to blood proteins stabilizes the dye and increases its quantum yield. It does not say that charge balancing or steric shielding overcomes low stability or fluorescence intensity in aqueous polymethines. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredClinically approved agents available for tumor detection and therapy remain extremely limited, with examples including methylene blue and indocyanine green.
“Despite the significant advantages of organic small-molecule fluorescent probes, clinically approved agents available for tumor detection and therapy remain extremely limited (e.g., methylene blue, indocyanine green (ICG))63–66.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
The Abstract (page not provided) identifies indocyanine green as FDA-approved and lists cancer localization among applications of it and other near-infrared dyes. It describes a shortage of approved dyes specifically for shortwave-infrared imaging, not a general shortage of approved agents for tumor detection and therapy. The cited paper does not identify methylene blue as an example. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndocyanine green (ICG) has measurable long-tail fluorescence emission that stretches to 1500 nm in the SWIR region.
“Recently, the spectroscopic characterization of NIR indocyanine green dye (ICG) revealed measurable long-tail fluorescence emission that stretches to 1500 nm in the SWIR region.28,29”
Tail fluorescence emission sometimes allows high-contrast imaging with current organic SWIR fluorophores.
“This tail fluorescence emission sometimes allows high-contrast imaging with current organic SWIR fluorophores.29,34,96,219,220”
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- Authors
- Carr, J. A., Franke, D., Caram, J. R., Perkinson, C. F., Saif, M., Askoxylakis, V., Datta, M., Fukumura, D., Jain, R. K., Bawendi, M. G., & Bruns, O. T.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-04-06
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 4465-4470
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5924901
- OpenAlex
- W2949289995
- Cited by
- 721
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 50.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | National Institutes of Health (9-P41-EB015871-26A1, CA080124, CA126642, CA197743, CA096915)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (W911NF-13-D-0001)
- National Science Foundation (EECS-1449291, GRFP Fellowship)
- DOE | Office of Science (DE-FG02-07ER46454)
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-10-1-0016)
- DOD | USAF | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (NDSEG 32 CFR 168a)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Stiftung (Fellowship)
- European Molecular Biology Organization (Fellowship)
- HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (F31HL126449)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Keywords
- indocyanine green, near-infrared dyes, in vivo molecular imaging, intravital microscopy, hepatobiliary clearance, tumor-targeted imaging, trastuzumab, IRDye800CW
- MeSH terms
- Trastuzumab, Intravital Microscopy, Animals, Blood Vessels, Cattle, Contrast Media, Fluorescent Dyes, Indocyanine Green, Infrared Rays, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Lymphatic Vessels, Mice
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