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Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is important for maternal physiology and childcare, including parturition and milk ejection during nursing 1-6. Suckling triggers the release of oxytocin, but other sensory cues-specifically, infant cries-can increase the levels of oxytocin in new human mothers 7, which indicates that cries can activate hypothalamic oxytocin neurons. Here we describe a neural circuit that routes auditory information about infant vocalizations to mouse oxytocin neurons. We performed in vivo electrophysiological recordings and photometry from identified oxytocin neurons in awake maternal mice that were presented with pup calls. We found that oxytocin neurons responded to pup vocalizations, but not to pure tones, through input from the posterior intralaminar thalamus, and that repetitive thalamic stimulation induced lasting disinhibition of oxytocin neurons. This circuit gates central oxytocin release and maternal behaviour in response to calls, providing a mechanism for the integration of sensory cues from the offspring in maternal endocrine networks to ensure modulation of brain state for efficient parenting.
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TL;DR
This study identifies a noncanonical auditory circuit from the posterior intralaminar thalamus (PIL) to hypothalamic oxytocin neurons that relays infant pup calls and gates central oxytocin release and maternal behavior. In maternal mice, pup calls—but not pure tones—produce delayed, persistent activation of PVN oxytocin neurons via NMDAR- and dynamin-dependent long-term depression of inhibition.
Key findings
- Pup-call presentation increased firing of identified PVN oxytocin neurons (ChR2+, OT+) from Pre 2.9 ± 0.7 Hz to Post 5.0 ± 1.6 Hz (P = 0.001, n = 11 cells from N = 6 dams), but not ChR2− (OT−) neurons (Pre 3.1 ± 0.9 Hz, Post 3.6 ± 1.0 Hz; P = 0.07, n = 11, N = 5). Fibre photometry in dams showed significant responses after calls (Pre versus Calls P = 0.0048; Pre versus Post P = 0.0179, N = 7 dams), significant as early as 25 s from call onset (P = 0.013); responses were specific to pup calls and absent for pure tones, adult calls, or FM down-sweeps, and were not observed in virgins.
- Rabies tracing showed the PIL contributed 100% of auditory inputs to PVN oxytocin cells versus 0% from the medial geniculate body, auditory cortex, and inferior colliculus. The PIL received synaptic inputs from both the inferior colliculus and auditory cortex, with a greater proportion from the inferior colliculus (P = 0.015, two-tailed Fisher’s test), and PIL-to-PVN oxytocin neuron connections occurred with high probability and preferentially targeted parvocellular oxytocin neurons.
- Repetitive optogenetic stimulation of PIL terminals in the PVN (30 Hz for 1 s, repeated every 2 s for 3 min) induced lasting disinhibition: IPSC amplitudes decreased and the IPSC/EPSC ratio decreased (P = 0.0018). This iLTD was blocked by AP5, intracellular MK801, and a dynamin inhibitory peptide, but not by MAP4 or the oxytocin receptor antagonist OTA; brief PIL stimulation did not trigger iLTD, and iLTD was occluded in slices from dams exposed to pup-call playback immediately before slice preparation.
- Saline-injected dams needed 41.6 ± 5.9 played calls to approach the speaker, whereas chemogenetic suppression of PIL-to-PVN input reduced speaker preference (P = 0.002) and decreased retrieval probability at later trials; blocking oxytocin signaling in the VTA also decreased retrieval probability (N = 4 dams, P at least <0.02). OXTR-iTango2 labelling in the VTA showed more tdTomato+EGFP+ cells after blue light + pup calls than after blue light + tones or blue light only, with fewer labelled cells when the PIL-to-PVN pathway was inhibited.
Methods
- Awake head-fixed maternal mice (dams 0–3 weeks postpartum, first or second birth, housed with pups P0–P21 or just weaned; virgins >6 weeks for some comparisons) underwent in vivo cell-attached/whole-cell recordings and fibre photometry from identified PVN oxytocin neurons during playback of pup distress calls, pure tones, adult calls, or FM sweeps.
- Circuit mapping used Cre-inducible retrograde rabies tracing, channelrhodopsin 2-assisted circuit mapping, in vitro whole-cell recordings in PVN/PIL slices, optogenetic stimulation of PIL terminals, and pharmacological blockers; behavior used chemogenetic inactivation of PIL-to-PVN neurons, VTA cannula infusion of an oxytocin receptor antagonist, and an OXTR-iTango2 oxytocin sensor in the VTA.
- Analyses used Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank, Friedman, one-sample t-tests, Mann–Whitney, one-way ANOVA, Fisher’s exact, and binomial tests; sample sizes are reported in figure legends, with no statistical methods used to predetermine sample size and experiments not randomized.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: no statistical methods were used to predetermine sample size; experiments were not randomized; blinding was not performed for in vivo cell-attached, whole-cell, and tungsten recordings, in vitro whole-cell recordings, and some real-time analyses, though investigators were blinded during behavioral testing and fibre photometry/oxytocin sensor data analysis.
- Evident from the text: all experiments are in mice, so the human relevance of infant cries increasing oxytocin is inferential; the paper cites human findings but does not test them directly.
- Evident from the text: several circuit and synaptic conclusions rely on viral tracing, optogenetic/chemogenetic manipulation, pharmacological blockade, and an engineered oxytocin sensor, and some experiments have small sample sizes (e.g., N = 2–7 dams in several photometry, tracing, and sensor experiments).
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“This increase in the spiking of ChR2+ (OT+) neurons was not observed during call presentation itself”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“observed substantial responses after calls (Pre versus Calls: P = 0.0048; Pre versus Post: P = 0.0179, N = 7 dams”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 7 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“We found that the PIL receives synaptic inputs from both the IC and the AuCx”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“and preferentially targeted parvocellular oxytocin neurons”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“This stimulation pattern also did not elicit suprathreshold spiking in oxytocin cells”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“We found that the PIL is activated by pup calls.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“this long-term depression of inhibition (iLTD) decreased the IPSC/EPSC ratio for oxytocin neurons”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“without affecting PIL transmission itself”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“We found that oxytocin neurons responded to pup vocalizations, but not to pure tones, through input from the posterior intralaminar thalamus”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“the amplitudes of IPSCs were significantly decreased after PIL opto”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“The PIL contributed 100% to the auditory inputs in PVN oxytocin cells versus 0% for inputs from the MGB, AuCx and IC.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“We also did not observe significant activation of oxytocin cells in virgin mice”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“We observed a rapid and enduring increase in evoked spike generation in oxytocin neurons after PIL opto”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“iLTD was occluded in slices from dams that were exposed to pup-call playback immediately before the preparation of brain slices (‘Occlusion’; Fig. 3h and Extended Data Fig. 8g–i)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“This increase in activity was significant as early as 25 s from call onset (P = 0.013).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 7 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“we did not observe axon terminals in the PVN originating from the IC or the AuCx”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“We found that oxytocin neurons responded to pup vocalizations, but not to pure tones, through input from the posterior intralaminar thalamus”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Even though firing rates of the PIL during pup calls and ultrasound pure tones are similar (P = 0.33)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“but not those of ChR2− (OT−) neurons (Pre: 3.1 ± 0.9 Hz, Post: 3.6 ± 1.0 Hz; P = 0.07, n = 11, N = 5; Fig. 1d–h and Extended Data Fig. 2b–f).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“We found that pup-call presentation increased the firing rates of ChR2+ (OT+) neurons (Pre: 2.9 ± 0.7 Hz; Post: 5.0 ± 1.6 Hz; P = 0.001, n = 11 cells from N = 6 dams)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“pup calls did not trigger a long-term increase in spontaneous spiking”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“most auditory areas did not send direct projections to the PVN”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“These monosynaptic connections were both excitatory22 and inhibitory”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“through input from the posterior intralaminar thalamus”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“with a greater proportion of PIL neurons receiving inputs from the IC (P = 0.015, two-tailed Fisher’s test; Fig. 2g,i).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“and that repetitive thalamic stimulation induced lasting disinhibition of oxytocin neurons”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“To examine whether population-level activity was also enhanced after pup calls, we performed fibre photometry of oxytocin neuronal responses”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“Instead, we reliably observed dense rabies-based mCherry staining in the posterior intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus (PIL; Fig. 2c).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“We observed reliable optogenetically evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (oEPSCs) in most oxytocin cells, indicating that oxytocin neurons receive connections from the PIL with a high probability”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“There were no changes in the intrinsic properties of oxytocin neurons after PIL opto”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“Although EPSCs were unaffected”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“the type-III mGluR antagonist MAP4 did not prevent iLTD induction”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“emulating PIL responses in vivo during pure-tone playback by brief optogenetic stimulation of PIL terminals in the PVN (‘PIL opto short’) at 30 Hz for 100 ms repeated every two seconds for three minutes did not trigger iLTD”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“pure tones evoked only, transient activity for a duration of less than 50 ms, as previously described25, compared to 1 s or more during pup calls”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“infusing the OXTR antagonist OTA (0.5 mg ml−1) into the VTA decreased the retrieval probability when dams were presented with five isolated pups at the same time”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“Box plots (showing the median (line), second to third quartiles (box), minimum to maximum (whiskers) of latency to first spike was significantly shorter in ChR2+ (OT+; n = 14 neurons, N = 6 dams, p < 0.0001, Mann–Whitney two-tailed test) compared to ChR2− (OT−; n = 8, N = 2) neurons in response to 200-ms light pulse of 100% laser power.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“Saline-injected dams needed 41.6 ± 5.9 played calls to approach the speaker”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“ChR2+ (OT+) neurons responded to light pulses by an increase in their firing rate and spiking probability, whereas ChR2− (OT−) neurons were not modulated by blue light.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > In vivo optogenetic identification of PVN neurons
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“Neither ChR2+ (OT+; n = 9 neurons, N = 6 dams, p = 0.38, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test), nor ChR2− (OT−; n = 9, N = 5, p = 0.30) neurons increased their firing rate during individual calls (‘Call’) compared to baseline (‘Pre’).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“No difference in the z-scores of spiking responses of cell-attached and whole-cell recordings during individual pup calls in ChR2+ (OT+; n = 8, N = 2, p = 0.30, one-way ANOVA), ChR2− (OT−; n = 7, N = 4), and unidentified PVN (cell-attached: n = 21, N = 11; whole-cell: n = 6, N = 4) neurons.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“Fewer tdTomato+EGFP+ cells were observed when the PIL-to-PVN pathway was inhibited with chemogenetics”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“No increase in the firing rates of either ChR2+ (OT+; n = 8 neurons, N = 2 dams, p = 0.38, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test), ChR2− (OT−; n = 7, N = 3, p = 0.08), or unidentified PVN (cell-attached: n = 26, N = 13; whole-cell: n = 6, N = 4, p = 0.48) neurons during individual pup calls (‘Call’) compared to baseline (‘Pre’) on a trial-by-trial basis.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“‘First spike’ in ChR2− (OT−) cells was not light-evoked but occurred spontaneously.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Number of spikes of ChR2− (OT−; black circles; n = 13, N = 3, p = 0.49) neurons, as well as spike probability (p = 0.62) was not modulated.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Increase in the number of spikes (left) of ChR2+ (OT+; pink circles; n = 7 neurons, N = 5 dams, p = 0.002, one-way ANOVA) and spike probability (right; p = 0.009) in response to 50 ms light pulse steps.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaindirectn = 7 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were many more tdTomato+EGFP+ cells in the VTA of the blue light + pup calls group compared to the blue light + tones or blue light only groups”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Increase in the number of spikes (left) of ChR2+ (OT+; pink circles; n = 9 neurons, N = 6 dams, p = 0.002, one-way ANOVA) and spike probability (right; p = 0.01) in response to 200 ms light pulse steps.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaindirectn = 9 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Number of spikes of ChR2− (OT−; black circles; n = 13, N = 3, p = 0.11) neurons, as well as spike probability (p = 0.13) was not modulated.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Number of spikes of ChR2− (OT−; black circles; n = 13, N = 3, p = 0.49) neurons, as well as spike probability (p = 0.62) was not modulated.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and showed a significant preference for the speaker, compared to CNO-injected dams (P = 0.002; Fig. 4g).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“No difference in the z-scores of spiking responses of cell-attached and whole-cell recordings during individual pup calls in ChR2+ (OT+; n = 8, N = 2, p = 0.30, one-way ANOVA), ChR2− (OT−; n = 7, N = 4), and unidentified PVN (cell-attached: n = 21, N = 11; whole-cell: n = 6, N = 4) neurons.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increase in the number of spikes (left) of ChR2+ (OT+; pink circles; n = 9 neurons, N = 6 dams, p = 0.002, one-way ANOVA) and spike probability (right; p = 0.01) in response to 200 ms light pulse steps.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaindirectn = 9 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Oxytocin release downstream of NMDAR activation29 was not involved, because application of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) antagonist OTA did not prevent iLTD”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Change of firing rate of ChR2+ (OT+; n = 10 neurons, N = 5 dams, p = 0.002, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test) but not of ChR2− (OT−; n = 13, N = 3, p = 0.91) neurons in response to 200-ms light pulse of 100% laser power (‘Opto’) compared to baseline firing immediately preceding the light pulse (‘Pre’).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No increase in the firing rates of either ChR2+ (OT+; n = 8 neurons, N = 2 dams, p = 0.38, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test), ChR2− (OT−; n = 7, N = 3, p = 0.08), or unidentified PVN (cell-attached: n = 26, N = 13; whole-cell: n = 6, N = 4, p = 0.48) neurons during individual pup calls (‘Call’) compared to baseline (‘Pre’) on a trial-by-trial basis.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sample traces and raster plots of cell-attached recordings from one ChR2+ (OT+, left) and one ChR2− (OT−, right) neuron showing reliable activation of ChR2+ (OT+) neurons in response to 50 ms pulses of blue light at 5 Hz (20–100% laser power).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaindirectn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ChR2+ (OT+) neuron was reliably activated in response to 200-ms pulses of blue light (0–100% laser power).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaindirectn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change of firing rate of ChR2+ (OT+; n = 10 neurons, N = 5 dams, p = 0.002, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test) but not of ChR2− (OT−; n = 13, N = 3, p = 0.91) neurons in response to 200-ms light pulse of 100% laser power (‘Opto’) compared to baseline firing immediately preceding the light pulse (‘Pre’).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaindirectn = 10 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither ChR2+ (OT+; n = 9 neurons, N = 6 dams, p = 0.38, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test), nor ChR2− (OT−; n = 9, N = 5, p = 0.30) neurons increased their firing rate during individual calls (‘Call’) compared to baseline (‘Pre’).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Number of spikes of ChR2− (OT−; black circles; n = 13, N = 3, p = 0.11) neurons, as well as spike probability (p = 0.13) was not modulated.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we did not observe this effect when CNO-injected hM4Di dams were presented with five isolated pups at the same time, without being previously in the nest”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“ChR2+ (OT+) neurons responded to light pulses by an increase in their firing rate and spiking probability, whereas ChR2− (OT−) neurons were not modulated by blue light.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > In vivo optogenetic identification of PVN neurons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increase in the number of spikes (left) of ChR2+ (OT+; pink circles; n = 7 neurons, N = 5 dams, p = 0.002, one-way ANOVA) and spike probability (right; p = 0.009) in response to 50 ms light pulse steps.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaindirectn = 7 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“control dams had lower latencies to approach an isolated crying pup than a speaker playing pup calls (P < 0.0001; Fig. 4i)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ChR2+ (OT+) did not respond to presentation of individual pup calls on a trial-by-trial basis.”
- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
“No increase in the firing rates of either ChR2+ (OT+; n = 8 neurons, N = 2 dams, p = 0.38, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test), ChR2− (OT−; n = 7, N = 3, p = 0.08), or unidentified PVN (cell-attached: n = 26, N = 13; whole-cell: n = 6, N = 4, p = 0.48) neurons during individual pup calls (‘Call’) compared to baseline (‘Pre’) on a trial-by-trial basis.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PIL inputs to the PVN do not induce postsynaptic spiking or affect the excitability of oxytocin neurons.”
- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
“Optogenetic stimulation of PIL axons in PVN does not induce postsynaptic spiking in oxytocin neurons.”
- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
“Repeated optogenetic stimulation of PIL axons (‘PIL opto’) did not trigger depolarization of oxytocin cells (n = 16 neurons; p = 0.10, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test) and did not induce postsynaptic spiking (n = 16 neurons; p = 0.26, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No response to pure tones (g; N = 3; p = 0.11; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank one-tailed test)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or ultrasound pure tones (e; N = 3 dams; p = 0.38; and f; N = 3 virgins; p = 0.47; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank one-tailed test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no difference in oEPSCs amplitude (h, left; MagnOT: n = 5 neurons, ParvOT: n = 11; p = 0.51, Mann–Whitney two-tailed test)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No responses to adult calls (c; N = 4 dams; p = 0.5966; and d; N = 3 virgins; p = 0.09; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank one-tailed test)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or FM sweeps (h; N = 5; p = 0.20; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank one-tailed test) in dams.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PIL inputs to oxytocin cells are monosynaptic.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaindirectn = 8 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings showing no plasticity after PIL opto in presence of bath-applied AP5 (50 μM), for example neuron (top; p = 0.62, Mann–Whitney two-tailed test) and summary (middle; n = 8 neurons, p = 0.44, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Repeated optogenetic stimulation of PIL axons (‘PIL opto’) did not trigger depolarization of oxytocin cells (n = 16 neurons; p = 0.10, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but the latency of oEPSCs in ParvOT cells was longer (h, right; MagnOT: n = 5 neurons, ParvOT: n = 11; p = 0.0275, Mann–Whitney two-tailed test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 11 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No responses to adult calls (c; N = 4 dams; p = 0.5966; and d; N = 3 virgins; p = 0.09; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank one-tailed test)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings showing intact iLTD after repeated optogenetic stimulation of PIL terminals in PVN (‘PIL opto’) in presence of bath-applied type-III mGluR antagonist MAP4 (250 μM), for example neuron (top; p < 0.0001, Mann–Whitney two-tailed test) and summary (middle; n = 5 neurons, p = 0.02, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 5 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pup calls increased the firing frequency of PIL neurons (d; N = 6 dams, p = 0.03, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test) which corresponded to a significant increase from baseline values (e; N = 6 dams; p = 0.02, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaindirectn = 6 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PVN does not receive input from IC.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings showing intact iLTD in oxytocin cells in the presence of a scrambled dynamin inhibitor in the recording pipette, for example neuron (top; p < 0.0001, Mann–Whitney two-tailed test) and summary (middle; n = 8 neurons, p = 0.0096, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 8 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No change in the intrinsic properties of oxytocin neurons after PIL opto, in terms of rheobase (g; n = 9 neurons; p = 0.38, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test), resting membrane potential (h; n = 6 neurons; p = 0.16, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test), or input resistance (i; n = 12 neurons; p = 0.06, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PIL inputs to the PVN do not induce postsynaptic spiking or affect the excitability of oxytocin neurons.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No change in the number of spikes in oxytocin neurons in response to 20 pA steps of intracellular current injection before (‘Pre’) or after (‘Post’) PIL opto.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“PVN neurons did not respond to individual pure tones.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“In vivo exposed to pup calls playback occlude iLTD.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“or ultrasound pure tones (e; N = 3 dams; p = 0.38; and f; N = 3 virgins; p = 0.47; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank one-tailed test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“Note the increase in PIL activity during the entire duration of the pup call (>1 s) compared to transient activation during pure tones.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“PVN oxytocin neurons receive mainly glutamatergic input from the PIL.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“Pup calls trigger sustained increase in the activity of oxytocin neurons in dams (a; N = 7; Pre vs Post: p = 0.018; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank one-tailed test)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“Pup calls trigger sustained increase in the activity of oxytocin neurons in dams (a; N = 7; Pre vs Post: p = 0.018; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank one-tailed test) but not virgins (b; N = 4; p = 0.50; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank one-tailed test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“No difference in the z-scores of spiking responses of cell-attached and whole-cell recordings during individual pup calls in ChR2+ (OT+; n = 8, N = 2, p = 0.30, one-way ANOVA), ChR2− (OT−; n = 7, N = 4), and unidentified PVN (cell-attached: n = 21, N = 11; whole-cell: n = 6, N = 4) neurons.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“PIL neurons do not exhibit sustained increases in firing after pup calls in vivo.”
- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
“PIL neurons did not modulate their firing rate following playback of a set of pup calls (15 pup calls, 1 s gap in between calls).”
- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
“PIL neurons (n = 9) did not exhibit persistent increases in baseline firing following pup calls, as calculated between 80–160 s after onset of pup-call playback (e, n = 9 neurons, N = 4 dams, p = 0.77, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“No change in IPSC/EPSC ratio following PIL opto short (n = 6 neurons; p = 0.49, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“The PVN does not receive input from AuCx.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“IPSC/EPSC ratio decreased following PIL opto (n = 6 neurons; p = 0.0018, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“5/16 MagnOT and 11/16 ParvOT cells received inputs from the PIL (f; right).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings showing that the amplitude of oEPSCs triggered by single pulse of optogenetic stimulation was not modified following repeated optogenetic stimulation of PIL axons (‘PIL opto’; n = 6 neurons, p = 0.13, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“There was no difference in the frequency of multiunit spiking during pup calls and pure tones playback (N = 6 dams; p = 0.33, Mann–Whitney two-tailed test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“Parvocellular PVN oxytocin neurons are the main target of input from the PIL.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“No change in IPSC/EPSC ratio following PIL opto in slices of dams exposed to pup calls in vivo (n = 4 neurons; p = 0.76, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings showing no plasticity after PIL opto when i-MK801 (1 mM) was applied in the recording pipette, for example neuron (top; p = 0.11, Mann–Whitney two-tailed test) and summary (middle; n = 6 neurons, p = 0.18, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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“Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings showing no plasticity after PIL opto when i-Dynamin inhibitor (1.5 mM) was applied in the recording pipette, for example neuron (top; p = 0.30, Mann–Whitney two-tailed test) and summary (middle; n = 7 neurons, p = 0.63, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“Here we describe a neural circuit that routes auditory information about infant vocalizations to mouse oxytocin neurons.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“which indicates that the increased output of these cells in vivo is unlikely to be due to such a mechanism.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“This makes it unlikely that the persistent activation of PVN oxytocin neurons resulted from increased PIL output after pup calls.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“These data reveal a noncanonical auditory circuit for relaying pup vocalization signals from the IC and the AuCx via the PIL to PVN oxytocin neurons.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“which indicates that cries can activate hypothalamic oxytocin neurons”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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“Suckling triggers the release of oxytocin, but other sensory cues—specifically, infant cries—can increase the levels of oxytocin in new human mothers7”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] McNeilly, A. S., Robinson, I. C., Houston, M. J. & Howie, P. W. Release of oxytocin and prolactin in response to suckling. Br. Med. J. 286, 257–259 (1983). source
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In the paper
“Instead, oxytocin cells require more prolonged stimulus periods to increase activity”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“which suggests that disinhibition of oxytocin cells through iLTD occurs after pup calls in vivo.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“This disinhibitory circuit provides a mechanistic understanding of how sensory cues from the offspring can be integrated into maternal endocrine networks for hormonal signalling.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
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In the paper
“Our findings provide a biological basis for the circuit and synaptic mechanisms that connect sensory cues from the offspring to the release of hormones in mothers.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
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In the paper
“These results show that the PIL-to-PVN auditory input is important for sustaining maternal performance over time.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“These results show that iLTD of oxytocin neurons relied on postsynaptic NMDARs.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“Downstream oxytocin signalling specifically in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)4,6,37,38 (Fig. 5a) has been shown to affect pup retrieval39.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Pedersen, C. A., Caldwell, J. D., Walker, C., Ayers, G. & Mason, G. A. Oxytocin activates the postpartum onset of rat maternal behavior in the ventral tegmental and medial preoptic areas. Behav. Neurosci. 108, 1163–1171 (1994). source
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In the paper
“oxytocin signalling controls the probability of presynaptic GABA release through the postsynaptic release of endocannabinoids and the activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors50.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Oliet, S. H. R., Baimoukhametova, D. V., Piet, R. & Bains, J. S. Retrograde regulation of GABA transmission by the tonic release of oxytocin and endocannabinoids governs postsynaptic firing. J. Neurosci. 27, 1325–1333 (2007). source
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In the paper
“Our experiments indicate that a mechanism for the delayed oxytocin-neuron firing after pup calls could be a postsynaptic NMDAR-dependent decrease in inhibition.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
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In the paper
“Therefore, NMDARs can regulate synaptic inhibition in oxytocin cells by both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
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In the paper
“Inhibiting oxytocin signalling in the VTA impairs pup-retrieval behaviour.”
- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
“Wild-type dams infused with the OXTR antagonist OTA (0.5 mg ml−1; b) retrieved less pups compared to saline controls (c; N = 4 dams, P at least <0.02, two-tailed Fisher’s test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“iLTD in oxytocin neurons relies on postsynaptic NMDARs and dynamin signalling.”
- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
“iLTD in oxytocin neurons is NMDAR-dependent.”
- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
“iLTD in oxytocin neurons is dependent on postsynaptic NMDARs.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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In the paper
“iLTD in oxytocin neurons relies on postsynaptic NMDARs and dynamin signalling.”
- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
“iLTD in oxytocin neurons is dependent on dynamin signalling.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
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- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
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In the paper
“We did not detect retrograde rabies infection and mCherry staining in the medial geniculate body of the thalamus (MGB; Fig. 2c), the auditory cortex (AuCx; Fig. 2d) or the inferior colliculus (IC; Fig. 2e).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“these connections were too weak to trigger postsynaptic spiking responses”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“The sustained increase in oxytocin-neuron firing was specific to pup calls, as PVN neurons did not respond to pure tones, adult calls or frequency-modulated down-sweeps that retained key spectrotemporal characteristics of pup vocalizations”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“Optogenetic stimulation of PIL fibres activated NMDAR receptors on oxytocin neurons as it elicited outward oEPSCs, which were blocked by the NMDAR antagonist AP5 (P = 0.02; Fig. 3g).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“iLTD and the change in the IPSC/EPSC ratio were blocked by infusing the postsynaptic oxytocin neuron with a membrane-impermeable dynamin inhibitory peptide (i-Dynamin inhibitor) through the recording pipette, but not by a scrambled dynamin inhibitor”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“these dams had a decreased probability of retrieving at later trials, without changes in the time to retrieval”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“both bath application of AP5 and intracellular delivery of the use-dependent NMDAR blocker MK801 (i-MK801) through a recording pipette abolished iLTD after PIL opto”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“In dams, PVN oxytocin neurons showed delayed and long-lasting increases in firing after exposure to pup calls but not after exposure to pure tones”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Multiple calls over several seconds were required to activate oxytocin cells through disinhibition and to induce dams to approach the speaker.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
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In the paper
“Note increased firing rate for ChR2+ (OT+) neuron but not ChR2− (OT−) neuron.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaincorrelationaln = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Single pulse of optogenetic stimulation triggered postsynaptic potentials but did not induce spiking in oxytocin cells (n = 8 neurons).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Prolonged but not brief optogenetic stimulation of PIL axons triggers iLTD.”
- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
“Repeated but brief optogenetic stimulation of PIL axons (‘PIL opto short’) did not induce iLTD: example cell (d; p = 0.74, Mann–Whitney two-tailed test) and summary (e; n = 6 neurons, p = 0.99, one-sample two-tailed Student’s t-test).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
plaindirectn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Extended Data · plain
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In the paper
“Suckling triggers the release of oxytocin, but other sensory cues—specifically, infant cries—can increase the levels of oxytocin in new human mothers7”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Althammer, F. & Grinevich,. Diversity of oxytocin neurons: beyond magno- and parvocellular cell types?. J. Neuroendocrinol. 30, e12549 (2017). source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Jurek, B. & Neumann, I. D. The oxytocin receptor: from intracellular signaling to behavior. Physiol. Rev. 98, 1805–1908 (2018). source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Valtcheva, S. & Froemke, R. C. Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin. Cell Tissue Res. 1, 57–68 (2019). source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Froemke, R. C. & Young, L. J. Oxytocin modulation and neural plasticity. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 359–381 (2021). source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Dulac, C., O’Connell, L. & Wu, Z. Neural control of maternal and paternal behaviors. Science 345, 1063–1069 (2014). source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Dölen, G. Oxytocin: parallel processing in the social brain? J. Neuroendocrinol. 27, 516–535 (2015). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is important for maternal physiology and childcare, including parturition and milk ejection during nursing1–6.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Althammer, F. & Grinevich,. Diversity of oxytocin neurons: beyond magno- and parvocellular cell types?. J. Neuroendocrinol. 30, e12549 (2017). source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Jurek, B. & Neumann, I. D. The oxytocin receptor: from intracellular signaling to behavior. Physiol. Rev. 98, 1805–1908 (2018). source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Valtcheva, S. & Froemke, R. C. Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin. Cell Tissue Res. 1, 57–68 (2019). source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Froemke, R. C. & Young, L. J. Oxytocin modulation and neural plasticity. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 359–381 (2021). source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Dulac, C., O’Connell, L. & Wu, Z. Neural control of maternal and paternal behaviors. Science 345, 1063–1069 (2014). source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Dölen, G. Oxytocin: parallel processing in the social brain? J. Neuroendocrinol. 27, 516–535 (2015). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This circuit gates central oxytocin release and maternal behaviour in response to calls, providing a mechanism for the integration of sensory cues from the offspring in maternal endocrine networks to ensure modulation of brain state for efficient parenting.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
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In the paper
“oxytocin, a nine-amino-acid peptide that is produced mainly in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus1–4”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Althammer, F. & Grinevich,. Diversity of oxytocin neurons: beyond magno- and parvocellular cell types?. J. Neuroendocrinol. 30, e12549 (2017). source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Jurek, B. & Neumann, I. D. The oxytocin receptor: from intracellular signaling to behavior. Physiol. Rev. 98, 1805–1908 (2018). source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Valtcheva, S. & Froemke, R. C. Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin. Cell Tissue Res. 1, 57–68 (2019). source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Froemke, R. C. & Young, L. J. Oxytocin modulation and neural plasticity. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 359–381 (2021). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These findings are similar to those in other neurons in the paralaminar thalamus, which are more efficiently driven by inputs from the IC than those from the AuCx26.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Smith, P. H. et al. Cortical and collicular inputs to cells in the rat paralaminar thalamic nuclei adjacent to the medial geniculate body. J. Neurophysiol. 98, 681–695 (2007). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Peripheral oxytocin is important for milk ejection during nursing and uterine contractions during labour”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Postpartum conditions might relate to lower levels of oxytocin and decreased sensitivity to infant cries9”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Pawluski, J. L., Lonstein, J. S. & Fleming, A. S. The neurobiology of postpartum anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 40, 106–120 (2017). source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In humans, baby cries are a powerful signal of infant distress, and most nursing mothers respond to cries with increased hypothalamic activity, rises in the levels of plasma oxytocin, comforting behaviours towards the infant and occasional milk ejection7,8.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] McNeilly, A. S., Robinson, I. C., Houston, M. J. & Howie, P. W. Release of oxytocin and prolactin in response to suckling. Br. Med. J. 286, 257–259 (1983). source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Bornstein, M. H. et al. Neurobiology of culturally common maternal responses to infant cry. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, E9465–E9473 (2017). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and has also been implicated in maternal and social behaviours22–24.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Dobolyi, A., Cservenák, M. & Young, L. J. Thalamic integration of social stimuli regulating parental behavior and the oxytocin system. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 51, 102–115 (2018). source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Keller, D. et al. A thalamo-preoptic pathway promotes social grooming in rodents. Curr. Biol. 32, 4593–4606 (2022). source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Leithead, A. B., Godino, A., Barbier, M. & Harony-Nicolas, H. Social interaction elicits activity in glutamatergic neurons in the posterior intralaminar complex of the thalamus. Biol. Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.05.016 (2023). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“whereas oxytocin release in the central nervous system is involved in a wide range of behaviours including reproduction, parental care and pair bonding5,6.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“The PIL is part of the nonlemniscal auditory pathway that projects to the PVN13,21,22”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Tang, Y. et al. Social touch promotes interfemale communication via activation of parvocellular oxytocin neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 1125–1137 (2020). source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Cai, D. et al. Distinct anatomical connectivity patterns differentiate subdivisions of the nonlemniscal auditory thalamus in mice. Cereb. Cortex 6, 2437–2454 (2018).
- Not checked yetcites [22] Dobolyi, A., Cservenák, M. & Young, L. J. Thalamic integration of social stimuli regulating parental behavior and the oxytocin system. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 51, 102–115 (2018). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PVN oxytocin cells receive projections from many areas of the brain”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Valtcheva, S. & Froemke, R. C. Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin. Cell Tissue Res. 1, 57–68 (2019). source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Grinevich, V. & Stoop, R. Interplay between oxytocin and sensory systems in the orchestration of socio-emotional behaviors. Neuron 99, 887–904 (2018). source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Chini, B., Verhage, M. & Grinevich, V. The action radius of oxytocin release in the mammalian CNS: From single vesicles to behavior. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11, 982–991 (2017). source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Resendez, S. L. et al. Social stimuli induce activation of oxytocin neurons within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to promote social behavior in male mice. J. Neurosci. 40, 2282–2295 (2020). source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Tang, Y. et al. Social touch promotes interfemale communication via activation of parvocellular oxytocin neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 1125–1137 (2020). source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Carcea, I. et al. Oxytocin neurons enable social transmission of maternal behaviour. Nature 596, 553–557 (2021). source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Yukinaga, H. et al. Recording and manipulation of the maternal oxytocin neural activities in mice. Curr. Biol. 32, 3821–3829 (2022). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results show that pup vocalizations can activate PVN oxytocin neurons, but not with stimulus-locked responses such as those typically observed in the central auditory system”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plaindirectn = 7 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This effect is possibly because blocking oxytocin signalling in the VTA produces a more marked reduction of pup-retrieval behaviour than does selective chemogenetic inhibition of upstream PIL inputs to the PVN.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Hypothalamic inhibition increases during lactation46 and might prevent the activation of oxytocin neurons by sparse synaptic inputs”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Giesl, U. & Theodosis, T. Synaptic plasticity in the rat supraoptic nucleus during lactation involves GABA innervation and oxytocin neurons: a quantitative immunocytochemical analysis. J. Neurosci. 5, 2861–2869 (1994). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sample sizes were chosen to reliably measure experimental effects while minimizing the number of animals used in accordance with ethical guidelines.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Parvocellular neurons can also directly activate magnocellular neurons and have been proposed to operate as ‘master cells’ that control the activity of magnocellular cells and gate oxytocin release1,13.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Althammer, F. & Grinevich,. Diversity of oxytocin neurons: beyond magno- and parvocellular cell types?. J. Neuroendocrinol. 30, e12549 (2017). source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Tang, Y. et al. Social touch promotes interfemale communication via activation of parvocellular oxytocin neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 1125–1137 (2020). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experiments were repeated independently with similar results for: N = 6 mice, Fig. 1b; N = 7, Fig. 1i; N = 4, Fig. 2b–e; N = 27, Fig. 4b; N = 5, Fig. 5e,f; N = 4, Fig. 5g; N = 5, Fig. 5h; N = 4, Fig. 5j; N = 6, Extended Data Fig. 4a.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Statistics and reproducibility
plainn = 27- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample size.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding was not relevant and not performed for in vivo cell-attached, whole-cell and tungsten recordings, fiber photometry experiments, oxytocin sensor experiments and in vitro whole-cell recordings because auditory stimuli/optogenetic stimulation in vivo, and optogenetic/electrical stimulation and/or pharmacological application in vitro were performed in real time by the experimenter.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Mice
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This shows that the enhanced firing of PVN oxytocin neurons after pup calls can lead to central oxytocin release in downstream brain areas controlling pup retrieval such as the VTA, and that this effect is mediated by the activation of PIL inputs to the PVN.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Animals were randomly assigned to different groups.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Postsynaptic NMDARs also regulate excitability48,49 and trigger somatodendritic oxytocin release47.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] de Kock, C. P. J., Burnashev, N., Lodder, J. C., Mansvelder, H. D. & Brussaard, A. B. NMDA receptors induce somatodendritic secretion in hypothalamic neurones of lactating female rats. J. Physiol. 561, 53–64 (2004). source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Fleming, T. M. et al. State-dependent changes in astrocyte regulation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signalling in neurosecretory neurons. J. Physiol. 16, 3929–3941 (2011). source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Naskar, K. & Stern, J. E. A functional coupling between extrasynaptic NMDA receptors and A-type K+ channels under astrocyte control regulates hypothalamic neurosecretory neuronal activity. J. Physiol. 592, 2813–2827 (2014). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PIL inputs onto parvocellular neurons controlled central oxytocin release and the efficiency of pup retrieval over time.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that PIL opto rapidly triggers iLTD in oxytocin neurons through postsynaptic NMDARs and dynamin signalling, possibly triggering the internalization of postsynaptic GABAARs to decrease inhibitory transmission and increase spiking output.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Persistent activity seems to be a hallmark of hypothalamic neurons, which can be highly interconnected and have long integration periods42–45.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Iremonger, K. J. & Bains, J. S. Integration of asynchronously released quanta prolongs the postsynaptic spike window. J. Neurosci. 27, 6684–6691 (2007). source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Branco, T. et al. Near-perfect synaptic integration by Nav1.7 in hypothalamic neurons regulates body weight. Cell 165, 1749–1761 (2016). source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Kennedy, A. et al. Stimulus-specific hypothalamic encoding of a persistent defensive state. Nature 586, 730–734 (2020). source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Daviu, N. et al. Paraventricular nucleus CRH neurons encode stress controllability and regulate defensive behavior selection. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 398–410 (2020). source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The investigators were blinded to allocation during behavioral testing, fiber photometry data analysis and oxytocin sensor data analysis.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Mice
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would allow parvocellular neurons to regulate or control oxytocin release into different brain areas such as the VTA according to animal state and sensory experience.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Detection of endogenously released oxytocin in the VTA of female and male mice during social interactions has been previously demonstrated using OXTR-iTango2 (ref. 40).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Mignocchi, N., Jung, K., Lee, D. & Kwon, H.-B. Development of a genetically-encoded oxytocin sensor. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.14.202598 (2020). source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Oxytocin-neuron NMDARs can be activated without the need for postsynaptic spiking47, suggesting that even if PIL inputs are too weak to trigger action potentials, prolonged subthreshold activation of oxytocin cells is sufficient to induce NMDAR-dependent inhibitory LTD.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] de Kock, C. P. J., Burnashev, N., Lodder, J. C., Mansvelder, H. D. & Brussaard, A. B. NMDA receptors induce somatodendritic secretion in hypothalamic neurones of lactating female rats. J. Physiol. 561, 53–64 (2004). source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experiments were not randomized.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“PIL lesions can impair pup-retrieval behaviour34.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Factor, E. M., Mayer, A. D. & Rosenblatt, J. S. Peripeduncular nucleus lesions in the rat: I. Effects on maternal aggression, lactation, and maternal behavior during pre- and postpartum periods. Behav. Neurosci. 107, 166–185 (1993). source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here we define a noncanonical auditory circuit from the PIL to hypothalamic oxytocin neurons, which relays infant distress sounds to induce the release of oxytocin and affect maternal behaviour.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recordings were excluded from analysis if the access resistance (Ra) changed by more than 30% compared to baseline.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Long-term synaptic plasticity experiments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Mouse pup distress vocalizations are a valid model for human infant cries in studying maternal oxytocin release.
“Here we describe a neural circuit that routes auditory information about infant vocalizations to mouse oxytocin neurons.”
“In humans, baby cries are a powerful signal of infant distress, and most nursing mothers respond to cries with increased hypothalamic activity, rises in the levels of plasma oxytocin, comforting behaviours towards the infant and occasional milk ejection7,8.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a study on C57BL/6 N maternal mice revealed that pup vocalizations activate OXT neurons in the PVN through the posterior intralaminar thalamus, part of the non-lemniscal auditory pathway implicated in maternal and social behaviour (Valtcheva et al., 2023).”
From Convergence of oxytocin and dopamine signalling in neuronal circuits: Insights into the neurobiology of social interactions across species (2024) · cites this paper as Valtcheva et al., 2023
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This activation results in increased firing of PVN-OXT neurons and central OXT release in areas controlling pup retrieval, especially triggering OXT release in the VTA.”
From Convergence of oxytocin and dopamine signalling in neuronal circuits: Insights into the neurobiology of social interactions across species (2024) · cites this paper as Valtcheva et al., 2023
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Mice
“Animals were randomly assigned to different groups.”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Mice
“The experiments were not randomized.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Mice
“The light cycle was 12 h on–12 h off (06:30–18:30 light).”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Mice
“Mice were maintained on a normal 12-h light–dark cycle (dark cycle starts at 18:00) and given food and water ad libitum.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Extended Data
“Pup calls trigger sustained increase in the activity of oxytocin neurons in dams (a; N = 7; Pre vs Post: p = 0.018; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank one-tailed test)”
§ Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries > Methods > Statistics and reproducibility
“We used Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank two-tailed test in Figs. 1m,n, 3c,d,g and 4d and Extended Data Figs. 1f, 2g,i, 3a–h, 4d, 5d,e and 7f–i.”
Citations
Cites
The oxytocin receptor: from intracellular signaling to behavior
Jurek, B., & Neumann, I. D. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2017 · Cited by 999
Dendritic peptide release and peptide-dependent behaviours
Ludwig, M., & Leng, G. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1845 · Cited by 945
Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping of long-range callosal projections
Petreanu, L., Huber, D., Sobczyk, A., & Svoboda, K. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1891 · Cited by 930
Oxytocin enables maternal behaviour by balancing cortical inhibition
Marlin, B. J., Mitre, M., D’amour, J. A., Chao, M. V., & Froemke, R. C. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14402 · Cited by 744
Self-citationSubunit counting in membrane-bound proteins
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Retrograde neuronal tracing with a deletion-mutant rabies virus
Wickersham, I. R., Finke, S., Conzelmann, K., & Callaway, E. M. (2006) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth999 · Cited by 686
Gating of social reward by oxytocin in the ventral tegmental area
Hung, L. W., Neuner, S., Polepalli, J. S., Beier, K. T., Wright, M., Walsh, J. J., Lewis, E. M., Luo, L., Deisseroth, K., Dölen, G., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan4994 · Cited by 578
GABA: A dominant neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus
Decavel, C., & van den Pol, A. N. (1990) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903020423 · Cited by 575
Molecular interrogation of hypothalamic organization reveals distinct dopamine neuronal subtypes
Romanov, R. A., Zeisel, A., Bakker, J., Girach, F., Hellysaz, A., Tomer, R., Alpár, A., Mulder, J., Clotman, F., Keimpema, E., et al. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4462 · Cited by 502
Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior
Froemke, R. C., & Young, L. J. (2021) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-102320-102847 · Cited by 480
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A tool kit of highly selective and sensitive genetically encoded neuropeptide sensors
Wang, H., Qian, T., Zhao, Y., Zhuo, Y., Wu, C., Osakada, T., Chen, P., Chen, Z., Ren, H., Yan, Y., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abq8173 · Cited by 166
Detection, processing and reinforcement of social cues: regulation by the oxytocin system
Menon, R., & Neumann, I. D. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-023-00759-w · Cited by 100
Rappeneau, V., & Castillo Díaz, F. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105675 · Cited by 51
Brain circuits that regulate social behavior
Li, H., Zhao, Z., Jiang, S., & Wu, H. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03037-6 · Cited by 67
Inoue, K., Ford, C. L., Horie, K., & Young, L. J. (2022) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.25382 · Cited by 45
Metadata
- Authors
- Valtcheva, S., Issa, H. A., Bair-Marshall, C. J., Martin, K. A., Jung, K., Zhang, Y., Kwon, H.-B., & Froemke, R. C.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Valtcheva, Silvana
- Froemke, Robert C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2023-09-20
- Volume
- 621
- Issue
- 7980
- Pages
- 788-795
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC10639004
- OpenAlex
- W4386886852
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 10
- FWCI
- 31.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (HD088411)
- Leon Levy Foundation
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institute of Mental Health (DP1MH119428, T32MH019524)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC12557, HD088411, R01DC012557)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01NS074972, U19NS107616)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD088411)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Health and Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- oxytocin, maternal behavior, infant crying, pup vocalizations, auditory thalamus, neural circuits, disinhibition, sensory cue integration
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cues, Female, Hypothalamus, Maternal Behavior, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Oxytocin, Photometry, Thalamic Nuclei, Vocalization, Animal, Wakefulness, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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