The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 51 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Reduced sleep duration is a hallmark of modern-day society and is increasingly associated with medical conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Here we present data from a rat model and human clinical study of chronic sleep restriction, both revealing that two metabolites in blood, oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3, are quantitatively depleted under sleep-restricted conditions and restored after recovery sleep. Our findings also reveal a significant overall shift in lipid metabolism, with higher levels of phospholipids in both species and evidence of a systemic oxidative environment. This work provides a potential link between the known pathologies of reduced sleep duration and metabolic dysfunction.
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Claims the paper makes
45 Own result · 38 Not checked yet · 29 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 3 Partly supported · 2 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“All of the above-mentioned metabolites were elevated in the acute sleep deprivation study.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] source
The Results report that all 41 metabolites significantly changed in the targeted sleep-versus-sleep-deprivation comparison had increased levels during acute sleep deprivation. The Discussion likewise says the identified plasma metabolites increased during sleep deprivation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and leptin are reduced (34).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The RESULTS section reports decreased insulin and leptin levels in sleep-restricted rats after the working weeks, with levels returning to control values after rest. It explicitly reports no change in glucose levels over time or between groups, so the claim is not supported for glucose. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“we found eight overlapping species of significance, including LPC 16:0; triacylglycerols (TGs) (52:2, 52:3, TG 54:3, 54:4, 54:5), and diacylglycerols (DGs) (36:2, 36:3).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [11] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports LysoPC(16:0) as rhythmic in the source paper’s group-level analysis, and the Results report that most group-rhythmic metabolites were triacylglycerols or diacylglycerols. Our copy does not identify the seven listed TG and DG species as rhythmic, so it supports the overlap claim only in part. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Oleoylethanolamide, a potent activator of PPAR-α, is also elevated in CSF, and to a lesser extent in serum of sleep-deprived humans (51).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [51] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a significant increase in cerebrospinal-fluid oleoylethanolamide after 24 hours of sleep deprivation. Serum levels also rose numerically, but the paper calls that increase only borderline significant (P = 0.068), and the Abstract says levels increased in CSF but not in serum. The claim omits that qualification and presents the serum elevation as an established finding. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Oleoylethanolamide is a potent activator of PPAR-α.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was significant variation between the two studies when examined in aggregate.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonlipid metabolites that were increased included leucine, valine, N-methylalanine, and cellobiotol.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under acute SR, a total of 26 features were reproducibly observed to be attributable to FA, and so were removed from consideration.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the identified species, 32 were lipid-or fatty acidrelated compounds.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aside from 4-Pyr, the nonrecovered metabolites were either PCs (32:1, 38:2, 38:3), or acylcarnitines (C10:0, C12:0, and C18:1).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of these metabolites (18 of 28) were lipids.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also identified those compounds that were altered across both acute and chronic conditions, all of which were phospholipids (Fig. 2C).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the number of metabolites significantly different from controls across both studies was ∼400-740 in the acute case and 550-725 in the chronic case.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“demonstrates that phosphatidylcholines (PCs), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), choline plasmalogen (PlsCho), and sphingomyelin (SM) species are significantly altered equivalently between acute and chronic situations.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine unique to gut microflora and was elevated after SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Pipecolic acid is a lysine metabolite unique to gut microflora.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All features were significant at P < 0.01, false-discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05 when both studies were considered together.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduced nonlipid metabolites included: isocitrate from the Krebs cycle/lipogenesis; urocanic acid, a product of histidine catabolism; oxalic acid from glycolate metabolism; and 2-deoxyerythritol and trihydroxypyrazine”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“polar metabolites reflective of neurotransmitters, vitamin B3, and gut metabolism were elevated in sleep-restricted humans.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the human data showed a marked reduction in six TG species (>52 carbon chains) and two DG species (36 carbon chains), whereas the rat data demonstrated a reduction in a single DG species and elevation of TG 58:10.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These metabolites included TGs, DGs, fatty alcohols, myristic acid, a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) species and oxalic acid.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the human data showed a marked reduction in six TG species (>52 carbon chains) and two DG species (36 carbon chains), whereas the rat data demonstrated a reduction in a single DG species and elevation of TG 58:10.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In both studies, Trp was also elevated.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the human data showed a marked reduction in six TG species (>52 carbon chains) and two DG species (36 carbon chains), whereas the rat data demonstrated a reduction in a single DG species and elevation of TG 58:10.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bootstrapped hierarchical cluster analysis of the entire set of measured metabolites (Dataset S2) indicates a significant branch that includes oxalate, as well hypoxanthine, medium-chain acylcarnitines (C6, C10, C12, C12:1), and arachidonic acid (Fig. S4).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Twelve of these were common between the two studies, including PCs (32:1, 36:6, 38:4, 38:2, 38:3), lysoPCs (14:0, 16:1, 17:0), and acylcarnitines (C5:0, C10:0, C12:0).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two identified species were common across rat and humans: oxalic acid and DG 36:3 (Fig. 4 A and B).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Here we have identified decreases in a number metabolites as a function of SR, which were not part of the analytical platform used in the Davies et al. study (19).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven plasmalogen species were elevated in the rat under acute or chronic SR conditions, indicative of oxidative stress.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across both species, phospholipids (PC, LPC, PE, SM) were the most elevated as a function of SR (20 of 25 in rats and 14 of 15 in humans) (Fig. S2).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirectn = 25- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results further indicate a significant clustering relationship between oxalate and arachidonic acid (Fig. S4), which is the substrate for COX-2, although we note that arachidonic acid was not significantly changed by our criteria.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Arachidonic acid is the substrate for COX-2.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although plasmalogens were not significantly changed in the human study, transcript studies have shown that pathways involved in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species are significantly induced in blood upon sleep loss (8).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the human data showed a marked reduction in six TG species (>52 carbon chains) and two DG species (36 carbon chains), whereas the rat data demonstrated a reduction in a single DG species and elevation of TG 58:10.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor did we observe differences in this study”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that metabolism of neurotransmitters and gut-derived metabolites are also affected by sleep loss, underscoring the system-wide impact of SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Conclusion.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The identification of two metabolites, oxalic acid and DG 36:3, which change with SR in rats and humans, provides potential biomarkers for sleep loss.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Conclusion.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“An increase in Phe might partly reflect increases in catecholamines in response to sleep loss (20).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Phenylalanine is a precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine via tyrosine.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In support of an effect on this pathway, we observed elevated levels of 4-Pyr, a primary end metabolite of nicotinamide.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tryptophan is a precursor for liver synthesis of nicotinic acid, which interconverts with nicotinamide.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A strength of these studies is the total replication of both experimental and analytical procedures for the first 6 d in studies A and B.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results are consistent with induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and disruptions of the circadian clock.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A comparison of the metabolites perturbed in our study with studies of metabolites demonstrating circadian oscillations supports this relationship.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the clustering of SM and PlsCho species suggests a regulated process in which specific lipid classes/species are preferentially returned to non-SR levels.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With this replication, we can be confident that the common markers observed are resistant to experimental variations.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“1 wk of 5.70 h per night SR protocol was shown to affect rhythms of the human blood transcriptome (8).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our rat study, the effects of activity-which may account for much of the effect of wake per se-were controlled by including a FA group.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Activity may account for much of the effect of wakefulness itself.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies consistently find that energy expenditure increases without a concomitant change in food intake (34,35).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ang et al. (13) found 25 of 34 to be lipid species, with lysoPCs (18:2, 20:3) acylcarnitine (12:0 and 18:0) and Phe overlapping with our results.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and thus we posit that any alterations in endogenous synthesis are the result of peroxisomal glycolate perturbations.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Endogenous substrates for oxalate synthesis include glycolate in peroxisomes and hydroxyproline.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The metabolites altered in our study are reflective of energetic changes, particularly the overrepresentation of lipid species.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaincorrelationaln = 25- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although plasmalogens were not significantly changed in the human study, transcript studies have shown that pathways involved in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species are significantly induced in blood upon sleep loss (8).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Studies in humans show that energy expenditure (resting metabolic rate and so forth) contributes very little to metabolic changes during sleep restriction, and that energy intake is the largest contributor to metabolic homeostasis (42).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, COX-2 products, such as prostaglandin D2, are sleep-promoting in rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (45), which may support the idea that sleep-promoting molecules are elevated during sleep loss.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the differences in caloric intake, it is clear that sleeps loss affects metabolic function across species.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, humans undergoing sleep restriction increase caloric intake (1, 2, 36-38) and show alterations in energy expenditure (39)(40)(41).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Studies in humans show that energy expenditure (resting metabolic rate and so forth) contributes very little to metabolic changes during sleep restriction, and that energy intake is the largest contributor to metabolic homeostasis (42).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data suggest a possible mechanism for sleep deprivation-induced increases in NF-κB and prostaglandins.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Consistent with this observation, sleep deprivation increases murine cerebral cortex NF-κB (44).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Several days of total sleep deprivation do not impact hydroxyproline levels in rats (31)”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with work indicating that FA does not affect the clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (25).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“we have previously found that a 20-h forced desynchrony protocol does not alter the period of the body temperature rhythm (24).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specific metabolic changes as a result of sleep deprivation are difficult if not impossible to decouple from metabolic demands of the organism under increased wakefulness.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven plasmalogen species were elevated in the rat under acute or chronic SR conditions, indicative of oxidative stress.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As described in Supporting Information, body weight and food intake did not account for changes in metabolite levels.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, humans undergoing sleep restriction increase caloric intake (1, 2, 36-38) and show alterations in energy expenditure (39)(40)(41).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 39)(40)(41
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the same model, SR was shown to elevate brain mRNA levels of PPAR-α (50).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the reduced levels of long-chain TGs and elevation in shorter-chain TGs observed in humans may reflect peroxisomal β-oxidation processes that are preferential for longer-chain fatty acids.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Peroxisomal β-oxidation preferentially processes longer-chain fatty acids.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The identification of two metabolites, oxalic acid and DG 36:3, which change with SR in rats and humans, provides potential biomarkers for sleep loss.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Conclusion.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our cross-species analysis of serum from both rats and humans provides evidence for a common architecture driving such metabolic perturbations.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Conclusion.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that metabolism of neurotransmitters and gut-derived metabolites are also affected by sleep loss, underscoring the system-wide impact of SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Conclusion.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding implies a possible carbon shift from longer-to shorter-chain TGs.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although oleoylethanolamide was not directly measured in our study, a number of metabolite changes in the human data, including the reduced oxalate levels, can be explained by a mechanism that invokes changes in PPAR-α and, more generally, in peroxisomes.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
- Rests on an assumption: Oleoylethanolamide is a potent activator of PPAR-α.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- It may state two separate claims as one. 36
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Reduction in total blood TGs of humans has been observed previously using a similar protocol (47).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [47] source
The Discussion reports that triglycerides decreased following sleep restriction in the study’s men. The Experimental Protocol describes five nights of restricted sleep; the paper does not establish how closely that protocol matched the citing study’s. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 38 that were unique to SR (Fig. 1C, Left), 28 were identified.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elevated phospholipids were also noted after sleep restriction in both species, as well as metabolites associated with an oxidizing environment.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the amino acids tryptophan (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), as well as pipecolic acid and 1-Methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4-Pyr) were elevated, but oxalic acid was reduced.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plaincorrelationaln = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the majority of metabolites (30 identified and 46 unknown) recovered to pre-SR levels, whereas 7 identified and 11 unknown did not recover over the period measured.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intriguingly, three SM species recovered, and three PlsCho species did not recover based on our statistical thresholds (P < 0.05, FDR < 0.2 compared with baseline).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“two metabolites, oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3, were robustly and quantitatively reduced in both species following sleep restriction, and recovered to near baseline levels after sleep restriction (P < 0.05, false-discovery rate < 0.2).”
boosteddirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 3,380 unique metabolite species were detected across the two independent studies of rat serum.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these species, 407 were identified.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following 5 d of chronic SR, 44 features were significantly altered across studies A and B: 23 were unique to the SR condition (Fig. 1C, Right), and 18 were named, of which 15 were lipids.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, polar metabolites were primarily altered following acute SR, with only glycine specifically altered following chronic SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparison of the human BL and SR samples revealed 92 features that were altered, of which 37 were identified (Fig. 3B; unidentified metabolites not shown for clarity).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glycine was reduced and the Krebs cycle intermediate malate and sucrose were elevated.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results further indicate a significant clustering relationship between oxalate and arachidonic acid (Fig. S4), which is the substrate for COX-2, although we note that arachidonic acid was not significantly changed by our criteria.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 38 features were changed across independent experiments, with the majority classified as lipids (18 from 28 identified).”
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a parallel human study, 92 metabolites were identified as potentially significant, with the majority also classified as lipids (32 of 37 identified).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a number of metabolites were common to SR and FA groups, we focused on those specific to SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our study, SR led to increases in all of these metabolites except acylcarnitines C10:0 and C12:0, which were reduced.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, the two TG species elevated in humans were relatively short (≤48 carbons, average chain length ≤16 carbons).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, acute total sleep deprivation in the laboratory increases levels of stress hormones, such as catecholamines and cortisol (e.g., refs.20 and 21).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This difference may result from variation in the environmental and sampling procedures or in the analytical analysis.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lipidomics analysis has elucidated a set of lipids that oscillate across biological subtypes defined by stratification by lipid composition (11).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“many laboratory studies have reported that SR, the type of sleep loss we used in our study, does not produce significant effects on cortisol levels (e.g., ref. 22).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recent work indicates that total sleep deprivation induces a measurable perturbation to the blood metabolome (19)”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Gene-expression profiling has established that there is a complex, but defined, interaction between the circadian system and sleep homeostasis (8) in humans.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings provide a potential link between known pathologies of reduced sleep duration and metabolic dysfunction, and potential biomarkers for sleep loss.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, gut metabolism also likely plays a role in the observed metabolic profile (23).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Trp is a major precursor for serotonin and melatonin and is elevated under acute total sleep deprivation (19).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This metabolite is also regulated in a circadian fashion in humans (11), and as such may be an indicator of both circadian time and sleep debt.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The study of Davies et al. (19) identified metabolites that increased but found none that decreased under total sleep deprivation.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with several studies suggesting that the function of sleep is restorative and involves metabolite clearance from the brain (9), and that sleep restores antioxidant balance in peripheral tissues (46).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This idea is consistent with the other evidence for oxidative stress and peroxisomal activation described below.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Dallman et al. (12) found that 33 of 40 lipid species were regulated in a circadian manner, of which carnitine C12:0 overlaps with our study.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on these data, as well as the highly regulated nature of presample fasting and diet for our rat and human studies, we postulate that the observed reduction in blood oxalate is a result of either reduced synthesis or increased gut microbiota processing and is not of dietary origin.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although dietary oxalate with high bioavailability increases plasma and urine levels (29), excreted oxalate is minimally dependent on diet in an epidemiological cohort (30).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent evidence suggests that blood levels are also influenced by gut microbiota, with over a dozen oxalate-degrading gut bacterial species identified (28).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with several studies suggesting that the function of sleep is restorative and involves metabolite clearance from the brain (9), and that sleep restores antioxidant balance in peripheral tissues (46).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We cannot exclude effects on peripheral clocks, and note that some of the metabolic phenotypes could arise from a loss of synchrony between central and peripheral clocks.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Investigation of the human plasma metabolome suggests that amino acid metabolism is particularly perturbed as a function of SR (26).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we also attempted to separate the metabolic effects from the sleep effects by enforcing a 10-to 12-h fasting period before metabolomic sampling, such that observed changes could be attributed to sleep/sleep restriction effects.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A 10- to 12-hour fast before sampling allows observed metabolic changes to be attributed to sleep or sleep restriction rather than other factors.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These metabolites are from highly disparate metabolic pathways yet behave in the same manner, and thus may provide a robust measure of sleep debt (Fig. 4C and Fig. S3).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The primary sources of blood oxalate are diet-derived plant sources, vitamin C (ascorbate) degradation, and endogenous synthesis pathways in erythrocytes and liver (27).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these metabolites do not share obvious metabolic pathways, they may be linked by cellular function, such as peroxisomal processing, as described below.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the human study, physical activity levels in our subjects were limited.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the discrepancy may be a function of the difference in protocol (1 d vs. 5 d and total sleep deprivation vs. chronic SR), leading to a difference in relative energy requirements.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mass spectral features were judged significant if P < 0.1 and FDR < 0.2 in each study, such that the pooled result would yield P < 0.01 (Table S2).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In each case, comparisons were done by t test using multiple test correction (1,000 permutations, unpaired for animal and paired for human data).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the direct relationship between oxalate, hypoxanthine, and medium-chain acylcarnitines (C6, C10, C12, C12:1) in cluster analysis (Fig. S4) may also be explained by peroxisomal processes.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
In the paper
“Bezafibrate, an antihyperlipidemic PPAR-α agonist, has been shown in a mouse model to affect both BL sleep, with increased EEG δ-power, and recovery sleep following sleep restriction, with a reduced rebound in EEG δ-power (49).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduction in both oxalate (humans and rats) and glycine (rats, SR5) might be explained by depletion of glyoxylate, which is a common precursor to both substances in peroxisomes.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Glyoxylate is a common precursor to both oxalate and glycine in peroxisomes.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To differentiate the effects of FA from SR, the second study included a FA control group in which animals walked the same distance as SR animals in the dark phase, but had sufficient time to sleep.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Rat Study Protocol.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our comprehensive metabolite profiling results present a picture of an oxidative environment impacting lipid metabolism and processing, albeit with some interspecies variations.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Conclusion.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mounting evidence points to sleep loss inducing an oxidative metabolic state (8,48).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combination of an oxidative environment, β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids as implied by TAG shortening, as well as the observed association of acylcarnitines with oxalate (Fig. S4), suggests a distinct role for peroxisomes, possibly via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
In the paper
“The peroxisome is the central site of fatty acid alcohol processing (52), which generates either diacylphospholipids or ether-linked phospholipids.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Induction of peroxisome biogenesis is consistent with the observed decrease in both fatty alcohols (humans) and an increase in phospholipid species (humans and rats), particularly plasmalogens.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for morning-evening effects, sampling occurred during the 2 h following waketime (between 0800 hours and 1000 hours on BL1 and SR5 and between 1000 hours and 1200 hours on R1).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Direct conversion of oxalate to hypoxanthine has been observed in extreme oxidative environments (53), although it is not clear if this occurs in vivo.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Tryptophan is a precursor for liver synthesis of nicotinic acid, which interconverts with nicotinamide.
“Trp is also the precursor to liver synthesis of nicotinic acid (vitamin B3), which interconverts with the amide form, nicotinamide.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Phenylalanine is a precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine via tyrosine.
“Phe is also a precursor to several neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine via tyrosine.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pipecolic acid is a lysine metabolite unique to gut microflora.
“pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine unique to gut microflora”
The paper relies on this without support.
Endogenous substrates for oxalate synthesis include glycolate in peroxisomes and hydroxyproline.
“Endogenous substrates for oxalate synthesis include glycolate in peroxisomes and hydroxyproline.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rat and human sleep restriction protocols produce comparable sleep debt for cross-species marker comparison.
“we compared the list of significantly altered metabolites in rats and humans (Fig. 4).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Activity may account for much of the effect of wakefulness itself.
“In our rat study, the effects of activity-which may account for much of the effect of wake per se-were controlled by including a FA group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A 10- to 12-hour fast before sampling allows observed metabolic changes to be attributed to sleep or sleep restriction rather than other factors.
“Thus, we also attempted to separate the metabolic effects from the sleep effects by enforcing a 10-to 12-h fasting period before metabolomic sampling, such that observed changes could be attributed to sleep/sleep restriction effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arachidonic acid is the substrate for COX-2.
“Our results further indicate a significant clustering relationship between oxalate and arachidonic acid (Fig. S4), which is the substrate for COX-2, although we note that arachidonic acid was not significantly changed by our criteria.”
The paper relies on this without support.
PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
“One mechanism may be via the induction of PPARs, which play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Oleoylethanolamide is a potent activator of PPAR-α.
“Oleoylethanolamide, a potent activator of PPAR-α, is also elevated in CSF, and to a lesser extent in serum of sleep-deprived humans (51).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Glyoxylate is a common precursor to both oxalate and glycine in peroxisomes.
“Reduction in both oxalate (humans and rats) and glycine (rats, SR5) might be explained by depletion of glyoxylate, which is a common precursor to both substances in peroxisomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Peroxisomal β-oxidation preferentially processes longer-chain fatty acids.
“Furthermore, the reduced levels of long-chain TGs and elevation in shorter-chain TGs observed in humans may reflect peroxisomal β-oxidation processes that are preferential for longer-chain fatty acids.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“these three independent studies point out that restriction of sleep, either acutely or partially for a longer period, significantly affects serum lipid levels, as measured using mass spectrometry.”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“In the acute SR study22, only increases in lipid levels were observed after the deprivation period, while in the partial SR study23 also declines were recorded.”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Two recent studies have measured lipid profiles in human blood samples using mass spectrometry analysis after polar and non-polar extraction of the samples after a short term (24 h) total sleep restriction22 and a partial sleep restriction for five days23.”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“In both studies, the majority of the altered, identified species, consisted of lipid species (including phospholipids, sphingolipids, acylcarnitides and phosphatidylcholines).”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“As with the rat study, the majority of metabolites (30 identified and 46 unknown) recovered to pre-SR levels, whereas 7 identified and 11 unknown did not recover over the period measured.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
Reported 92 · recomputed 94
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
“In contrast, polar metabolites were primarily altered following acute SR, with only glycine specifically altered following chronic SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
“Following 5 d of chronic SR, 44 features were significantly altered across studies A and B: 23 were unique to the SR condition (Fig. 1C, Right), and 18 were named, of which 15 were lipids.Glycine was reduced and the Krebs cycle intermediate malate and sucrose were elevated.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
“Study A included a concurrent forced-activity (FA) control group subjected to FA during the waking period”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Rat Study Protocol.
“To differentiate the effects of FA from SR, the second study included a FA control group in which animals walked the same distance as SR animals in the dark phase, but had sufficient time to sleep.”
Citations
Cites
Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain
Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241224 · Cited by 5,411
Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function
Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01376-8 · Cited by 3,668
Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites
Wikoff, W. R., Anfora, A. T., Liu, J., Schultz, P. G., Lesley, S. A., Peters, E. C., & Siuzdak, G. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0812874106 · Cited by 2,677
Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation
Goel, N., Rao, H., Durmer, J., & Dinges, D. (2009) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1237117 · Cited by 2,154
Self-citationBehavioral and Physiological Consequences of Sleep Restriction
Banks, S., & Dinges, D. F. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26918 · Cited by 1,505
Self-citationA Prospective Study of Sleep Duration and Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Ayas, N. T., White, D. P., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Speizer, F. E., Malhotra, A., & Hu, F. B. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.2.205 · Cited by 1,155
Meerlo, P., Sgoifo, A., & Suchecki, D. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007 · Cited by 948
Self-citationBuxton, O. M., Cain, S. W., O’Connor, S. P., Porter, J. H., Duffy, J. F., Wang, W., Czeisler, C. A., & Shea, S. A. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200 · Cited by 932
Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain
Markwald, R. R., Melanson, E. L., Smith, M. R., Higgins, J., Perreault, L., Eckel, R. H., & Wright, K. P. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216951110 · Cited by 810
Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks
Nedeltcheva, A. V., Kilkus, J. M., Imperial, J., Kasza, K., Schoeller, D. A., & Penev, P. D. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26574 · Cited by 717
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures
Potter, G. D., Skene, D. J., Arendt, J., Cade, J. E., Grant, P. J., & Hardie, L. J. (2016) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083 · Cited by 781
Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes
Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Bragazzi, N. L., Magnavita, N., & Scoditti, E. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4 · Cited by 665
Sampling interstitial fluid from human skin using a microneedle patch
Samant, P. P., Niedzwiecki, M. M., Raviele, N., Tran, V., Mena-Lapaix, J. L., Walker, D. I., Felner, E. I., Jones, D. P., Miller, G. W., & Prausnitz, M. R. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0285 · Cited by 398
Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Disorders of Aging
Mattis, J., & Sehgal, A. (2016) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.003 · Cited by 369
“Sleep loss also has profound effects on metabolism [123–125], including an increase in markers of insulin resistance.”
BackgroundSelf-citationExploring phylogeny to find the function of sleep
Anafi, R. C., Kayser, M. S., & Raizen, D. M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0098-9 · Cited by 259
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Weljie, A. M., Meerlo, P., Goel, N., Sengupta, A., Kayser, M. S., Abel, T., Birnbaum, M. J., Dinges, D. F., & Sehgal, A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pharmacology,
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Department of Psychiatry,
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-02-09
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2569-2574
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4345602
- OpenAlex
- W1981928051
- Semantic Scholar
- 4680f8640a8af9aa3561b1f404e9a9876c2aa4c8
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 9.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Department of Navy, Office of Naval Research Award (N00014-11-1-0361)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NCC 9-58, NNX14AN49G)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Nursing Research (R01 NR004281)
- DOD | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W911NF1010093)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (-)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, sleep debt, oxalic acid, serum metabolomics, sleep deprivation, metabolic dysfunction, phospholipids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, circadian clock, neurotransmitters, nicotinic acid, intestinal metabolism, oxidative stress, human-rat comparison
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Diglycerides, Disease Models, Animal, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Niacinamide, Phenotype, Sleep Deprivation, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Biomarkers, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Neurotransmitter Agents, Oxidative Stress, Oxalic Acid, Gastrointestinal Tract, PPAR gamma, Metabolomics, Metabolome, Young Adult, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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