The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 51 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Reduced sleep duration is a hallmark of modern-day society and is increasingly associated with medical conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Here we present data from a rat model and human clinical study of chronic sleep restriction, both revealing that two metabolites in blood, oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3, are quantitatively depleted under sleep-restricted conditions and restored after recovery sleep. Our findings also reveal a significant overall shift in lipid metabolism, with higher levels of phospholipids in both species and evidence of a systemic oxidative environment. This work provides a potential link between the known pathologies of reduced sleep duration and metabolic dysfunction.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
45 Own result · 39 Not checked yet · 29 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 3 Partly supported · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and leptin are reduced (34).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The RESULTS section reports decreased insulin and leptin levels in sleep-restricted rats after the working weeks, with levels returning to control values after rest. It explicitly reports no change in glucose levels over time or between groups, so the claim is not supported for glucose. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“we found eight overlapping species of significance, including LPC 16:0; triacylglycerols (TGs) (52:2, 52:3, TG 54:3, 54:4, 54:5), and diacylglycerols (DGs) (36:2, 36:3).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [11] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports LysoPC(16:0) as rhythmic in the source paper’s group-level analysis, and the Results report that most group-rhythmic metabolites were triacylglycerols or diacylglycerols. Our copy does not identify the seven listed TG and DG species as rhythmic, so it supports the overlap claim only in part. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Oleoylethanolamide, a potent activator of PPAR-α, is also elevated in CSF, and to a lesser extent in serum of sleep-deprived humans (51).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [51] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a significant increase in cerebrospinal-fluid oleoylethanolamide after 24 hours of sleep deprivation. Serum levels also rose numerically, but the paper calls that increase only borderline significant (P = 0.068), and the Abstract says levels increased in CSF but not in serum. The claim omits that qualification and presents the serum elevation as an established finding. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Oleoylethanolamide is a potent activator of PPAR-α.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was significant variation between the two studies when examined in aggregate.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonlipid metabolites that were increased included leucine, valine, N-methylalanine, and cellobiotol.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under acute SR, a total of 26 features were reproducibly observed to be attributable to FA, and so were removed from consideration.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the identified species, 32 were lipid-or fatty acidrelated compounds.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aside from 4-Pyr, the nonrecovered metabolites were either PCs (32:1, 38:2, 38:3), or acylcarnitines (C10:0, C12:0, and C18:1).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of these metabolites (18 of 28) were lipids.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also identified those compounds that were altered across both acute and chronic conditions, all of which were phospholipids (Fig. 2C).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- It may state two separate claims as one. 36
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Reduction in total blood TGs of humans has been observed previously using a similar protocol (47).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [47] source
The Discussion reports that triglycerides decreased following sleep restriction in the study’s men. The Experimental Protocol describes five nights of restricted sleep; the paper does not establish how closely that protocol matched the citing study’s. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 38 that were unique to SR (Fig. 1C, Left), 28 were identified.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elevated phospholipids were also noted after sleep restriction in both species, as well as metabolites associated with an oxidizing environment.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the amino acids tryptophan (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), as well as pipecolic acid and 1-Methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4-Pyr) were elevated, but oxalic acid was reduced.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plaincorrelationaln = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the majority of metabolites (30 identified and 46 unknown) recovered to pre-SR levels, whereas 7 identified and 11 unknown did not recover over the period measured.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intriguingly, three SM species recovered, and three PlsCho species did not recover based on our statistical thresholds (P < 0.05, FDR < 0.2 compared with baseline).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“two metabolites, oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3, were robustly and quantitatively reduced in both species following sleep restriction, and recovered to near baseline levels after sleep restriction (P < 0.05, false-discovery rate < 0.2).”
boosteddirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 3,380 unique metabolite species were detected across the two independent studies of rat serum.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these species, 407 were identified.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following 5 d of chronic SR, 44 features were significantly altered across studies A and B: 23 were unique to the SR condition (Fig. 1C, Right), and 18 were named, of which 15 were lipids.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, polar metabolites were primarily altered following acute SR, with only glycine specifically altered following chronic SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparison of the human BL and SR samples revealed 92 features that were altered, of which 37 were identified (Fig. 3B; unidentified metabolites not shown for clarity).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glycine was reduced and the Krebs cycle intermediate malate and sucrose were elevated.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results further indicate a significant clustering relationship between oxalate and arachidonic acid (Fig. S4), which is the substrate for COX-2, although we note that arachidonic acid was not significantly changed by our criteria.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 38 features were changed across independent experiments, with the majority classified as lipids (18 from 28 identified).”
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a parallel human study, 92 metabolites were identified as potentially significant, with the majority also classified as lipids (32 of 37 identified).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a number of metabolites were common to SR and FA groups, we focused on those specific to SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our study, SR led to increases in all of these metabolites except acylcarnitines C10:0 and C12:0, which were reduced.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, the two TG species elevated in humans were relatively short (≤48 carbons, average chain length ≤16 carbons).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, acute total sleep deprivation in the laboratory increases levels of stress hormones, such as catecholamines and cortisol (e.g., refs.20 and 21).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This difference may result from variation in the environmental and sampling procedures or in the analytical analysis.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lipidomics analysis has elucidated a set of lipids that oscillate across biological subtypes defined by stratification by lipid composition (11).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“many laboratory studies have reported that SR, the type of sleep loss we used in our study, does not produce significant effects on cortisol levels (e.g., ref. 22).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recent work indicates that total sleep deprivation induces a measurable perturbation to the blood metabolome (19)”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Gene-expression profiling has established that there is a complex, but defined, interaction between the circadian system and sleep homeostasis (8) in humans.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings provide a potential link between known pathologies of reduced sleep duration and metabolic dysfunction, and potential biomarkers for sleep loss.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, gut metabolism also likely plays a role in the observed metabolic profile (23).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Trp is a major precursor for serotonin and melatonin and is elevated under acute total sleep deprivation (19).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This metabolite is also regulated in a circadian fashion in humans (11), and as such may be an indicator of both circadian time and sleep debt.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The study of Davies et al. (19) identified metabolites that increased but found none that decreased under total sleep deprivation.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with several studies suggesting that the function of sleep is restorative and involves metabolite clearance from the brain (9), and that sleep restores antioxidant balance in peripheral tissues (46).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This idea is consistent with the other evidence for oxidative stress and peroxisomal activation described below.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Dallman et al. (12) found that 33 of 40 lipid species were regulated in a circadian manner, of which carnitine C12:0 overlaps with our study.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on these data, as well as the highly regulated nature of presample fasting and diet for our rat and human studies, we postulate that the observed reduction in blood oxalate is a result of either reduced synthesis or increased gut microbiota processing and is not of dietary origin.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although dietary oxalate with high bioavailability increases plasma and urine levels (29), excreted oxalate is minimally dependent on diet in an epidemiological cohort (30).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent evidence suggests that blood levels are also influenced by gut microbiota, with over a dozen oxalate-degrading gut bacterial species identified (28).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with several studies suggesting that the function of sleep is restorative and involves metabolite clearance from the brain (9), and that sleep restores antioxidant balance in peripheral tissues (46).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We cannot exclude effects on peripheral clocks, and note that some of the metabolic phenotypes could arise from a loss of synchrony between central and peripheral clocks.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Investigation of the human plasma metabolome suggests that amino acid metabolism is particularly perturbed as a function of SR (26).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we also attempted to separate the metabolic effects from the sleep effects by enforcing a 10-to 12-h fasting period before metabolomic sampling, such that observed changes could be attributed to sleep/sleep restriction effects.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A 10- to 12-hour fast before sampling allows observed metabolic changes to be attributed to sleep or sleep restriction rather than other factors.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These metabolites are from highly disparate metabolic pathways yet behave in the same manner, and thus may provide a robust measure of sleep debt (Fig. 4C and Fig. S3).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The primary sources of blood oxalate are diet-derived plant sources, vitamin C (ascorbate) degradation, and endogenous synthesis pathways in erythrocytes and liver (27).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these metabolites do not share obvious metabolic pathways, they may be linked by cellular function, such as peroxisomal processing, as described below.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the human study, physical activity levels in our subjects were limited.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the discrepancy may be a function of the difference in protocol (1 d vs. 5 d and total sleep deprivation vs. chronic SR), leading to a difference in relative energy requirements.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mass spectral features were judged significant if P < 0.1 and FDR < 0.2 in each study, such that the pooled result would yield P < 0.01 (Table S2).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In each case, comparisons were done by t test using multiple test correction (1,000 permutations, unpaired for animal and paired for human data).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the direct relationship between oxalate, hypoxanthine, and medium-chain acylcarnitines (C6, C10, C12, C12:1) in cluster analysis (Fig. S4) may also be explained by peroxisomal processes.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
In the paper
“Bezafibrate, an antihyperlipidemic PPAR-α agonist, has been shown in a mouse model to affect both BL sleep, with increased EEG δ-power, and recovery sleep following sleep restriction, with a reduced rebound in EEG δ-power (49).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduction in both oxalate (humans and rats) and glycine (rats, SR5) might be explained by depletion of glyoxylate, which is a common precursor to both substances in peroxisomes.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Glyoxylate is a common precursor to both oxalate and glycine in peroxisomes.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To differentiate the effects of FA from SR, the second study included a FA control group in which animals walked the same distance as SR animals in the dark phase, but had sufficient time to sleep.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Rat Study Protocol.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our comprehensive metabolite profiling results present a picture of an oxidative environment impacting lipid metabolism and processing, albeit with some interspecies variations.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Conclusion.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mounting evidence points to sleep loss inducing an oxidative metabolic state (8,48).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combination of an oxidative environment, β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids as implied by TAG shortening, as well as the observed association of acylcarnitines with oxalate (Fig. S4), suggests a distinct role for peroxisomes, possibly via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
In the paper
“The peroxisome is the central site of fatty acid alcohol processing (52), which generates either diacylphospholipids or ether-linked phospholipids.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Induction of peroxisome biogenesis is consistent with the observed decrease in both fatty alcohols (humans) and an increase in phospholipid species (humans and rats), particularly plasmalogens.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for morning-evening effects, sampling occurred during the 2 h following waketime (between 0800 hours and 1000 hours on BL1 and SR5 and between 1000 hours and 1200 hours on R1).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Direct conversion of oxalate to hypoxanthine has been observed in extreme oxidative environments (53), although it is not clear if this occurs in vivo.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Tryptophan is a precursor for liver synthesis of nicotinic acid, which interconverts with nicotinamide.
“Trp is also the precursor to liver synthesis of nicotinic acid (vitamin B3), which interconverts with the amide form, nicotinamide.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Phenylalanine is a precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine via tyrosine.
“Phe is also a precursor to several neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine via tyrosine.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pipecolic acid is a lysine metabolite unique to gut microflora.
“pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine unique to gut microflora”
The paper relies on this without support.
Endogenous substrates for oxalate synthesis include glycolate in peroxisomes and hydroxyproline.
“Endogenous substrates for oxalate synthesis include glycolate in peroxisomes and hydroxyproline.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rat and human sleep restriction protocols produce comparable sleep debt for cross-species marker comparison.
“we compared the list of significantly altered metabolites in rats and humans (Fig. 4).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Activity may account for much of the effect of wakefulness itself.
“In our rat study, the effects of activity-which may account for much of the effect of wake per se-were controlled by including a FA group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A 10- to 12-hour fast before sampling allows observed metabolic changes to be attributed to sleep or sleep restriction rather than other factors.
“Thus, we also attempted to separate the metabolic effects from the sleep effects by enforcing a 10-to 12-h fasting period before metabolomic sampling, such that observed changes could be attributed to sleep/sleep restriction effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arachidonic acid is the substrate for COX-2.
“Our results further indicate a significant clustering relationship between oxalate and arachidonic acid (Fig. S4), which is the substrate for COX-2, although we note that arachidonic acid was not significantly changed by our criteria.”
The paper relies on this without support.
PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
“One mechanism may be via the induction of PPARs, which play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Oleoylethanolamide is a potent activator of PPAR-α.
“Oleoylethanolamide, a potent activator of PPAR-α, is also elevated in CSF, and to a lesser extent in serum of sleep-deprived humans (51).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Glyoxylate is a common precursor to both oxalate and glycine in peroxisomes.
“Reduction in both oxalate (humans and rats) and glycine (rats, SR5) might be explained by depletion of glyoxylate, which is a common precursor to both substances in peroxisomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Peroxisomal β-oxidation preferentially processes longer-chain fatty acids.
“Furthermore, the reduced levels of long-chain TGs and elevation in shorter-chain TGs observed in humans may reflect peroxisomal β-oxidation processes that are preferential for longer-chain fatty acids.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“these three independent studies point out that restriction of sleep, either acutely or partially for a longer period, significantly affects serum lipid levels, as measured using mass spectrometry.”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“In the acute SR study22, only increases in lipid levels were observed after the deprivation period, while in the partial SR study23 also declines were recorded.”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Two recent studies have measured lipid profiles in human blood samples using mass spectrometry analysis after polar and non-polar extraction of the samples after a short term (24 h) total sleep restriction22 and a partial sleep restriction for five days23.”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“In both studies, the majority of the altered, identified species, consisted of lipid species (including phospholipids, sphingolipids, acylcarnitides and phosphatidylcholines).”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“As with the rat study, the majority of metabolites (30 identified and 46 unknown) recovered to pre-SR levels, whereas 7 identified and 11 unknown did not recover over the period measured.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
Reported 92 · recomputed 94
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
“In contrast, polar metabolites were primarily altered following acute SR, with only glycine specifically altered following chronic SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
“Following 5 d of chronic SR, 44 features were significantly altered across studies A and B: 23 were unique to the SR condition (Fig. 1C, Right), and 18 were named, of which 15 were lipids.Glycine was reduced and the Krebs cycle intermediate malate and sucrose were elevated.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
“Study A included a concurrent forced-activity (FA) control group subjected to FA during the waking period”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Rat Study Protocol.
“To differentiate the effects of FA from SR, the second study included a FA control group in which animals walked the same distance as SR animals in the dark phase, but had sufficient time to sleep.”
Citations
Cites
Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain
Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241224 · Cited by 5,411
Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function
Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01376-8 · Cited by 3,668
Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites
Wikoff, W. R., Anfora, A. T., Liu, J., Schultz, P. G., Lesley, S. A., Peters, E. C., & Siuzdak, G. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0812874106 · Cited by 2,677
Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation
Goel, N., Rao, H., Durmer, J., & Dinges, D. (2009) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1237117 · Cited by 2,154
Self-citationBehavioral and Physiological Consequences of Sleep Restriction
Banks, S., & Dinges, D. F. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26918 · Cited by 1,505
Self-citationA Prospective Study of Sleep Duration and Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Ayas, N. T., White, D. P., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Speizer, F. E., Malhotra, A., & Hu, F. B. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.2.205 · Cited by 1,155
Meerlo, P., Sgoifo, A., & Suchecki, D. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007 · Cited by 948
Self-citationBuxton, O. M., Cain, S. W., O’Connor, S. P., Porter, J. H., Duffy, J. F., Wang, W., Czeisler, C. A., & Shea, S. A. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200 · Cited by 932
Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain
Markwald, R. R., Melanson, E. L., Smith, M. R., Higgins, J., Perreault, L., Eckel, R. H., & Wright, K. P. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216951110 · Cited by 810
Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks
Nedeltcheva, A. V., Kilkus, J. M., Imperial, J., Kasza, K., Schoeller, D. A., & Penev, P. D. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26574 · Cited by 717
Peroxisomes: A Nexus for Lipid Metabolism and Cellular Signaling
Lodhi, I. J., & Semenkovich, C. F. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.01.002 · Cited by 605
Möller-Levet, C. S., Archer, S. N., Bucca, G., Laing, E. E., Slak, A., Kabiljo, R., Lo, J. C. Y., Santhi, N., von Schantz, M., Smith, C. P., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1217154110 · Cited by 576
The human circadian metabolome
Dallmann, R., Viola, A. U., Tarokh, L., Cajochen, C., & Brown, S. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1114410109 · Cited by 566
Effect of sleep deprivation on the human metabolome
Davies, S. K., Ang, J. E., Revell, V. L., Holmes, B., Mann, A., Robertson, F. P., Cui, N., Middleton, B., Ackermann, K., Kayser, M., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1402663111 · Cited by 527
Self-citationSt-Onge, M.-P., Roberts, A. L., Chen, J., Kelleman, M., O’Keeffe, M., RoyChoudhury, A., & Jones, P. J. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013904 · Cited by 463
Spaeth, A. M., Dinges, D. F., & Goel, N. (2013) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.2792 · Cited by 457
Self-citationAcute partial sleep deprivation increases food intake in healthy men
Brondel, L., Romer, M. A., Nougues, P. M., Touyarou, P., & Davenne, D. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28523 · Cited by 442
The metabolic burden of sleep loss
Schmid, S. M., Hallschmid, M., & Schultes, B. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70012-9 · Cited by 328
Sleep deprivation potentiates HPA axis stress reactivity in healthy adults.
Minkel, J., Moreta, M., Muto, J., Htaik, O., Jones, C., Basner, M., & Dinges, D. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034219 · Cited by 261
Self-citationLysoglycerophospholipids in chronic inflammatory disorders: The PLA2/LPC and ATX/LPA axes
Sevastou, I. G., Kaffe, E., Mouratis, M.-A., & Aidinis, V. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.019 · Cited by 250
Acute sleep deprivation reduces energy expenditure in healthy men
Benedict, C., Hallschmid, M., Lassen, A., Mahnke, C., Schultes, B., Schiöth, H. B., Born, J., & Lange, T. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.006460 · Cited by 243
A diurnal serum lipid integrates hepatic lipogenesis and peripheral fatty acid use
Liu, S., Brown, J. D., Stanya, K. J., Homan, E. A., Leidl, M., Inouye, K., Bhargava, P., Gangl, M. R., Dai, L., Hatano, B., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12710 · Cited by 237
Reynolds, A. C., Dorrian, J., Liu, P. Y., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Wittert, G. A., Harmer, L. J., & Banks, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041218 · Cited by 231 · cited 1×
“Reduction in total blood TGs of humans has been observed previously using a similar protocol (47).”
MethodChua, E. C.-P., Shui, G., Lee, I. T.-G., Lau, P., Tan, L.-C., Yeo, S.-C., Lam, B. D., Bulchand, S., Summers, S. A., Puvanendran, K., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1222647110 · Cited by 221
Human blood metabolite timetable indicates internal body time
Kasukawa, T., Sugimoto, M., Hida, A., Minami, Y., Mori, M., Honma, S., Honma, K.-I., Mishima, K., Soga, T., & Ueda, H. R. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1207768109 · Cited by 211
Vollert, C., Zagaar, M., Hovatta, I., Taneja, M., Vu, A., Dao, A., Levine, A., Alkadhi, K., & Salim, S. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.05.010 · Cited by 207
Antioxidant defense responses to sleep loss and sleep recovery
Everson, C. A., Laatsch, C. D., & Hogg, N. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00565.2004 · Cited by 192
The Association Between Obesity and Short Sleep Duration: A Population-Based Study
Singh, M., Drake, C. L., Roehrs, T., Hudgel, D. W., & Roth, A. T. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26361 · Cited by 184
Determinants of 24-hour Urinary Oxalate Excretion
Taylor, E. N., & Curhan, G. C. (2008) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.01410308 · Cited by 173
Pejovic, S., Basta, M., Vgontzas, A. N., Kritikou, I., Shaffer, M. L., Tsaoussoglou, M., Stiffler, D., Stefanakis, Z., Bixler, E. O., & Chrousos, G. P. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00301.2013 · Cited by 166
Ang, J. E., Revell, V., Mann, A., Mäntele, S., Otway, D. T., Johnston, J. D., Thumser, A. E., Skene, D. J., & Raynaud, F. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.699122 · Cited by 138
Wood, J., Freemantle, N., King, M., & Nazareth, I. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g2215 · Cited by 125
Sex and race differences in caloric intake during sleep restriction in healthy adults
Spaeth, A. M., Dinges, D. F., & Goel, N. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.086579 · Cited by 118
Self-citationExcess diuresis and natriuresis during acute sleep deprivation in healthy adults
Kamperis, K., Hagstroem, S., Radvanska, E., Rittig, S., & Djurhuus, J. C. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00126.2010 · Cited by 113
Ram, A., Pandey, H. P., Matsumura, H., Kasahara-Orita, K., Nakajima, T., Takahata, R., Satoh, S., Terao, A., & Hayaishi, O. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01401-1 · Cited by 112
Oxalate in renal stone disease: the terminal metabolite that just won't go away
Marengo, S. R., & Romani, A. M. (2008) · Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology · doi:10.1038/ncpneph0845 · Cited by 106
The Metabolic and Ecological Interactions of Oxalate-Degrading Bacteria in the Mammalian Gut
Miller, A., & Dearing, D. (2013) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens2040636 · Cited by 101
DIETARY OXALATE LOADS AND RENAL OXALATE HANDLING
HOLMES, R. P., AMBROSIUS, W. T., & ASSIMOS, D. G. (2005) · Journal of Urology · doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000169476.85935.e2 · Cited by 93
Shechter, A., Rising, R., Albu, J. B., & St-Onge, M.-P. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.069427 · Cited by 84
Kasidas, G. P., & Rose, G. (1986) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(86)90087-2 · Cited by 82
Nuclear factor-κB-like activity increases in murine cerebral cortex after sleep deprivation
Chen, Z., Gardi, J., Kushikata, T., Fang, J., & Krueger, J. M. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.6.r1812 · Cited by 78
Barf, R. P., Van Dijk, G., Scheurink, A. J. W., Hoffmann, K., Novati, A., Hulshof, H. J., Fuchs, E., & Meerlo, P. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.09.005 · Cited by 77
Self-citationEffects of sleep restriction on the human plasma metabolome
Bell, L. N., Kilkus, J. M., Booth, J. N., Bromley, L. E., Imperial, J. G., & Penev, P. D. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.007 · Cited by 67 · cited 1×
“Investigation of the human plasma metabolome suggests that amino acid metabolism is particularly perturbed as a function of SR (26).”
BackgroundMetabolic Effects of Chronic Sleep Restriction in Rats
Vetrivelan, R., Fuller, P. M., Yokota, S., Lu, J., & Saper, C. B. (2012) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.2200 · Cited by 61
Chikahisa, S., Tominaga, K., Kawai, T., Kitaoka, K., Oishi, K., Ishida, N., Rokutan, K., & Séi, H. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-0285 · Cited by 57
Milia, L. V. D., Vandelanotte, C., & Duncan, M. J. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.12.007 · Cited by 56
Sleep deprivation increases oleoylethanolamide in human cerebrospinal fluid
Koethe, D., Schreiber, D., Giuffrida, A., Mauss, C., Faulhaber, J., Heydenreich, B., Hellmich, M., Graf, R., Klosterkötter, J., Piomelli, D., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0169-6 · Cited by 51
Ketone body metabolism and sleep homeostasis in mice
Chikahisa, S., Shimizu, N., Shiuchi, T., & Séi, H. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.12.009 · Cited by 37
Al-Safadi, S., Al-Safadi, A., Branchaud, M., Rutherford, S., Dayanandan, A., Robinson, B., & Amir, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111166 · Cited by 31
Genetics of sleep timing, duration and homeostasis in humans
Goel, N. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2011.03.004 · Cited by 27
Self-citationForced Desynchrony of Orcadian Rhythms of Body Temperature and Activity in Rats
Strijkstra, A. M., Meerlo, P., & Beersma, D. G. M. (1999) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420529908998718 · Cited by 21 · cited 1×
“Although we did not examine the expression of clock genes in the rat protocol, we have previously found that a 20-h forced desynchrony protocol does not alter the period of the body temperature rhythm (24).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHolian, J., & Garrison, W. M. (1967) · Chemical Communications (London) · doi:10.1039/c19670000676 · Cited by 5
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures
Potter, G. D., Skene, D. J., Arendt, J., Cade, J. E., Grant, P. J., & Hardie, L. J. (2016) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083 · Cited by 781
Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes
Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Bragazzi, N. L., Magnavita, N., & Scoditti, E. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4 · Cited by 665
Sampling interstitial fluid from human skin using a microneedle patch
Samant, P. P., Niedzwiecki, M. M., Raviele, N., Tran, V., Mena-Lapaix, J. L., Walker, D. I., Felner, E. I., Jones, D. P., Miller, G. W., & Prausnitz, M. R. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0285 · Cited by 398
Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Disorders of Aging
Mattis, J., & Sehgal, A. (2016) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.003 · Cited by 369
“Sleep loss also has profound effects on metabolism [123–125], including an increase in markers of insulin resistance.”
BackgroundSelf-citationExploring phylogeny to find the function of sleep
Anafi, R. C., Kayser, M. S., & Raizen, D. M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0098-9 · Cited by 259
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Weljie, A. M., Meerlo, P., Goel, N., Sengupta, A., Kayser, M. S., Abel, T., Birnbaum, M. J., Dinges, D. F., & Sehgal, A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pharmacology,
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Department of Psychiatry,
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-02-09
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2569-2574
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4345602
- OpenAlex
- W1981928051
- Semantic Scholar
- 4680f8640a8af9aa3561b1f404e9a9876c2aa4c8
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 9.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Department of Navy, Office of Naval Research Award (N00014-11-1-0361)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NCC 9-58, NNX14AN49G)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Nursing Research (R01 NR004281)
- DOD | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W911NF1010093)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (-)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, sleep debt, oxalic acid, serum metabolomics, sleep deprivation, metabolic dysfunction, phospholipids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, circadian clock, neurotransmitters, nicotinic acid, intestinal metabolism, oxidative stress, human-rat comparison
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Diglycerides, Disease Models, Animal, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Niacinamide, Phenotype, Sleep Deprivation, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Biomarkers, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Neurotransmitter Agents, Oxidative Stress, Oxalic Acid, Gastrointestinal Tract, PPAR gamma, Metabolomics, Metabolome, Young Adult, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
